The emission of odor, characterized by the combustion conditions and biomass types resulting from the use of a biomass incinerator, was analyzed. The following biomass types were considered: bark, board waste, sawdust, wood flour, wood fiver, wastewater sludge, and timber wastewater. As a study method, the physico-chemical characteristics of each biomass type were analyzed to predict the potential substances that might be emited under incomplete combustion conditions. And, the emission components of odor emission by biomass were analyzed at the laboratory level using a combustion device. In addition, the characteristics of the contaminant (odor) emission per mixture ratio of biomass were analyzed in a stoker incinerator that is in operation in an actual establishment at a scale of 300 ton/day. In the biomass emission experiment using the combustion device at the laboratory level, the major substances such as Acetic acid, Styrene, Toluene, Benzene, Dichloromethane, etc. were analyzed, and these components were determined to increase odor index. VOCs measurement in the outlet of the stoker incinerator indicated that Acetaldehyde, Ethanol, Acetonitrile, Ethyl acetate, Toluene, etc. were detected as the major substances. These were similar to the emission substances presented by the experiment that had investigated emissions by biomass type. A study on the Effect of Operational Conditions in biomass stocker incinerator on the concentration of odorous materials emitted from stack showed a close relationship between the input by biomass type and urea, temperature in the incinerator, and the tendency to emit/produce odor.

This study is analyzed combustion phenomena based on the environmental energy facility incinerator. It is assumed that combustible components of waste are composed of carbon and hydrogen, and the combustion process of fuel is by setting as multi-component / multistage reaction. As the combustion chamber is burned, the high temperature environment is achieved, also the heat transfer accompanied by the turbulent flow and the generation of NOx, a pollutant, are interpreted to predict the thermal and fluid characteristics and pollution emissions of the grate incinerator. As the result of internal flow analysis, the slow flow around the ash chute and the mixing effect due to the complicated turbulence around the combustion chamber were predicted to show excellent performance. It is shown to the internal average temperature was about 1024°C, around the about 1000°C homogeneous temperature distribution. Due to the sudden temperature decrease in the boiler, the flue gas temperature at the outlet was estimated to be about 220 ℃.

소각로 내 공기 주입은 연소가스의 체류시간, 미연분 제거 및 출구가스 온도 제어 등의 많은 영향을 끼친다. 이에 따라 2차 연소용 공기량을 변화시켜 충분한 체류시간을 확보하고 850℃ 이상의 출구가스 온도를 유지하며, 높은 turbulent를 관리함으로써 안정적인 소각로 운영이 되어야만 한다. 본 연구에서는 현재 운영 중인 소각장의 소각로를 설계하고, 평균 일일 소각량을 바탕으로 1차 공기량을 산정한 후 2차 공기량을 변화하여 CFD 프로그램(Fluent)을 통해 이론적인 공기유동을 규명하였다. 또한 산정된 공기량을 바탕으로 실제 운영 중인 소각장에 적용함으로써 최적의 연소조건을 도출하였다. CFD simulation 결과 1.2차 공기비는 75:25가 최적의 결과로 나타났으며, 2차 공기 분사노즐 전 후면 유속 비는 1:3에서 가장 우수한 결과로 나타났다. 또한, 실제 운영 중인 소각로에 적용한 결과 적절한 소각로 출구온도는 질소산화물 제거 효율 및 일산화탄소 발생농도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

In case of domestic pyrolysis dry distillation gassification technology, it stays at the stage of its early introduction and development. Moreover, the companies possessed of this technology are limited to Japan and some countries in Europe, and domestic operative performance of this system is nominal, so there exist a lot of difficulties in securing its basic data. In addition, considering its operation and management, there happens a corrosion of metals by the production of corrosive gases in time of combustion of waste, and there arise a problem of occurrence of low temperature corrosion on exterior casing or gas ducts of a combustion chamber due to the high temperature corrosion around the burner of an incinerator, lowering the durability of an incinerator. Therefore, this study looked at the problems arising in time of incineration by understanding the characteristics of the pyrolysis dry distillation gassification incinerating facility, and did research on the improvement plan for durability of an incinerator for more economic, efficient waste incineration.

