마사 C. 누스바움(Martha C. Nusbaum)은『정치적 감정』(Political Emotions) 에서 공적 자산으로서 정치적 감정의 중요성을 다루고 있다. 누스바움은 연민과 공감이라는 인간 이해의 감정이 배제된 신자유주의 사회의 문제점을 제기하며, 바람직한 사회로의 변혁을 위해 문학을 포함한 예술적 상상력을 통한 사랑의 감정 소환을 주장한다. 그녀의 정치·철학의 바탕이 되는 주제어인 정의, 사랑, 정치적 감정은 ‘e pluribus unum’으로 표상된다. ‘e pluribus unum’은 ‘여럿이 모여 하나’라는 뜻으로, ‘품위 있는 사회’로의 발전을 위한 정치적 대안으로 나타난다. 누스바움은 보편적 인간의 사랑이라는 공적 감정을 강조하면서도 종교의 역할을 의식적으로 배제한다. 그녀가 제안하는 온전한 정의로운 사회는 인간 중심의 세속적 사회에 한정된다. 그러나 존재에 대한 궁극적 관심과 우주의 시원적 세계에 관심을 가지는 인간을 배제한 품위 있는 사회는 온전하다고 보기 어렵다. 문학과 예술적 상상력의 사랑에 편중하고 종교적 상상력의 사랑을 배제한 누스바움의 정치철학은 인간 감정과 삶의 조건을 단순화시켰다는 한계를 보인다.

This study investigated the convergence of the QEEG and mood state changes in healthy females from late teens to twenties in relation to the inhalation of peppermint oil (peppermint) in different concentrations (0.1~100%). Brain activity upon stimulation by different concentrations was analyzed based on the RPVs and CVB (%), representing a rate of change compared with the background QEEG. Peppermint showed the effect of relaxation at low concentrations (0.1 and 1%) with increased θ and α waves and decreased β and γ waves. As the concentration of peppermint increases, the α wave decreases, and the θ, β and w waves increase, and there is an arousal effect. Peppermint was rated as having a refreshing, exhilarating, and intense smell. At a low concentration of 0.1%, peppermint chiefly produced a feeling of pleasantness, freshness and refreshment. However, the increase in peppermint concentration resulted in a masculine, exiting, and hard emotional response. As the concentration of peppermint increased, the odor intensity increased in a linearly. The amount of change (ΔSEF50 and ΔSEF90) in edge frequencies closely related to the activation and stress of the brain showed a positive correlation. Odor intensity has a stronger association with ΔSEF90, a stress-related brain wave indicator than with ΔSEF50, a brain activation-related indicator. In addition, both ΔSEF50 and ΔSEF90 showed a positive correlation with APIGF (feelrefreshing average preference index) and a negative correlation with APIAC (Active-Calm average preference) and APIAll (total average preference index). These findings indicate that (1) the correlation between odor intensity and stress and (2) the relationship between emotional and QEEG can be interpreted in terms of brain wave study.

