Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) is a core feature of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which are commonly referred to as drones. In emerging smart logistics, drones are expected to play an increasingly important role as mobile platforms. Therefore, research on last-mile delivery using drones is on the rise. There is a growing trend toward providing drone delivery services, particularly among retailers that handle small and lightweight items. However, there is still a lack of research on a structural definition of the VTOL drone flight model for multi-point delivery service. This paper describes a VTOL drone flight route structure for a multi-drone delivery service using rotary-wing type VTOL drones. First, we briefly explore the factors to be considered when providing drone delivery services. Second, a VTOL drone flight route model is introduced using the idea of the nested graph. Based on the proposed model, we describe various time-related attributes for delivery services using drones and present corresponding calculation methods. Additionally, as an application of the drone route model and the time attributes, we comprehensively describe a simple example of the multi-drone delivery for first-come-first-served (FCFS) services.

Plants synthesize antioxidant compounds as a defense mechanism against reactive oxygen species. Recently, plant-derived antioxidant compounds have attracted attention due to the increasing consumer awareness in the heath industry. However, traditional methods for measuring the antioxidant activity of these compounds are time-consuming and costly. Therefore, our study constructed a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model that can predict antioxidant activity using graph convolutional networks (GCN) from plant structural data. The accuracy (Acc) of the model reached 0.6 and the loss reached 0.03. Although with lower accuracy than previously reported QSAR models, our model showed the possibility of predicting DPPH antioxidant activity in a wide range of plant compounds (phenolics, polyphenols, vitamins, etc.) based on their graph structure.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to propose a method of quantitative bus deceleration and acceleration time based on automatic vehicle location data generated by a bus operating system. METHODS : The digital tachometer graph (DTG) data of commercial vehicles and the bus departure and arrival time data collected through the Korean bus information system (BIS) were matched and utilized to accurately reflect the deceleration and acceleration position of the bus. It was determined whether the bus arrived (or departed) at bus stations based on the BIS data, and the acceleration and deceleration times were calculated by classifying the bus status section (deceleration-stop-acceleration-driving) based on the DTG speed data. RESULTS : The deceleration and acceleration times calculated using the proposed method were analyzed using the z-test for the bus type and peak and non-peak times. Notably, there was a difference in the acceleration time for each vehicle type. The results were compared with the reference values of TCQSM and the calculated values, and the results were similar. CONCLUSIONS : This study is meaningful in that it conducted basic research on calculating the acceleration and deceleration times by fusing currently available data. In addition, new types of buses that have not been presented in the existing reference values have the advantage of being able to be calculated without a separate investigation if only data are produced according to the current bus management system.

This paper gives two graph-based algorithms for radioactive decay computation. The first algorithm identifies the connected components of the graph induced from the given radioactive decay dynamics to reduce the size of the problem. The solutions are derived over the precalculated connected components, respectively and independently. The second algorithm utilizes acyclic structure of radioactive decay dynamics. The algorithm evaluates the reachable vertices of the induced system graph from the initially activated vertices and finds the minimal set of starting vertices populating the entire reachable vertices. Then, the decay calculations are performed over the reachable vertices from the identified minimal starting vertices, respectively, with the partitioned initial value over the reachable vertices. Formal arguments are given to show that the proposed graph inspired divide and conquer calculation methods perform the intended radioactive decay calculation. Empirical efforts comparing the proposed radioactive decay calculation algorithms are presented.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the digital differentiation in social members’ information use via digital devices. Though the attention to the digital differentiation becomes far more increasing, there are only few literatures dealing with quantitative approaches about the digital differentiation. The term ‘digital differentiation’ represents the availability of the information user. It is different from ‘digital divide’ of which the main parameter is accessibility to the information. Once accessibility meets a certain level, availability is considered as a more important factor than accessibility when evaluating the progress of ICT(Information and Communication Technology). We present a model that can describe the digital differentiation phenomenon by using the methodology borrowed from the graph theory, inverse optimization and other established research theory related to digital differentiation. We provide some insights to reduce digital differentiations and therefore our analysis can be used as a guideline for policy maker who desires to mitigate digital differentiations.