Using the waste(sand wastr and boiler ash) in fluidized bed inciverator, lightweight aggregate concrete was produced and a recycling plan was prepated. The first, the result of the leaching test shows that the waste fluid sand and boiler ash did not exceed the effluent standard. This indicates that there is no harmful effect for recycling. The second, in the lightweight aggregate test using waste fluid sand and boiler ash, the sample that combined cement, waste fluid sand, and sand showed the highest compressive strength, and the mix proportion was 10: 7: 3. Lightweight aggregate concrete that combined cement, waste fluid sand, boiler ash, and sand had a low compressive strength by and large. The third, the same results were identified in the relation between the content of SiO2 and that of Na2O. As the SiO2 content is lowered, the overall viscosity and plasticity of the concrete also decrease, which is not a good condition to form concrete. As for Na2O, as the content increases, the viscosity of the sample and the viscosity of the cement are remarkably lowered, and the strength of the finished concrete is lowered. Therefore, it was concluded that the higher the content of SiO2 and the lower the content of Na2O, the more suitable it is to mix with cement to produce concrete. Fourth, from the fluidized bed incinerator currently operated by company A in city B, a total of 14,188 tons/year were discharged as of 2016, including 8,355 tons/year of bottom ash (including waste fluid sand) and 5,853 tons/year of boiler ash. The cost for landfill bottom ash and boiler ash discharged is 51,000 won/ton, and the total annual landfill cost is 723,588,000 won/ year. Assuming that the landfill tax to be applied from the year 2018 is about 10,000 won/ton, and if there is no reduction in waste disposal charge, an additional landfill tax of 141,880,000 won/year will be imposed. Consequently, the sum total of the annual landfill cost will be 865,468,000 won/year. Therefore, if the entire amount is used for recycling, the annual savings of about 8.7 billion won can be expected.

우리나라에서 폐기물을 처리하는 방법에는 크게 매립, 소각, 재활용이 있으며 일반적으로 폐기물을 수거하여 재활용 할 수 있는 부분을 제외한 나머지는 소각한 뒤 매립을 하는 방식을 택하고 있다. 매립은 계속적인 매립지 확보에 어려움을 겪고 있으며 폐기물의 배출량이 갈수록 증가됨에 따라 예상되는 매립지의 기대수명이 점점 감축되고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 우리나라에서는 폐기물을 짧은 시간 안에 매우 안정적으로 처리할 수 있는 소각기술로 시야를 넓혀야 한다. 소각은 대부분 재활용할 수 있는 폐열 및 고형화연료를 확보할 수 있을뿐더러 매립지의 수명도 효과적으로 늘릴 수 있다. 또한 소각이 완료된 후의 소각재는 수분까지도 거의 제거된 상태이기 때문에 바로 매립이 가능한 정도에 이르렀다. 환경부에서 발행한 ‘전국 폐기물 발생 및 처리 현황(2015년도 수정본)에 따르면 소각과정에서 발생된 연소재의 일일배출량은 점점 증가하는 추세이다. 따라서, 소각재를 매립하는 방법 외에 재활용할 수 있는 방안을 모색하여 매립지의 수명연장은 물론 효율적인 재활용자원으로 사용할 수 있게 만드는 것이 필요하다. 그러나 소각재는 현행 폐기물 관리법상 중금속 농도가 비교적 낮기 때문에 일반폐기물로 관리되고 있었으나 유해성 논란이 끊이질 않고 있다. 따라서, 소각재에 들어있는 유해중금속의 농도를 효과적으로 처리하여 낮추면 다른 분야에서 즉각 활용할 수 있는 좋은 재료로 사용할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 소각재의 처리 실태를 알아보고 재활용되고 있는 방법들을 검토, 비교하고 현재 유동상식 소각로에서 배출되는 폐유동사의 재생골재로의 재활용 가능성에 대해 알아보았다. 추가적으로 유동상식 소각로에서 배출되는 보일러재와의 배합 가능성, 그리고 성분분석을 이용한 함유성분의 함량과 재활용 목표의 관계도 연구하였다. 이는 기존에 활용되고 있는 재활용 방법과 새롭게 이용할 수 있는 방법에서 원재료로 사용되고 있는 것들을 대체할 수 있는가에 대한 것이다. 기존에 사용되고 있는 원재료만큼의 효율이 나온다면 원가절감은 물론 폐기물 재활용, 나아가서는 자원재이용에 따른 환경문제 감소에 도움이 될 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

Recently, the concept of “waste minimization and a sustainable resource circulation society” has become a global issue as the key term waste management policy, the effective use of waste, has been emphasized. Research that converts wastes from incinerators into energy is actively underway as a countermeasure for this issue. The most important factor, the lower heating value (LHV), is the amount of heat (excepting the latent heat of water vapor) generated when the fuel is completely burned, and it is necessary to analyze the combustion performance and economic efficiency of waste incineration facilities. The current LHV estimation methods of the Dulong equation and calorimeter through sampling cannot produce results that reflect the operation status of the incineration facility and the waste characteristics. Consequently, an objective and quantitative LHV formula (LHVKorea) was derived based on the operating data from the domestic municipal solid waste incineration facilities in this study. Additionally, by comparing LHVKorea and LHVEU, the error range of the two formulas is analyzed. The average result of LHVKorea is 2,318kcal/kg (1,788 ~ 2,734 kcal/kg), and an error range of 5% appears between LHVKorea and LHVEU.