인공지능기술은 사용자의 언어, 목소리 톤, 표정을 인지하고 학습하여 다양한 맥락에서 사용자의 감정에 대응할 수 있도록 발전하고 있다. 여러 인공지능 기반 서비스 중에서 특히 사용자와의 커뮤니케이션이 중요한 서비스 다수는 감정을 표현하는 인터랙션을 제공한다. 그러나 인공지능 시스템의 감정을 표현하는 수단으로서의 비언어적 인터 랙션에 관한 연구는 아직 미비하다. 이에 조명효과 중 특히 색상과 깜빡임 운동을 중심으로 인공지능 디바이스의 감성 인터랙션을 연구하였다. 본 연구에서 구현한 인공지능 디바이스 프로토타입은 red, yellow, green, blue, purple, white 6가지의 조명 색상과 느림, 중간, 빠른 세 단계 속도의 깜빡임 효과로 감정을 표현한다. 프로토타입을 활용하여 20대부터 30대 남녀 50명을 대상으로 인공지능 디바이스의 색상별, 속도별 조명 효과가 표현하고 있는 감정에 응답 하는 실험을 진행하였다. 실험 결과 각 조명 색상은 기존 색채감성연구에서 드러난 감성적 이미지와 대체로 유사한 감정을 나타내는 것으로 평가되었다. 조명의 깜빡임 속도는 감정의 각성과 밸런스의 변화에 영향을 주었으며, 이 때 각성의 변화 양상은 모든 색상에서 유사한 기조를 보였다. 밸런스 변화 양상은 기존 색채감성연구의 감성적 이미지와 어느 정도 관련이 있지만 색상 별 차이가 있는 것으로 관찰되었다. 인공지능 시스템을 탑재한 사물의 종류와 인공지능 디바이스가 점점 다양해지는 현 시점에서, 본 연구결과는 조명을 통한 인공지능의 감성 인터랙션을 설계할 때 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of customers’ waiting time on their revisit intention through their emotion. Also this study assessed the effect of restaurant selection attributes on consumers’ revisit intention in Korea. This study used experimental scenario questionnaires for collecting data. Frequency analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, correlation, ttests and multiple regression analysis were assessed using SPSS. Customers preferred taste, sanitation and service when selecting a restaurant to dine out. The results of this study found that there were no significant differences between positive and negative emotions due to waiting time. Findings of this study suggested that waiting time, convenience, nutritional value, and emotion influenced consumers’ revisit intention. Therefore, reducing waiting time and providing proper service will help consumers have positive emotions to return to dine at a restaurant.

In the retail environment where online-shopping malls are growing, offline store are find it difficult to survive simply by selling their products. As a result, offline retailers are trying to find unique services that are appealing to their customers. In such a market environment, marketing strategies that stimulate the five senses other than the sight can be an alternative. Therefore, this research is aimed at observing the effect of the senses on emotion and purchase intention in a fashion retail context. A two by two experimental design (existence vs non-existence of scent x existence vs. nonexistence of eating chocolate) between subjects was used. A total of 120 participants were randomly assigned to the four situations, and they were asked to complete the questionnaires about emotion and purchase intention. The survey data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 23.0, and results are as follows. After a two-way ANOVA, we observed a statistically significant effect of the scent service on pleasure and purchase intention the sweet offering service on purchase intention. Moreover, when scents service and sweet offering service were provided at the same time, the highest purchase intention was obtained among other services. In addition, we studied the effects of emotions on purchase intentions, and the pleasant emotions resulting from the services have a positive effect of on purchase intentions.

The long-term development of a mobile gaming application (app) depends on its continued use by its users. The aim of this study is to investigate the determinants of a mobile gaming app’s continuance intention among users. The expectation-confirmation model of IS continuance was used as the basic framework, to which bi-dimensional consumption emotions were added to help better explain satisfaction judgment and continuance intention in the context of mobile gaming app use. To test the expanded IS continuance model, we conducted an online survey among mobile gaming app users; 271 valid responses were collected. The data were analyzed using structural equation models (SEM). The effects of positive emotions (PE) and negative emotions (NE) were examined, respectively, in model 1 and model 2. Competing models (models 3, 4 and 5) were also examined in order to compare the proposed models. Both positive and negative emotions have a significant effect on the satisfaction of mobile gaming app users and their continued usage intention, a finding that represents an important contribution to the extension of technology continuance theory. Comparison with the IS continuance model shows that the new model can explain significantly more variance in continuance intention. This study presents two extensions to the expectation-confirmation model of IS continuance. First, this paper presents and tests a theoretical model, derived from the IS continuance model, in which emotions play an important role in measuring customer satisfaction and subsequent long-term behavioral intention. The proposed model can be used to predict the satisfaction and continuance intention of situations in which a consumer’s emotional expectations and reactions are a core part of the consumption experience. Second, we ground the expectation-confirmation model of IS continuance in the context of mobile gaming apps, which involves both utilitarian (cognitive) and hedonic (affective) components. This study offers insight into the role of emotions in forming continuance intentions toward mobile gaming app use in China, a topic that has not previously been investigated. The findings have important implications for practice in the mobile gaming app sector. Special attention should be given to users’ consumption emotions, since emotions have been found to be strongly related to satisfaction and subsequent continued usage intention. For instance, mobile games firms should make efforts to develop strategies to enhance game players’ positive emotions (such as feeling joyful, interested, cheerful, excited, active, attentive) during the games because game players’ emotional fulfillment leads to satisfaction and minimizes negative emotions (such as feeling distressed, ashamed, afraid, nervous, upset or lonely); such negative emotions have been shown to have a direct and strong effect on satisfaction as well as an indirect effect continuance intention via satisfaction.

