천궁(Cnidium officinale Makino, COM)은 산형과(Umbelliferae)에 속하는 산림약용자원 중 하나로 뿌리나 지하 부를 건조한 후 약용으로 사용하는 여러해살이 산림약초 중 하나이다. 천궁(COM)은 고혈압, 진통 및 진정 등에 효과가 있다고 알려져 있어, 산림약용자원으로서 재배되는 품목 중 하나이지만 해충의 피해가 심각하여 방제에 어려움이 많이 있다. 천궁은 뿌리가 약재로 사용되지만 종근에 피해를 가하는 응애류 및 파리류 해충은 지하부에 활동하는 생태특성을 가지고 있어 피해초기에 발견하기 어려울 뿐만 아니라 방제가 어려운 실정이다. 천궁 (COM)은 연작이 되지 않은 작물 중에 하나이므로 재배포장을 매년 바꿔가면서 재배되고 있는 실정이다. 수확시 기는 가을이므로 재배하는 동안에는 정확한 병해충조사가 쉽지 않을 뿐만 아니라 정확한 발생시기 및 피해정도 를 확인하는 것이 어려운 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 천궁의 해충 및 천적곤충에 대해 조사하여 천궁의 해충종류 및 발생에 대해 이해하고 이를 기반으로 친환경 방제를 위한 천적류의 정보수집 및 분석 등을 위한 기초자료로 제공하고자 한다.

Seasonal occurrence and distribution of insect pests and their natural enemies were investigated in several Paprika greenhouses(different pest control histories). Even in the environmental-controlled greenhouses with natural enemies for controlling insect pests, there were differences in occurrence and distribution of insect pests and natural enemies by season. From March after planting, aphids and whiteflies(Myzus persicae and Bemisia tabaci) had partially occurred in all experimental greenhouses. During summer season, whiteflies and leaf mites primarily occurred and insect pest species occurred in this season were more diverse than the winter season. In the winter season, whiteflies predominantly occurred in both natural enemies and pesticide-treated Paprika greenhouses. Predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii was difficult to maintain their populations under an average temperature below 18℃ and relative humidity below 60%.

Many herbivorous insects sequester plant defense compounds from their host plants to protect themselves from natural enemies. In plants, these defense compounds are often stored as protoxins separated from their activating enzymes. A well-known example is the glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system in plants of the order Brassicales. When plant tissue is ingested by herbivores, glucosinolates are hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosinase to form highly reactive isothiocyanates. We previously reported that flea beetles of the genus Phyllotreta selectively sequester high amounts of glucosinolates from their crucifer host plants, and convergently evolved their own myrosinase which enables them to utilize sequestered glucosinolates for their own purposes (Beran et al., 2014). The presence of intact glucosinolates in these beetles suggests that despite tissue damage, ingested glucosinolates are not activated by the plant myrosinase. Rapid and efficient glucosinolate uptake from the gut lumen into gut epithelial cells can prevent hydrolysis and thus might be crucial to overcome this activated plant defense. We use the horseradish flea beetle Phyllotreta armoraciae as a model to study the molecular basis of sequestration in insects. In short-term feeding experiments, we showed that ingested glucosinolates are rapidly sequestered in the foregut. To identify the transporters that mediate glucosinolate import from the foregut lumen into gut epithelial cells, we focused on the MFS transporter family, which is known to transport a wide range of substrates. A phylogenetic analysis of putative MFS transporter sequences identified in P. armoraciae and other beetles revealed several specifically expanded clades in P. armoraciae. Out of 21 candidate genes that were heterologously expressed in Sf9 cells, nine showed glucosinolate transport activity in vitro. Interestingly, most candidate genes were exclusively expressed in the malpighian tubules, and two genes were additionally expressed in the foregut. We currently elucidate the function of these transporters in glucosinolate sequestration in vivo using RNAi. To better understand the function of sequestered glucosinolates, we performed bioassays with P. armoraciae larvae and the generalist predatory ladybird Harmonia axyridis. Upon predator attack, P. armoraciae larvae emitted high amounts of isothiocyanates and ladybird larvae stopped feeding within a few seconds and were highly irritated. However, silencing myrosinase gene expression in P. armoraciae larvae led to increased mortality compared to control larvae in survival assays with ladybird larvae. Our results demonstrate how Phyllotreta use plant defense metabolites to defend themselves against predators.