The increasing interests on patents have led many individuals and companies to apply for many patents in various areas. Applied patents are stored in the forms of electronic documents. The search and categorization for these documents are issues of major fields in data mining. Especially, the keyword extraction by which we retrieve the representative keywords is important. Most of techniques for it is based on vector space model. But this model is simply based on frequency of terms in documents, gives them weights based on their frequency and selects the keywords according to the order of weights. However, this model has the limit that it cannot reflect the relations between keywords. This paper proposes the advanced way to extract the more representative keywords by overcoming this limit. In this way, the proposed model firstly prepares the candidate set using the vector model, then makes the graph which represents the relation in the pair of candidate keywords in the set and selects the keywords based on this relationship graph.

감성어휘는 텍스트로 감성을 표현하거나, 반대로 텍스트로부터 감성을 인식하기 위한 특징으로써 감성분류 연 구에 필수요소이다. 본 연구는 감성어휘의 집합인 감성사전을 자동으로 구축하는 그래프 기반 준지도 학습 방법 을 제안한다. 특히 감성어휘가 사용되어지는 분야에 따라 그 감성이 변하는 중의성 문제를 고려하여 분야 별 감 성사전을 구축하고자 한다. 제안하는 방법은 어휘와 어휘들 간의 밀접도를 토대로 그래프를 구성하고, 사전에 학 습 된 일부 소량의 감성어휘들의 감성을 구성된 그래프 전체에 전파하는 방식으로 모든 어휘의 감성을 추론한다. 감성어휘는 대표적으로 감성단어와 감성구문이 있으며, 본 연구에서는 이들 각각에 대한 그래프를 구성하고 감성을 추론하여 전체 감성사전을 구축하였다. 제안하는 방법의 성능을 검증하기 위해 영화평 분야의 감성사전을 구축하고, 이를 이용한 영화평 감성분류 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 기존 범용 감성사전의 어휘들을 이용한 감 성분류보다 더 높은 분류 성능을 확인하였다.

To perform long-term sewer monitoring, It is important to understand the nature of the wastewater flow that occurs at the point on early stage of the monitor and to prevent in advance a problem which may caused. We can infer the flow properties and external factors by analyzing the scatter graph obtained from the measured data flow rate monitoring data since an field external factor affecting the sewage flow is reflected in the flow rate monitoring data. In this study, Selecting the three points having various external factors, and we Inferred the sewer flow characteristics from depth-velocity scatter graph and determined the analysis equation for the dry-weather flow rate data. At the‘point 1’expected non-pressure flow, we were able to see the drawdown effect caused by the free fall in the manhole section. At the‘point 2’, existed weir and sediments, there was backwater effect caused by them, and each of size calculated from the scatter graph analysis were 400 mm and 130 mm. At the‘Point 3’, there is specific flow pattern that is coming from flood wave propagation generated by the pump station at upstream. In common, adequate equations to explain the dry weather flow data are flume equation and modified manning equation(SS method), and the equations had compatibility for explaining the data because all of R2 values are over 0.95.