While researchers have demonstrated the benefits of customer reviews on company sales, a largely uninvestigated issue is the interplay between emotions and cognitive cues of information in the processing of online reviews. Drawing on Stimulus-Organism-Response framework, this paper analyzes: (i) the independent effect of each dimension of emotions (arousal and pleasure), empathy with the reviewer and persuasiveness on perceived helpfulness of online reviews; (ii) the impact of perceived helpfulness on eWOM adoption; (iii) the moderating effect of sequence of reviews on the impact of emotions on perceived helpfulness of online reviews. In order to test the hypotheses of the model an experimental subjects-design was carried out using valence order: positive-negative vs. negative-positive as a condition. Data was collected in January 2016 using a sample of 830 Spanish TripAdvisor users. Participants were instructed to imagine a situation where they were going out for dinner to an Italian restaurant with friends and they were told to read a total of 10 reviews about the restaurant in the same order they were displayed and answer the questions that followed. Data analysis shows a bias effect of sequence of reviews on the impact of emotions and empathy with the reviewer on review helpfulness, which, in turn, influences eWOM adoption. When the sequence of TripAdvisor reviews begins with positive commentaries (POS-NEG), pleasure elicited by eWOM is a stronger driver of perceived helpfulness and empathy with the reviewer than if the sequence is the opposite (NEG-POS). On the contrary, arousal only triggers eWOM helpfulness when the user reads negative commentaries followed by positive ones. This study is novel because it explains how emotions and perceived usefulness of online reviews play a central role in eWOM adoption in tourism services to make consumption decisions.

This research was conducted to examine repeat online grocery shoppers behavior based on the S-O-R paradigm (Mehrabian and Russell, 1974) for a five year time frame. Not considering any artificial intelligence, generally in the online shopping environment, the image of the store is communicated through their product and site offerings as well as their user-friendliness of the website. Childers et al. (2001) discussed hedonic aspects of an online store environment such as web atmospherics. Furthermore, with a growing importance of atmospheric cues, researchers are now paying attention to consumer characteristics (Moriuchi and Takahashi, 2018). In general, the results show that atmospherics has an impact on pleasure and satisfaction. Both pleasure and satisfaction have an effect on loyalty. Trust served as a moderator between O-R and was significant. Comparing between the 2012 and 2016 data, results show that satisfaction consumers in the 2012 sample did not see an impact on satisfaction on loyalty, and trust was not a moderating factor on satisfaction and loyalty. However, all the other hypothesized relationships were significant for the 2016 sample. The results suggest a couple of practical implications. First, the ease of navigation are important in pleasing and satisfying online grocery shoppers. Marketing practitioners should focus on how to make the overall website easily navigable. This could include having clear display of the products, reviewing of product descriptions and ease of going back to the main menu after adding items to cart. Second, marketing practitioners should focus their attention on the variety of products available and the quality of products available such as pleasure.

