오일펜스는 사고 초동조치로 기름 확산을 효과적으로 방지하는 아주 큰 역할을 한다. 그러나 사고 현장의 기름이나 구조물 등의 의해 파손되어 폐기되는 경우가 많이 발생되며, 회수된 폐 오일펜스는 소각처리과정에서 미세먼지 발생과 발암성분의 대기 배출 가능성이 높은 상황이다. 또한, 본체 일부가 손상되어 해상으로 유출되면서 해양 미세플라스틱과 같은 2차 환경오염의 원인이 될 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 현재 우리나라에서 가장 많이 사용하는 고형식 오일펜스 원단을 이용하여 내구성을 평가하였다. 본체부 샘플을 해수와 기름에 노출시킨 후, 기간과 온도에 따른 인장강도를 측정하였다. 그 결과 5일 노출후 해수에서는 13 %가 기름에서는 3 %가 감소하였으며, 온도변화에도 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 오일펜스는 해수와 기름에 노출 뿐만 아니라 바람과 파도 등 다양한 영향을 받게 되므로 오일펜스의 내구성은 강화되어야 한다. 또한, 해양환경보호 측면에서 지속적인 사용을 위해서는 내구성 강화는 필수적이다. 이에 오일 펜스의 본체부 재질검사가 강화되어야 한다고 판단하여, 검정 시 본체부 원단 인장강도 품질을 확인할 수 있는 검정 개선방안을 제안하였다.

The Straits of Malacca and Singapore is without hesitation, a vital sea lane of communication with the geographical advantage of linking the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Geographically, the Straits of Malacca and Singapore is shallow and fairly narrow on its eastern part and has created one of the most important traffic choke points in the world. Being a crucial sea-lane has experience the Straits with high density of vessel traffic. The increase in shipping activities has risen the challenge in safety of navigation and marine environmental protection problem which generally end up with huge financial losses for the seafarers and damages to the marine environment. Owing significant limitations in the geographical landscape, this article has primary objectives to examine how navigational safety and marine environment can be effectively protect using existing regulatory instruments. This article provides a review and analysis of existing laws and regulations to assess the status of navigational safety for marine environmental protection in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. The article also evaluates potential strategies to this problem using insights from literature. The article finds out that the littoral States to the Straits of Malacca and Singapore should adopt more forward-looking perspective in the formulation of legal measures to enhance navigational safety for marine environmental protection. The article finally suggests the potential strategies for navigational safety and marine environmental protection in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. This will help in setting priorities for future efforts in improving navigational safety for marine environmental protection with regard to international and regional initiatives.

Part XI of the UNCLOS lays out the legal framework for deep seabed mining activities in the Area. Several countries have already passed domestic deep seabed mining laws fulfilling their obligations under the Convention and the regulations promulgated by the ISA, established under the Convention. China passed its own deep seabed mining law in 2016. China’s deep seabed mining law aims at securing effective regulation of its sponsored contractors’ deep seabed activities and ensuring the contractors’ compliance with the rules and regulations issued by the ISA. China’s law pays tremendous attention to marine environmental protection during contractors’ deep seabed activities. This paper briefly describes the legal regime for international seabed mining, then illustrates China’s legislative actions, examines the key environmental provisions of China’s deep seabed law and analyzes the balancing of interests of multiple parties behind China’s emphasis on marine environmental protection during the exploration and exploitation of deep seabed minerals.

해양환경 문제는 지역적으로 시작하여 광역적으로 확산되기 때문에 지방정부에서 사고 시에 신속하게 대응하고 상시에 적극적으로 관리하는 것이 중요하다. 그러나 현행 해양환경관리는 대부분 중앙정부가 담당하고 있기 때문에 지방정부의 역할이 아직 미미한 상황이다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 논문은 역대 부산광역시의회 안건처리 일람을 분석함으로써 해양환경관리 부문에 있어서 지방의회의 역할 실태를 분석하고, 이를 토대로 지방의회의 역할을 강화할 대안을 도출하고자 하였다. 분석결과 역대 부산광역시의회는 해양환경 관련 안건처리에 있어서 전문성 부족, 소극적 역할, 의정활동의 지속성 및 일관성 결여 등의 문제점들이 나타났고, 이러한 문제점들을 보완하기 위한 정책대안으로 의회 내 정책거버넌스의 도입, 국제협력체계의 추진, 해양환경 분야의 우선순위 및 시민의식 제고 등의 대안을 도출하였다.

Current trends of analytical chemistry for environmental protection in Korea were briefly reviewed. Additionally, overview of the policies and efforts of the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Korean Government for environmental conservation and for improvements of water and air qualities is also discussed. Particularly, this review focuses on the current standing and central trends of analytical chemistry for air quality protection.