훈민정음 창제의 이론적인 배경과 동양 천문도와는 밀접한 관계가 있다. 훈민정음 해례본의중성의나열 순서가 지금과다르게되어 있는 이유는 천문도인 하도에 이론적인 바탕을 두었기 때문이다. (해례본의 중성의 순서- •, , ㅣ, ㅗ, ㅏ, ㅜ, ㅓ, ㅛ, ㅑ, ㅠ, ㅕ.) 해례본의 초성의 나열순서가 지금과 다르게 되어있는 이유는 천문도 인 낙서에 이론적인 바탕을 두었기 때문이다. (해례본의 초성의 순서 - ㄱ ㅋ ᅌ, ㄷ ㅌ ㄴ, ㅂ ㅍ ㅁ, ㅈ ㅊ ㅅ, ᅙ ㅎ ㅇ, ㄹ, ▵) 한글이 모두 28자로 만들어진 이유는 <28수 천문도>에 이론적인 바 탕을 두었기 때문이다. 그런데 지금은 24자만 사용하고 있다. 따라서 세종때에사용하던4글자와합용병서법을살려쓰면우리말 뿐 아니 라 정확한 외국어표기에도 큰 도움이 될 것이다. ㅋ ㅌ과 ㅊ ㅎ에 획畫을 더한 모양이 서로 다른 이유, 즉 ㅋ과 ㅌ에 는 획(━)으로, ㅊ ㅎ에는 각점 (n)을 더한 이유도 <28수 천문도>에 그 이론적인 바탕을 두었기 때문이다. 이와 같이 훈민정음창제의 이론 적인 배경과 동양천문도와는 밀접한 관계가 있음을 알 수 있다.

게임 개발은 다른 소프트웨어와 비교해서 다양한 분야의 전문가들이 참여하여 창의적인 과정을 거쳐서 생산물을 만들어낸다. 여기에서 가장 중요시 되고 어려운 분야가 시나리오에 대한 공통되고 동일한 상황 인식이다. 기존의 소프트웨어와 비교해서 게임 개발 방법은 통일된 형태의 개발 및 정형화된 표현 방법이 미흡하다. 본 논문은 시나리오에 대한 개발 참여자들간의 정보를 공유하고 개발 후에 발생할 수 있는 잠재적인 오류 및 개발 비용을 최소화하기 위한 시나리오 표현 방법을 개발한다. 이를 위해 사건-상태-행동 그래프에 기반한 시나리오 표현 방법을 제안한다. 그리고, 게임 시나리오에 대한 충분한 토의와 정보 공유는 게임의 애매하고 창의적인 개발 특성상 유익한 과정이다.. 제안하는 방법을 Age of Empire 게임 시나리오로 표현하여 그 유용성을 보인다.

This paper shows how do pitch and rhythmic structures interacts in the Webern atonal music to produce a coherent and unified work. This is an interesting and difficult problem to approach. Because of there is no Webern's characteristic routine at the surface level of his music. However it will be shown that beneath the complex surface exists a considerable degree of regularity. This paper shows the proportional graph. Its purpose is to present rhythmic structure in the clearest possible way, detached from ordinary notation with its bias toward traditional interpretation. From the proportional graph and A-R partition, we see the correspondences and relations of various types demonstrated in the atonal composition of Webern. Using the composite segmentation, the pitch class set structure of the atonal work is related to the fundamental rhythmic structures of the work. The composite segmentation represents the harmonic components of the music at the absolute surface level and the segmentation which may take into account than the single voice, which does not encompass the total texture from top th bottom for any segment, and which may involve overlappings. The pitch-class set inclusion relations match the pattern of proportional relations set out in the basic rhythmic structure pattern. The proportion is quite explicitly reflected by the partition. The relations among pitch-class sets in terms of intersections, unions, complements have structural analogues in the relations among rhythmic formations in terms of combinations and partitions of duration. Proportional graph and A-R partition are the tool of atonal music and rhythm structure analysis. we can see the relation between pitch and rhythm at the surface level. However we can look forward to see the further study of pitch and rhythm relation at the middle ground or background level.

Aphids feed on host plants by penetrating the stems or leaves with stylets. The feeding behavior of aphids consists of probing, penetration, salivation, and sap ingestion. To assess the effects of sound on feeding behavior, we monitored the stylet activity of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), using electrical penetration graph (EPG). The use of EPG was critical for determining the stage, frequency, and duration of feeding in aphids. We played back four acoustic stimuli of sine waves with frequencies of 100, 500, 1000, and 5000 Hz to adult aphids. When the sound was treated, the frequencies of probing, penetration, and salivation increased, whereas the duration of sap ingestion decreased. The 100 Hz and 500 Hz was significantly effective to disturb ingestion of phloem sap. The results of EPG revealed that the acoustic stimuli may restrict aphid feeding by disturbing sap ingestion.