Negative effects of insecticides on non-target organism can be reduced by using selective and less toxic insecticides. We assessed the effect of subsequent application of flonicamid and Beauveria bassiana GHA on pests and natural enemies in soybean fields by recording their density in 6-8 d interval. Flonicamid controlled Aphis glycines Matsumura in 6 day after spray (DAS). Nymphs of Riptortus pedestris (F.) were also reduced by 46 and 48% in 12 and 19 DAS, respectively. Application of B. bassiana reduced R. pedestris nymph 50% in 16 DAS whereas adult R. pedestris, Medythia nigrobilineata Motschulsky and A. glycines were not significantly reduced in treated fields. Ladybird beetles, syrphid flies, hymenopteran wasps, and parasitism rate of R. pedestris eggs were not different between the treatment and control. These results suggest that flonicamid and B. bassiana showed less negative effect on the natural enemies and effective against aphids and nymphs stage of R. pedestris.

Chemical communication is very important for survival and reproduction in insects. The successful survival of insects depends to a large extent on the ability to detect and recognize environmental signals. We can manage the insect pest populations by eco-friendly methods by understanding the chemical communication systems which lie among the host trees, pests, and natural enemies. Persimmon is the largest fruit tree in acreage in Korea. Many insect pests are attacking various part of persimmon. Major insect pests of persimmon in Korea are Riptortus pedestris, Halyomorpha halys, Plautia stali as hemipterans, Stathmopoda masinissa, Euzophera batangensis, Conogethes punctiferalis as lepidopterans, There are also some minor insect pests including Homona magnanima, Apolygus spinolae, Synanthedon tenuis, bark beetles et cetera. Some of these produce sex pheromones to attract conspecific females or produce aggregation pheromones to gather conspecific individuals. Interestingly, some insect pests are using the semiochemicals of other species, pheromones or floral scents, as kairomones to find hosts or oviposition sites. These relationships in chemical communications at persimmon ecosystem will be discussed using our research results and others so far.

This study was conducted to develop the biological insect pest control on pear orchard by using the native natural enemy from 2011 to 2013. We selected the green lacewing, Chrysoperla nipponensis (Okamoto) for useful natural enemy and developed the artificial mass rearing technique, and tested finally in pear orchard located in Anseong city. Nine species of insect pests including Pseudococcus comstocki on pear and seven species of natural enemies including C. nipponensis were investigated in Gyeonggi area. The optimum developmental temperature, humidity and photoperiod for C. nipponensis were 20 ∼25℃, 60∼70%, and 16L : 8D respectively. One C. nipponensis during larval stage could feed about 440 2nd nymphs of P. comstocki at 20℃. The more prey density increase, the more feeding amount C. nipponensis larva was increased. The eggs of almond moth, Ephestia cautella were useful as a substitute diet for natural enemy, C. nipponensis. Three commercial insecticides which registered as insecticide on pear shown the low toxicity to natural enemy, C. nipponensis will be suitable for integrated pest management (IPM) in pear orchards. C. nipponensis shown the about 80% of control value against the P. comstocki in field test when had committed from the early May to the early July. Controlling the P. comstocki by using of C. nipponensis, not only the 30% of yield was increased, but also the quality especially fruit sugar was increased.

Biological control of rice insect pest is an important component of an IPM program. There are many species of natural enemies which contribute to the suppression of rice pest populations below economic injury levels. In order to use biological control more efficiently, it is a need to identify beneficial species and determine their roles in possible regulation of insect pests. There is a rich complex of biological control agents in rice and bund. This research was carried out to investigate the population density of insect pests and natural enemies in the rice field and bund. A total of 7 pest species and 15 natural enemy species were collected in the rice field. 10 pest species and 20 natural enemy species were collected in the bund, also. Changes in population density of insect pests and its prey were investigated in the rice field and bund. Population densities of insect pests were low at any time during the rice growth period in the field. This could be the high density of natural enemies. Bunds served as refuge for natural enemies when rice maturity. There are rich complex of biological control agents in rice field and bund. So, when we practice integrated pest management(IPM) of rice insect pests, we should use various natural enemies.