This study deals with litter which has sunk and accumulated on the sea-bed of the Chinhae Bay obtained by using a beam trawler. The litter collected through the duration of survey (1997~1998) were distributed from 8.76~80.63 items/ha and 3.51~108.39 kg/ha, respectively, in quantities and weights. Especially bulky wastes(shell, tires, motorcycle and refrigerator) were composed of 76% of them, next metal and glasses, 29.5%. The seasonal variability of litters in the bay is large, as 62% in April, next August, 23%, in total weights.These discarded substances have the widespread distribution but varied in each sampled area. Therefore they exist in a significant pollutants, as threatening the fishing activities and near marine environment, and also potential damage to marine resources.

I hope that in the limited allotted to me today I managed to draw to your attention just some of the recent legal developments relation to international maritime safety and environmental protection or more simply, of safer ships and cleaner seas, none of us should be in any doubt the ever increasing pressure that is going to be placed upon the shipping industry to achieve the objectives to which those expressions refer.

The objectives of this study are to propose the Integrated Waqf Environmental Protection Model (IWEP) and investigate the farmers’ intention to adopt it. In developing the IWEP model and investigating farmers’ willingness to adopt it, this study surveyed 400 farmers in Kedah. The intention of the farmers to adopt the proposed model was analysed by adding perceived barriers and socioeconomic variables into the theory of reasoned action (TRA) model. The collected data were processed using structural equation modelling (SEM). The SEM results show that the subjective norm is positive and has a significant impact on the intentions of lowincome farmers to accept the IWEP model. This indicates that the decision of the low-income farmers to accept the IWEP model is significantly influenced by their family members, neighbours and friends. Furthermore, awareness and perceived barriers have a greater impact on the elderly, highly educated and wealthy farmers. The findings indicate that the elderly, highly educated and wealthy farmers are aware of climate change and they perceive higher risks or barriers to climate change. As a result, they are more likely to have an adaptation intention. If we encourage people to create waqf fund, we can increase the value of the farmer and the country’s total GDP.

Natural environmental protection system in North Korea is rarely understood mainly because of lack of information in scientific and legislative fields. Legislation is very important to achieve goal for protected areas, which are described in "Natural Protected Area Law(NPAL)". Cabinet of North Korea has authorities to lead the Central Agency for Land and Environment Conservation(CALEC). Designation and managements of natural protected areas are regarded as CALEC and local governments responsibilities. There are many differences between South and North Korea. Especially legislation system has many differences. North Korea's Labor Party is superior to the Government and Labor Party's order has at least the same authority to regulate and manage the national policy and means. With NPAL, CALEC organizes the national plan for natural protected area and regulate the activities of the Agencies for Land and Environment Conservation in the aspects of action plan, budget and other resources. For the reunification in the future, legislation system of North Korea should be understood.

The protection of the marine environment is one of the main international legal problems in recent years. In parallel with the industrial development, a great quantity of chemical materials were used and in consequence, mass transportation of oil and other dangerous materials was required on the one hand, and discharge of industrial wasters drew also the attention on the other hand. Furthermore, oil tankers accidents, mass use of nuclear materials, sea-bed exploration and exploitation stimulated further deep human concern on the marine environment. The expansion of international concern to new and more dangerous sources of marine pollution regarded more strict and legal control on the Oil Tanker(DWT 95, 000tons, Cb=0.805) model. Calculation results are compared to the international, especially regional level. In particular, this study is concerned with the preservation of the Northeast Asian Seas surrounded by Japan, the Russian Far East, South Korea, North Korea, China and Taiwan. These adjacent countries must intensify cooperation regarding the prevention, reduction and control of the contamination of the sea. And this cooperation between the States concerned should, as much as possible, be aimed at maximizing the effectiveness of measures to prevent or abate transboundary environmental pollution. To achieve this purpose, States concerned should be imposed upon duties such as duty to assess the environmental impact, duty to inform, duty to consult and duty to assist on the basis of general principle of international law, international customary law and other various resolutions of international bodies. Depending on the nature and extent of actual or potential transboundary pollution with the use of a natural resource or the environment in general the establishment of some form of institutionalized cooperation between the States concerned may become useful or indispensable. The functions of this Organization are, inter alia, to keep the implementation of the Convention and the protocals under continuous observation, to make recommendations on regional or sub-regional rules and standards to be elaborated and on measures to be taken by the Contracting Parties, to be notified of any grave and imminent danger from pollution or threat of pollution by the Contracting Parties and to promote in close cooperation with appropriate governmental bodies additional measures to protect the marine environment of the Northeast Asian Seas, and so on. Above mentioned countries, first of all, are located within the Northeast Asian Seas geographically and, therefore, take responsibilities of preserving the clean sea against marine interferences regardless of any difference of the social, political and economic systems. They must be followed under the UNCLOS and other marine conventions. Under the present circumstances, Northeast Asian Seas will become dead seas in case that there is no instant and prompt action against pollution. Hence we have an absolute obligation to promote the development of the mandatory international environmental law, which in turn can faciliate more effective implementation of the regional cooperation by the neighbouring states within this area.