In nowadays consumption-based society, products (e.g. food and electronic products) are often thrown away before they are sufficiently used. The aversive consequence of such a lifestyle is becoming more alarming. There is an urgent need for a change in people’s consumption style. How can we make people correct their existing wasteful consumption behaviors and act responsibly? In fact, feelings very often can influence people’s behavior and judgments (Schwarz, 1990), even though the feelings are aroused by irrelevant sources - incidental emotion (Garg, Inman, & Mittal, 2005; Lerner & Keltner, 2000; Schwarz & Clore, 1983). Feelings of guilt and shame are known as moral emotions which are the guidance to ethical behaviors (Tangney, 1991, 2003). Although there is a significant overlapping between these two emotions, they also differ in several important aspects. One critical difference lies in the way the transgressor makes attributions (Niedenthal, Tangney, & Gavanski 1994). A transgressor who attributes the wrongdoing to a specific behavior (i.e. “I’ve done something bad”) is more likely to experience guilt while a transgressor who makes attribution to the global self (i.e. “I’m a terrible person”) is more likely to experience shame (Tracy & Robins, 2004). Given these fundamental differences, we speculate that a guilt-laden consumer is more likely to correct his or her wrongdoing (i.e. wastage) by taking reparative actions to minimize waste but a shame-laden consumer may possibly give up doing so. Findings from an experimental study (N=90) largely support this prediction. Undergraduate students who were made to feel shame were less likely to participate in a recycling campaign organized by the university than the students in the control condition. They reported a lower intention to use recycling facilities provided. On the other hand, participants who were made to feel guilt reported a marginally higher intention to participate in the campaign than the control participants. These preliminary findings suggest that emotional experience derived from other life domains might determine responsible consumption behaviors. Shame, which is commonly regarded as a moral emotion, may not necessarily make people more responsible consumers. The mechanism that underlies this effect may warrant further investigation.

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of backstage storytelling in luxury brands’ social media communication and examine a psychological mechanism that elucidates how luxury brands’ backstage storytelling influences consumers’ attitudinal and relational outcomes. The theory of narrative transportation (Escalas, 2004) was employed as a theoretical lens. Focusing on the effects of visual storytelling in a social media platform, this study proposed that photos of a luxury brand’s backstage images offer a greater level of narrativity than staged images of products and models. Additionally, this study proposed VIP emotions and perceived intimacy as mediators between transportation to photo narrative and attitudes toward the brand, brand evaluation and self-brand connection. In addition, the effectiveness of social media for luxury brands’ visual storytelling was tested by testing the role of telepresence in viewers’ information processing. This study selects Instagram, a visual-oriented social media platform, as the study context; Chanel, a luxury fashion brand, was selected to develop the study stimuli. Two Instagram accounts for Chanel were created as study stimuli through a pre-test: one account with frontstage brand photos and one account with backstage brand photos. Students from two universities in the Southeast and Midwest were recruited and randomly assigned to one of the two experimental conditions, frontstage (n=118) or backstage (n=134) Chanel Instagram account. Manipulation checks confirmed that respondents perceived the experimental conditions as intended. Our results revealed that viewers in the backstage condition experienced higher levels of transportation than those in the frontstage condition; VIP emotions and perceived intimacy mediate the relationship between transportation and attitudes towards a brand’s Instagram, brand evaluations, and self-brand connection. Additionally, ANCOVA results confirmed the interaction effects of telepresence on transportation is significant only in the backstage condition. Findings from this study shed light on the effectiveness of luxury fashion brands’ visual storytelling in social media communication.

The current study develops a pair model considering the intensity of negative emotions and strategic combinations of recovery means and timing under hotel service failure scenarios. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performances of these different combinations through customer satisfaction, repurchase intention, and fitting curves between the two under Chinese hotel service scenarios. Previous studies have found that service failures cause economic losses as well as negative emotional responses from customers (Grönroos, 1984; McColl Kennedy and Sparks, 2003). However, customers might display higher satisfaction and purchase intentions when proper service recovery actions are taken instead of when no service failures occur (Smith et al., 1999; McCollough et al., 2000). Concerning the means of service recovery during a service failure, customers in a negative emotional state require specific recovery solutions from the service provider; concerning the timing of service recovery, immediate recovery appears to be an effective way to address customer complaints (Kelley et al., 1993). While, previous research has partially shown that for extremely angry customers, the performance of “as soon as possible” recovery is unsatisfying and may even cause the service recovery to fail (Mattila and Ro, 2008). A 2 (recovery timing: immediate/delayed) × 2 (recovery means: psychological/economic) × 3 (type of service failure: failure in a delivery system/failure in responding to customer needs/improper employee behavior) between-subject experimental design was employed with 456 part-time MBA students in China to examine the relationship between customer satisfaction and repurchase intention under different levels of negative emotion after experienced a service failure. The results suggest that immediate and economic recovery effectively raises the service recovery evaluations from customers with low-intensity negative emotions, whereas delayed and psychological recovery helps customers with high-intensity negative emotions to give higher evaluations. This study sheds light on the role that negative emotions play in the process of service recovery and provides implications for service industry managers, that is the decisions to use economic recovery or psychological recovery are necessitate consider the intensity characteristic of negative emotions, for customers in low-intensity negative emotional states, the immediate and economic recovery strategy is effective, whereas for customers in high-intensity negative emotional states, the delayed and psychological recovery strategy may lead to better outcomes. According to these findings, it is important for managers to train front-line staff to adopt proper recovery strategies to manage service failure when facing consumers with different intensity of negative emotion.