본 연구는 1975년부터 2006년까지 서울시 녹지 연결망의 시계열 변화를 그래프 이론을 적용하여 공간의 다중규모(multi-scale)에서 정량적으로 분석하였다. 분석대상 시기 동안, 서울시 녹지 연결망의 변화가 크게 나타난 공간 규모는 녹지 간 1,000 ~ 1,600 m 거리였다. 1990년 이후 난개발로 단편화되고 훼손되었던 녹지들과 연결망이 점차 복원되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 2006년 개별 녹지의 연결망 분석을 통해, 핵심 녹지와 징검다리 녹지의 두 가지 유형의 녹지 연결망 분포를 확인하였다. 서울시 녹지 분포는 연결성 중요도 지수와 상관관계가 높아서, 남쪽과 북쪽의 가장자리에 핵심 녹지가 분포하고 동쪽, 서쪽, 중앙에 매개 중심성이 높은 징검다리 녹지가 분포함을 정량적으로 표현할 수 있었다. 따라서 서울시 녹지 연결망은 그래프 이론을 적용하여 연결 중심성, 매개 중심성, 연결 중요도 지수 등으로 정량적으로 표현될 수 있다.

Business processes are often of long duration, and include internal worker's decision making, which makes business processes to be exposed to many exceptional situations. These properties of business processes makes it difficult to guarantee successful termination of business processes at the design phase. The behavioral properties of business processes mainly depends on the data aspects of business processes. To formalize the data aspect of process modeling, this paper proposes a graph-based model, called Data Dependency Graph (DDG), constructed from dependency relationships specified between business data. The paper also defines a mechanism of describing a set of mapping rules that generates a process model semantically equivalent to a DDG, which is accomplished by allocating data dependencies to component activities.

Aphids feed on host plants by penetrating the stems or leaves with stylets. The feeding behavior of aphids consists of probing, penetration, salivation, and sap ingestion. To assess the effects of sound on feeding behavior, we monitored the stylet activity of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), using electrical penetration graph (EPG). The use of EPG was critical for determining the stage, frequency, and duration of feeding in aphids. We played back three acoustic stimuli of sine waves with frequencies of 100, 1000, and 5000 Hz to adult aphids. In the sound treatment group, the frequencies of probing, penetration, and salivation increased, whereas the duration of sap ingestion decreased. The results of EPG revealed that the acoustic stimuli may restrict aphid feeding by inhibiting sap ingestion.

게임은 점차 복잡해짐에 따라 게임 환경(맵)도 복잡해지고 있다. 게임 환경(맵)이 복잡해지면 게임 신뢰성을 입증하기 위해서 많은 테스트 프로세스와 방법이 복잡해지는 경향이 있다. 본 논문에서는 자동 생성되는 게임 환경(맵)을 정확하게 진행하는지를 검증하고, 테스트를 줄일 수 있는 테스팅 기법을 AND/OR 그래프와 불식(boolen expression)을 이용하여 제안한다.

Plant penetration by aphids can be monitored electrically by the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. To confirm whether some behaviors are correlated to specific graph pattern in EPG, we analyzed the two synchronized data, EPG and video records. We recorded electrical penetration graph (EPG) and behaviors of aphids simultaneously. Then we compared the behaviors of aphids with the recorded EPG waveforms in order to match their visible behaviors and invisible behaviors with stylet. The visible behaviors were categorized for walking, wagging, honeydew production, and reproduction. When the aphids were generally motionless, the EPG denoted feeding-related waveforms (E1, E2, F and G). Whereas, probing waveforms (B and pd) frequently occurred when they were wagging. We aim to present the correlation between observed behaviors and EPG patterns.