This study reports the results of natural enemy application against four insect pests on greenhouse sweet pepper in winter cropping system. Orius laevigatus (3.3/㎡) was released at two different times (Nov. 2005 & Feb. 2006) to control Frankliniella occidentalis, western flower thrips (WFT). Throughout the cropping season, the lowest level recorded of WFT was less than 2.0 individuals per yellow sticky trap. Amblyseius swirskii (232.3/㎡) was released four times (Nov. 2007 ~ Aug. 2008) to control Bemisia tabaci, tobacco whitefly (TWF). Until July 2008, TWF population had been suppressed lower than 6.6/trap. Phytoseiulus persimilis (44.5/㎡) was released seven times (Apr. 2008 ~ Aug. 2008) to control Tetranychus kanzawai, tea red spider mite (TRSM). As a result, TRSM population was suppressed lower than 1.7/leaf. To control aphids, Aphidius colemani (9.5/㎡) was released seven times (Oct. 2004 ~ Jan. 2005), with the transplantation of banker plants (5.5pot/660㎡). As a whole, aphid"s population has been successfully reduced to less than 2.0/leaf.

Many kinds of environment friendly agricultural materials (EFAMs) were used for the plant protection, furthermore they support the growth of crops in the greenhouses and the kindly environment friendly farming. Natural enemies might be used for control of insect pest with EFAMs at the same space and time. For testing the toxicity of EFAMs against to natural enemies, 10 EFAMs were selected and tested in small greenhouses and farm"s fields. In case of Harmonia axyridis larva, there was no predacious activity against cotton aphids in the block with EFAMMo L, EFAMPE D, EFAMME G and EFAMAE A, otherwise, aphid population was rapidly decreased in the control block without EFAMs. Both of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Encarsia formosa population were slightly decreased in the block with EFAMs. There were significantly decreased in the block with IEFAM C, FEFAM D, EFAMSM Band EFAMPE D compared with control area. Especially, there was significantly maintained a very low population, both T. vaporariorum and E. formosa in the block with EFAMMo C. The parasitized ratio of Aphidius colemani is also very low in the block with EFAMs compared with control area. In the block with IEFAM C, FEFAM D, EFAMPE D and EFAMMo L, there were significantly different with control area in the number of mummies. Otherwise, in case of Diglyphus isaea and Liriomyza trifolii, there was no significantly different between blocks with and without EFAMs. In the block with EFAMMo C, Tetranychus urticae and Phytoseiulus persimilis populations were significantly maintained a very low level. However, the population of T. urticae was increased, but P. persimilis was decreased in the block with EFAMMo L.

This survey was conducted to illustrate insect pests and their natural enemies in soybean fields in Honam area. A total of 23 pest species in 13 families and 13 species of natural enemy were observed during 2002 to 2003. Delia platura, Medythia nigrobilineata, Spodoptera exigua and Aphis glycines occurred relatively with high population densities during the early growth stage of soybean. Dolycoris baccarum, Riptortus clavatus, Nezara antennata, Piezodorus hybneri and Halyomorpha halys began to occur between mid July to early August and lasted until the harvest time. Lepidopteran insect pests, Leguminivora glycinivorella, Pleuroptya ruralis, Scopula missaria, Macdunnoughia purissima and Spodoptera litura occurred significantly in late August in soybean field. Natural enemies of soybean insect pests observed in this survey were seven parasitoids, five predators, and an entomopahogenic fungus. Two egg parasitoid species for R. clavatus, two parasitoid species for P. ruralis, and five natural enemy species (including parasite, predator and entomopathogenic fungi) for either S. litura or A. glycines were identified, respectively. Among them two egg parasitoid species, Gryon japonicum and Ooenyrtus nezarae for R. clavatus, for and one parasitoid species for P. ruralis, that belong to Betbylidae, were new to Korea.