Corporations, governments, and non-profits across the world have implemented proenvironmental campaigns to promote sustainable practices. To better understand crosscultural differences in environmental persuasion, we draw on research on self-conscious emotion (Tangney & Dearing, 2002), construal level theory (Trope & Liberman, 2010), and cultural psychology (Ratner, 2000). The current research examines how the emotions of guilt and shame cause people from Eastern and Western cultures to differently perceive green advertising messages that are framed concretely or abstractly. Two hundred fifty-five undergraduate students were randomly assigned to a 2 (emotion priming: guilt vs. shame) x 2 (construal message frame: abstract vs. concrete message) x 2 (nationality: Americans vs. Koreans) between-subjects design. The results indicate that message concreteness effect is present among guilt-primed Americans and shame-primed Koreans (culturally relevant), but absent among shame-primed Americans and guilt-primed Koreans (culturally irrelevant). Theoretical and practical implications are discussed for developing global green advertising message strategies.

Consumers are increasingly using social networking sites to get information about their interests. Among them, Instagram has recently reached 800 million active users (Instagram, 2017) and has a higher rate of engagement compared to Facebook or Twitter (Locowise, 2017). Despite its growing relevance, the academic research related to Instagram is still scarce. To go a step further in this topic, this research aims to examine the role played by creativity and positive emotions in driving users’ behaviour on Instagram. On the basis of the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) framework (Donovan and Rossiter, 1982; Mehrabian and Rusell, 1974), we propose that perceived creativity (stimulus) applied to the uploaded photos or videos on Instagram results in developing positive emotions (organism) [H1]. In the same way, the use of creative posts can also affect human responses on that account, as affective commitment [H2] and interaction intention [H3]. Additionally, as a consequence of processing the information posted on Instagram account, positive feelings may arouse, resulting in greater affective commitment [H4] and interaction intention [H5]. Finally, users who experience an affective commitment with an account may tend to be more involved by interacting in the account [H6]. Data to test these hypotheses was collected from an Instagram account focused on fashion due to the relevant role that creativity has in this industry and the increasing use of this social networking site among fashion companies (Casaló et al., 2017). We obtained a sample of 808 participants which answered a questionnaire including several multiple-items measurements scales adapted from previous literature. We used a seven-point Likert-type as the response format, from 1 (“strongly disagree”) to 7 (“strongly agree”). Data analyses were carried out using SmartPLS 2.0 (Ringle et al., 2005). First, we analysed data to check validity of measures so as to confirm the factor structure, ensuring internal consistency and both convergent and discriminant validity. Results of the proposed model revealed the positive influence of perceived creativity on positive emotions (H1: β=.24, p<.01), affective commitment (H2: β=.40, p<.01) and interaction intentions (H3: β=.60, p<.01). In addition, positive emotions affect both affective commitment (H4: β=.15, p<.01) and interaction intentions (H5: β=.18, p<.01). Finally, affective commitment is also positively related to interaction intentions (H6: β=.25, p<.01). This study confirms the key role that both perceived creativity and positive emotions have on users’ responses in the Instagram context. These findings have interesting implications for management of Instagram accounts suggesting the development of creative content as well as generating positive emotions to engage followers to a greater extent in the account.