Characteristics of the exhaust gas of a commercial scale (7.2 ton/day) municipal wastes incinerator with recirculation of its high temperature combustion gas were investigated. High temperature combustion gas made by incineration was entrained by an air jet and re-used for incineration. Air was preheated to 384-512oC and diluted to have an oxygen concentration of 16-17%. Incineration of municipal wastes with the preheated and diluted air made extremely uniform and stable flames. Concentrations of nitric oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in flue gas were measured at the boiler exit and the stack, simultaneously. Averaged concentrations of NOx and CO were reduced to 54.2 ppm and 3.1 ppm at the boiler exit and to 49.8 ppm and 6.0 ppm at the stack, respectively, at a reference oxygen concentration of 12% without any post treatment of NOx and when the averaged outlet temperature of the combustion chamber was 904oC. The measured NOx emission was only 29% of that of a conventional municipal incinerator. Simultaneous reduction of NOx and CO is significant. Averaged concentrations of O2 and CO2 were 9.7% and 8.6% at the boiler exit and 14.6% and 4.9% at the stack, respectively.

Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash was used for accelerated carbonation via bubbling of gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) after treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The influence of alkaline concentration and volumetric flowrate of CO2 was investigated. Experimental results showed that carbonation reduced the leaching of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cr. The pH of leachate decreased from around 12 to 10.5. The content of soluble chlorides was also decreased after carbonation. Additionally, the application of accelerated carbonation enhanced the sequestration of CO2 from MSW incineration plants. The TG/DSC analysis indicated that MSWI fly ash sequestrated approximately 185 g CO2/kg waste.

Since 1987, the use of CFCs and HCFCs in various fields such as refrigerant of a refrigerator and a vehicle, a propellant for a spray, and a urethane foaming agent has been prohibited by Montreal protocol related to ozone depletion materials. Instead of the CFCs having a high ozone depletion potential (ODP), HFC-based refrigerants without a chlorine content were developed but determined as global warming materials. Therefore, to reduce greenhouse gas such as HFCs, including CFCs and HCFCs, having a global warming potential (GWP) of 150 or more, which is abandoned from the existing apparatus, it is required to develop a new eco-friendly, economic, and stable treatment technology. When the auxiliary fuel LPG was used at a flow of 1.0 kg/h with an air ratio of 1.1, the average temperature at the vertical section in the combustion chamber was 1,300 K, which is sufficient to destroy waste HFCs. In the waste refrigerant destruction test, the destruction ratio of waste HFCs was 100% when waste HFCs were injected at a flow of 2.8 kg/h.

This study was conducted to evaluate the emission characteristics of air pollutants from incineration facilities in Jeollanam-do. We selected 8 incineration facilities depend on type and the 19 items such as dust etc. were measured at the measurement hole for emission gas from air contamination control units. The range of emission concentrations for dust was 2.8 ~ 20.9 mg/Sm3 less than permissible air discharge standards. The results of 10 gaseous contaminants such as SOx was less than permissible air discharge standards. The range of emission concentrations for NOx was 13.4 ~ 120.0 ppm, less than permissible air discharge standards. As G facility was 112.4 ppm, 120.0 ppm, it exceeded emission standard (100 ppm) twice. The range of emission concentrations for HCl was ND ~ 85.300 ppm, B Facilitiy exceeded emission standard (20 ppm) as 85.300 ppm. The range of emission concentrations for NH3 was ND ~ 76.333 ppm, A, D, H Facility exceeded emission standard (30 ppm). The concentration of each facility was 42.416 ppm, 62.930 ppm, 76.333 ppm. The results of heavy metals (5 items) showed within emission standards. G facility is operating in condition that input of urea is 100 L/day. If input of urea were changed to 50 ~ 75 L/day, the operating cost of air pollution prevention facility can be reduced by 25% ~ 50%. In this study, the correlation between urea input and nitrogen oxides was statistically significant, but the correlation between urea input and ammonia showed insignificantly. Our research attempts to evaluate the emission characteristics of air pollutants from incineration facilities and to institute a reduction plan, an effective management of incinerators.