우리 나라 골프장의 잔디 가해 해충과 천적에 관한 조사에서 잔디를 가해하는 해충은 6목 10과 28종이 확인되었고, 잔디흑응애(Eriophydae zoysiae)와 고구마뿌리혹선충(Meloidogyne incognita)도 피해를 주고 있었다. 풍뎅이 유충인 굼벵이는 전 조사 골프장의 모든 코스에서 피해를 조고 있었으며, 검거세미나방이나 거세미나방도 많은 피해를 주고 있었다. 그리고 푸충나방류(Crambus sp.)와 깍지벌레류, 각다귀(Tipula sp.)도 잔디에 피해를 주고 있었다. 반면, 일본왕개미(Camponitus japonicus), 곰개비(Formica japonica), 고동털개미(Lasins japonicus)는 직접적인 잔디 피해보다는 간접적인 피해가 많았다. 즉, 잔디나 골프장 군데군데에 집을 만들거나 골퍼들에게 피해를 주고 있었다. 잔디 해충의 천적으로는 곤충병원성 선충과 곤충변원성 곰팡이 및 유화병균등의 곤충 병원미생물과 파리매와 같은 포식성 천적류, 그리고 굼벵이벌 등과 같은 기생성 곤충류가 채집되었다. 병원성 선충으로는 Heterorhabditidae과의 Heterorhabditis sp.와 Steinernematidae과의 Steinernema glaseri와 S. longicaudum이 굼벵이와 잔다밭에서 발견되었다. 특히, 경산의 대구골프장에서 발견된 Heterorhabditia sp,는 동얼룩풍뎅이와 주둥무늬차색풍뎅이 유충에서 분리되었는데 병원성이 매우 뛰어났다. 병원성 곰팡이는 Beauveria bassiana와 Metarhizium anisopliae가 등얼룩풍뎅이에서 확인되었다. 그리고 유화병(milky disease)을 일으키는 Paenibacillus popilliae가 주둥무늬차색풍뎅이(Adoretus tenuimaculatus)와 등얼룩풍뎅이(Exomala orientalis), 주황긴다리풍뎅이(Ectinohoplia rufipes), 녹색풍뎅이(Popillia quadriguttata)에서 발견되었다. 특히, 경산의 대구 골프장에서 발견되 Heterorhabditis sp.는 등얼룩풍뎅이와 주둥무늬차색？뎅이 유층에서 분리되었는데 병원성이 매우 뛰어났다. 병원성 곰팡이는 Beauveria bassiana와 Metarhizium anisopliae가 등얼룩풍뎅이에서 확인되었다. 그리고 유화병(milky disease)을 일으키는 Paenibacillus popilliae가 주둥무늬차색풍뎅이(Adoretus tenuimaculatus)아 등얼룩풍뎅이(Exomala orentalis), 주황긴다리풍뎅이(Ectinohoplia rufipes), 녹색풍뎅이(Popillia quadriguttata)에서 발견되었다. 관찰된 파리매 3종 중 파리매(Promachus yesonicus)의 활동이 가장 활발하였다. 굼벵이벌(Tiphia sp.)은 주둥무늬차색풍뎅이와 등얼룩풍뎅이의 유충에서 확인되었는데 발견된 개체수는 많지 않았다. 식무 기생선충으로는 고구마뿌리혹선충이 들잔디(Zoysia japonica)와 금잔디(Z.matrella), 버뮤다그라스(Cynodon dactylon)에서 발견되었다.

현재 우리나라에서 사용되고 있는 수종의 수도용 살충제들에 대하여 벼멸구와 이의 주요천적인 황산적거미에 대한 상대독성을 실내에서 미량국소 처리방법으로 반치사약량을 조사 비교한 결과 PAP(0.4), MPP (0.7), MEP(1.8), Diazinon(2.8) , Carbofuran(7.5), NAC(11.3), BPMC(17.5), Pyridaphenthion(35.9), MIPC(65.7)의 순이었으며 특히 MIPC, Pyridaphenthion은 벼멸구와 황산적거미에 대해 선택성을 나타내었다.