본 연구에서는 4명의 ADHD 아동을 대상으로 동화 게임 읽기를 5주간 시행하고, 이야기 감정이 아동의 읽기 태도에 미치는 영향에 대해 살펴보았다. 본 연구에 활용된 동화 게임은 아라비안나이트의 <어부와 지니>를 인터랙티브 동화로 개발한 것으로, 모션센싱 디바이스로써 마이크로 소프트(Microsoft)사의 키넥트(Kinect)와 BCI(Brain Computer Inface)로써 뉴로스카이(NeuroSky)사의 마인드웨이브(MindWave)를 Unity 3D 게임엔진과 연결하여 사용자가 읽기, 행동, 집중력을 사용하여 플레이하도록 디자인된 것이다. 본 연구에서는 <어부와 지니> 게임 동화를 읽는 동안 아동이 감정적인 텍스트를 읽을 때 보인 집중도를 추적하고, 보호자의 아동의 읽기 태도 변화에 대한 인터뷰와 비교하였다. 그 결과 상위 75%의 집중도를 보인 텍스트 중 다양한 이야기 감정 텍스트를 포함하고 있는 아동이 그렇지 않은 아동에 비해 읽기 태도에서 긍정적인 변화를 보였다는 점을 확인할 수 있었다.

최근 들어 한복에 대한 문화수용자들의 관심이 증가함에 따라 다양한 한복들이 시장에 등장하고 있다. 문화수용자들의 요구사항을 충분히 반영한 한복이 일상복으로까지 확산되려면 한복의 기능성 측면뿐만 아니라 한복을 착용하면서 느끼는 감성적인 만족까지 가져다주는 것이 중요하다. 하지만 한복을 경험하면서 표출되는 문화수용자의 감성에 대한 기존 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 선행연구를 통해 심리학, 언어학, 감성공학 등의 다양한 분야에서 기존의 연구결과와 참고문헌을 활용하여 수집한 182개의 감성어휘를 활용하여 델파이 기법과 적합성 평정을 위한 설문조사를 통하여 한복에서 표출되는 감성어휘 28개를 추출하였다. 본 연구를 통해 추출된 28개의 감성어휘는 한복에서 느끼는 문화수용자의 감성을 표현하기 위한 감성어휘라고 정의할 수 있다. 또한, 요인분석을 통해 최종 선택된 28개의 감성어휘들 간의 상관관계를 이용하여 어휘들을 그룹핑하였다. 결론적으로 요인분석을 통해 추출된 6개의 요인에 적재된 감성어휘들은 각 요인에 적재된 감성어휘들의 공통적 특성에 따라 ‘유쾌감’, ‘심미감’, ‘조화감’, ‘신선감’, ‘호감’, ‘안정감’ 등 6개 감성 카테고리로 구분할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 추출된 6개의 감성 카테고리는 사용자들이 한복에서 느끼는 대표감성 이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과로 도출한 28개의 감성어휘와 6개의 대표감성은 한복에서 표출되는 문화수용자의 감성을 측정하는 데에 필요한 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이라 기대된다. 향후 연구과제로는 본 연구에서 추출한 대표감성을 이용하여 한복에서 느끼는 문화수용자의 감성을 측정하기 위한 구체적인 평가스케일을 도출해보고자 한다.