According to a report ‘2012 Present Condition of National Household Refuse Resource Recovery Facility’, about 582,178 tons/year of household refuse were processed in the incineration plant, and 465,087 tons/year of bottom ash and 117,091 tons/year of fly ash were produced respectively. As incineration ash contains many kind of heavy metals such as soluble salt, copper and lead, it may lead to the leaching potential of heavy metals according to the environmental change, so it requires special care in landfill and recycling. In this study CO2 was injected into the bottom ash, so that environmental stability such as leaching of heavy metals was reduced and increased the possibility of CO2 fixation ability of the bottom ash was analyzed. Bottom ash of the household refuse incineration plant of I City was used as the sample of the fixation ability particle size was divided into 3 sections to analyze its components before and after carbonation using XRF. Stability of the sample was identified by the leaching test through KSLT and TCLP, and CO2 fixation ability by the DT-TGA analysis. Test results of the fixation ability shows that stabilization of the bottom ash produced in the household refuse incineration plant by carbonation is evaluated as there is little environmental problem caused by heavy metals when it is utilized into the recycled aggregate, and economic profits can be expected due to securing new agents of the supply and demand for the recycled aggregates, the greenhouse gas emission reduction by CO2 fixation.

K시의 소각장은 2000년 5월 시험가동으로 2기(연속식 스토커방식) 처리시설로 160ton/day*2기, 320ton/day의 생활쓰레기를 처리하면, 소각시설 공정도는 Fig. 1과 같다. 소각과정에서 생성되는 폐열을 회수, 증기를 발생시켜 이 증기를 이용해서 시설내 열원 및 소비전력을 보충하는 설비시설을 갖추고 있다. 그러나 Fig. 2와 같이 사용 후 4 ~ 5년 후 부터는 O2농도가 증가하고 있는 추세이며 2호기의 산소농도가 1호기 보다 높아지고 있어 배기가스 중 CO, SOx, HCl, NOx의 농도는 증가 하는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 본 연구는 2기 소각로에 O2농도에 맞게 송풍량을 적정주입하는 방법으로 개선하여 대기배출가스 농도를 저감하기 위한 연구이다. 대기배출가스농도는 전년도 대비 NOx 5.5%, HCl 17.4%, SOx 38.5%로 저감, CO 5.7%, 먼지(Dust) 15.0% 증가 되었고, 초과횟수는 저감 중점항목을 선정하여 실시한 결과 2011년 107회에서 2012년 9월까지 62회로 전년도 대비 42.1%가 감소하고, 약품사용량은 전년도 소각량 대비 11.2% 증가한, 반면 소석회는 3.8%, 암모니아 4.5%, 활성탄은 4.4% 감소하였다. 연구결과 DCS프로그램 적용하여 O2농도 조절로 대기배출가스농도와 비례관계를 나타냈으며, MSW로 보일러에 O2농도 조절을 하므로 대기가스배출농도가 법적기준 이내로 유지함을 알수 있다.

It is known that lowering of peak temperature of flame reduces NOx emission in combustion process. Low oxygenconcentration of diluted combustion air reduces peak flame temperature, but makes flame unstable. So increasing oftemperature of reactants is needed to enhance flame stability. Mixing of high temperature combustion gas with combustionair makes low oxygen concentration and increases air temperature simultaneously. Low oxygen concentration ofcombustion air reduces peak temperature of flame and increased air temperature makes flame stable by enhancement ofcombustion reaction. Special apparatus for recirculation of high temperature combustion gas should be needed, becausegeneral blower cannot be used to return the gas of almost 1,000oC. Air jet type recirculation apparatus has been developedand installed in a commercial scale of 7.2ton/day incinerator and estimated. Oxygen concentration and temperature ofair mixed with inhaled high temperature combustion gas by the apparatus are 16.24~17.78%, 384~512oC, respectively,in a steady state of incineration.