감성은 복잡하고 다양한 요인들에 의해 영향을 받기 때문에 다각적인 측면에서 고려되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 심리 평가 척도의 하나인 각성(arousal) 지표와 다중 생체신호에서 추출된 생체지표 반응을 이용하여 중립 및 부정감성(슬픔, 공포, 놀람)의 분류하였다. 이를 위하여 감성에 따른 생체지표 반응의 차이를 확인하였고, 다중 신경망 알고리즘 기반의 감성 인식기를 적용하여 이들 감성이 얼마나 정확하게 분류되는가를 확인하였다. 총 146명의 실험 참가자(평균 연령 20.1±4.0, 남성 41%)를 대상으로 감성 유발 자극을 제시하고 동시에 생체신호(심전도, 혈류맥파, 피부전기활동)를 측정하였다. 또한 감성 유발 자극에 대한 심리 반응을 감성 평가 척도로 평가하였다. 측정된 생체신호에서 심박률(HR), NN 간격의 표준편차(SDNN), 혈류량(BVP), 맥파전달시간(PTT), 피부전도수준(SCL), 피부전도반응 (SCR)을 추출하였다. 결과 분석을 위하여 감성 자극에 대한 각성도와 안정 상태와 감성 상태의 생체지표 반응을 활용하였다. 또한 감성 분류를 위하여 다중 신경망 기반의 감성 인식기를 활용하였다. 그 결과, 감성에 따른 생체지표 반응의 차이를 확인하였고, 이들 감성의 분류 성능은 각성도와 모든 생체지표 특징들을 조합하였을 때 정확도가 가장 높음(86.9%)을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 심리 및 생체지표 추출과 기계학습 기술의 적용을 통하여 부정 감성을 분류할 수 있음을 제안하며, 이는 인간의 감성을 탐지하는 감성 인식 기술을 확립하는데 기여할 것으로 예상한다.

본 연구의 목적은 뇌 영상 기술을 활용한 정서 연구를 근거로 기본정서 이론을 확인하는 것이다. 이를 위해 기능적 자기공명영상(functional magnetic resonance imaging, f MRI) 연구들에 대한 메타분석을 수행했다. 기본정서 이론을 확인하기 위해 즐거움, 행복, 공포, 분노, 혐오, 슬픔의 6개 개별정서를 선정했다. 개별정서의 f MRI 자료를 수집하기 위해 최근 10년간 289편의 f MRI 연구를 조사했으며, 이중에서 69편이 포함 기준을 충족시켰다. 6개 정서에 대해서 건강한 피험자들을 대상으로 실험한 f MRI 자료를 수집했으며, Talairach 또는 MNI 표준 좌표로 보고된 연구만을 포함시켰다. Talairach와 MNI 좌표 체계간의 차이를 없애기 위해 Talairach 좌표를 기준으로 분석하였다. 활성화 가능성추정(ALE) 기법을 이용한 GingerALE 2.3 프로그램을 사용하여 메타분석을 수행했다. 연구 결과 기본정서 이론의 관점에서 개별정서들이 일관되고 구별 가능한 국부적인 뇌 반응과 관련 된다는 것을 확인했다. 각각의 개별 정서들과 관련된 뇌 반응 영역에 대한 본 연구의 결과는 선행연구들의 결과와 대체로 일치하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 일반화에 있어서 극복해야 할 제한점을 기술하고 후속 연구에 대해 몇 가지를 제언하였다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of oxides (caryophyllene oxide, eucalyptol and linalool oxide), one of the major ingredients of essential oils, on odor intensity, electroencephalography (EEG) response and emotional response. The subjects were women in their twenties. Inhalation concentrations of oxides were varied from 0.01 to 10%, and EEGs were collected by Quantitative EEG. The odor intensity and average preference index (API) of the oxides were ranked in the order of eucalyptol > linalool oxide > caryophyllene oxide. Eucalyptol is a refreshing and pleasant substance that activates the brain (activation of β and γ waves and spectral edge frequencies (SEF50 and SEF90)). Linalool oxide has a calm and soft substance (activation of θ, inactivation of α, β, and γ waves) at a low concentration (<0.1%), and a fresh smell at high concentration (inactivation β and activation of θ and γ). Caryophyllene oxides were evaluated as a substance that is comfortable, soft, calm and sedating, which deactivates the brain (activation of α, inactivation of β and γ). Oxide materials showed a positive correlation between the odor intensity and the SEFs. Each of the oxides showed unique characteristics in the areas of odor intensity, emotional response, API, and EEG. These results give us a better understanding of the properties of the pure materials that make up a fragrance, and provide useful information for the manufacture of fragrance products or aroma oil blends with enhanced specific functions.