Characteristics of exhaust gas of solid refuse fuel (SRF) burning in a commercial scale of 12ton/day incinerator havebeen investigated. Combustion air for SRF burning is mixed with recirculated high temperature exhaust gas to diluteoxygen concentration and preheat itself. It is called high temperature EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) combustion. Itis known that low oxygen concentration of diluted air reduces flame temperature and NOx emission, but also makes flameunstable. Highly heated air by mixing with high temperature exhaust gas makes flame stable by enhancement ofcombustion reaction. Concentrations of nitric oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)in flue gas have been measured at stack. High temperature EGR incineration of SRF dramatically reduces nitric oxideemission and residual oxygen. Average concentrations of NOx, and CO are 71.5ppm and 86.6ppm especially at referenceoxygen concentration of 12% without any post treatment of NOx when the average outlet temperature of combustionchamber is 942oC. And average concentrations of O2 and CO2 are 9.59% and 8.3% especially.

This study analyzed response characteristics of Nitrogen Oxide according to injection location and change of injectionamounts by spraying food waste on the combustion platform and the latter part of the first combustion chambers inincinerators. The analytical results have found to have no major difficulties in keeping more than 850oC, the legal standardof the 2nd combustion chamber according to injection of food waste in all the test subject facilities. For spraying foodwaste in the combustion platform in the first combustion chambers, the removal efficiency of 14.76% was shown as NSRis 2.98. For spraying food waste in the latter part of the first combustion chambers, the removal efficiency of 46.40%was shown as NSR is 0.95. On the other hand, when food waste of 3 tons per hour respectively is sprayed on thecombustion platform and the latter part of the first combustion chambers, the highest removal efficiency of 84.97% wasshown as NSR is 1.02.

Recently, many countries have been interested in waste-to-energy policy and technology due to the economic crisis from high oil price and the demands on securing the sustainable energy sources. As one of the efforts to achieve the sustainable society and maintain low impact of global warming in Korea, the act on the promotion of saving and recycling resources was enacted to implemetnt the effective reduction of waste at source level, reduce, recycling and recovery of waste to energy. Attaining an efficient recovery of waste heat in a cogeneration plant from incineration facilities is important as a resource recovery of waste to energy. In this study, the waste heat recoveries changed by reducing feed pressure in incineration conditions were analyzed. As results, changing the operating condition in steam header resulted in stable heat supply and increase of waste heat recovery.

Infectious diseases in domestic animals of carcase were increasing every year. According to the monthly report for infectious disease from Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 11,954 heads of cattle, 518,178 heads of pig, 232,850,244 heads of bird were reported in 2011. Infectious diseases of carcase almost spread on a national scale. Dead or emergency preventive carcase are completely treated on bury. Since the treatment of carcase on bury are generating soil, underground water and source water pollution, introduction of new preventive system should be considered. In this study, literature survey and case studies to prevent the spreading of virus for infectious disease and second environmental pollution were investigated. The actual experiments using the existing incineration facilities were also performed to ensure the possibilities of safe treatment of carcase. On the other hand, the moving-type incineration are also being developed and its operation manual will be prepared. Among the investigated incinerators, stoker type incinerator was not suitable for the treatment of carcase, however, other incinerators such as fluidized-bed type incinerator, rotary kiln type incinerator ware shown to be suitable. But even for the stoker type incinerator, if the pre-treatment facilities( grinding, crushing) are installed, it will also be a suitable method. The analytical results for air pollutants(including dioxin) emitted from the final exit were all satisfied to the air pollution emission standards.

The emissions characteristics of particulate matters(PM) according to the types of wastes from industrial waste incinerator of 800 kg/hr treatment capacity were investigated. For this study, the incinerate waste are as follows; waste resin, waste wood, waste urethane, waste gunny, and waste paper. The particulate samples were collected to be emitted in stack and air pollution control(both cyclone and bag filter). In stack, the concentrations of PM were in the range of 2.61 to 26.51 ㎎/S㎥ and the major chemical species were C, Si, Cl, K, Na, Ca in all the wastes. In cyclone fly ash, the mean content of heavy metal were in the order of Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn > Cr > Ni > Cd > As > Hg and the heavy metal content of waste resin were Zn 34,197.5 mg/kg, Fe 27,587.6 mg/kg, Pb 6,055.8 mg/kg, respectively. In bag filter fly ash, the mean content of heavy metal were in the order of Zn > Pb > Fe > Cu > Mn > Cd > Cr > Ni > As > Hg and the heavy metal content of waste wood were Pb 36,405.2 mg/kg, Fe 15,762.9 mg/kg, Cu 9,989.5 mg/kg, Cd 2,230.1 mg/kg, respectively. Comparing the heavy metal content of both cyclone and bag filter, in cyclone, the Cr, Fe, Ni content were higher than in bag filter and the Cd, Cu, Hg content were lower than in bag filter.