Every engineering decision in radioactive waste management should be based on both technical and economic considerations. Especially, the management of low-level radioactive waste (LLW) is more critical on economic concerns, due to its long-term and continuous nature, which emphasizes the importance of economic analysis. In this study, economic factors for LLW management were discussed with appropriate engineering applications. Two major factors that should be taken into account when assessing economic expectations are the accuracy of the results and its proper balancing with ALARA philosophy (As Low As Reasonably Achievable). The accuracy of the results depends on the correct application of alternatives within a realistic framework of waste processing. This is because the LLW management process involves variables such as component type, physical dimensions, and the monetary value at the processing date. Two commonly used alternatives are the simplified lump sum present worth and levelized annual cost methods, which are based on annual and capital costs. However, these discussions on alternatives not only pertain to the time series value of operational costs but also to future technical advancements, which are crucial for engineers. As new research results on LLW treatment emerge, proper consideration and adoption should be given to technical cost management. As safety is the core value of the entire nuclear industry, the ALARA philosophy should also be considered in the cost management of LLW. The typical cost of exposure in man-rem has ranged from $1,000 to $20,000 over the past decades. However, with increasing concerns about health and international political threats, the cost of man-rem should be subject to stricter criteria, even the balancing of costs and safety concerns is much controverse issue. Throughout the study, the importance of incorporating proper engineering insights into the assessment of technical value for the financial management of LLW was discussed. However, it’s essential to remember that financial management should not be solely assessed based on the size of expenses but rather by evaluating the current financial status, the value of money at the time, and anticipated future costs, considering the specific context and timeframe.

The article summarises the status and competence of UJV Rez, a. s. (up to 2012, the Nuclear Research Institute Rez, Czech Republic) in the field of radioactive waste (RAW) management as a company managing of 95% of institutional radioactive wastes in Czech Republic. UJV Rez a. s. has been one of the Czech Republic’s key research and engineering institutions in the field of nuclear energy production since 1955. The company processes and conditions prior to storage 95% of so-called institutional RAW and is the principal partner of the state with respect to the research support of the Czech deep geological repository development project. UJV Rez a. s. boasts its own accredited radiochemical analytical test laboratory, unique of its kind in the Czech Republic. Of equal importance is UJV Rez’s active participation in a range of international organisations and associations and its involvement in wide range of international projects, and so as European projects. One of them is EU funded project PREDIS: Pre-disposal management of radioactive wastes, that has started at September 2020, focused on the field of low level radioactive waste (LLW) and intermediate level radioactive waste (ILW) pre-disposal.

Background: Pregnancy-related low back pain (PLBP) has fewer systematic guidelines than pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain, previous studies have not evaluated physical therapy for this ailment in Korea. Objects: We aimed to provide a detailed account of clinical decision making by Korean physiotherapists while treating PLBP. Methods: In total, 955 questionnaires were distributed mainly in places of continuing education held by the Korean Physical Therapy Association from April to July 2019. The same questionnaire was posted on a website used by physiotherapists. We collected subject information, a specific Vignette typically represent symptoms of PLBP, and responses to multiple questions about decision making, subjective recognition and interest level in the field of women’s health physiotherapy (WHPT). Results: The overall response rate was 56% (n = 537); of these, responses to 520 questionnaires were analyzed. Most respondents chose various combinations of physical therapy methods. There were significant differences in subjective recognition levels of WHPT according to gender (p < 0.05), age (p < 0.01), education level (p < 0.01), and clinical experience (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in interest according to gender (p < 0.01) and education level (p < 0.01). With respect to the types of treatment, significant differences were noted in selective rates for “manual therapy”, “pain control”, and “supportive devices” based on gender. Manual therapy tended to be chosen more with increasing age and clinical experience. With increased education level, there were fewer choices for the use of pain control. Conclusion: This is the first data on how Korean physiotherapists manage PLBP patients using the vignette method. We were able to recognize the Korean physical therapist's decision on PLBP patients, and observed statistically significant correlations. This may aid in developing future research and education plans in the WHPT field.

본 논문에서는 안정적인 전력공급이 어려운 실제 현장에 적용하기 위해서 PSC 내부 텐던의 긴장력 관리를 위한 저전압 EM센싱기법을 검증하였다. 지난 국내외 PSC 구조물 사고 사례를 볼 수 있듯이, 공용간 구조적 안정성을 확보하기 위해서는 PS텐던의 긴장력 관리가 매우 중요함을 알 수 있었다. 이에 본 논문에서는 EM센서를 통해 탄성-자기이론을 기반한 강자성 체의 자기변형과 응력의 관계를 이용하여 전압 크기에 따른 긴장력에 대한 자기이력곡선을 계측하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 이중 원통코일형태의 EM센서를 제작하고 유압식 인장기를 이용한 PS텐던 인장 실험 장비를 구성하였다. 실험은 단계적으 로 전압을 감소시켜 긴장력 크기에 따른 자기이력곡선의 변화를 계측하면서 최대/최소 전압값에 대한 계측결과에 따른 투자 율의 변화와 긴장력의 관계를 비교·분석하였다. 그 결과, 전압이 감소하여 자기장의 크기가 작아짐에 따라 추정식에 대한 상수는 상이하지만 유사한 형태의 자기이력곡선 투자율의 변화를 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 본 연구에서는 저전압 상태에 서 EM센싱기법을 이용한 PSC 내부 텐던에 대한 긴장력 관리가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

This study examined the relationship between the eating out behavior of families and a low-salt management by housewives in Jeonju area. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from 420 housewives. Descriptive statistical analyses was completed using SPSS v. 19.0 and Stata 13.0. The frequency of eating out and delivered food of housewives in their 20s was significantly higher than that of the older housewives (p<0.001). The high order frequency delivered foods were chicken menu and Chinese food. The determinants of the eating out menu were children’s preference and meal time. The average scores of ‘interest on low-salt diet’, ‘attitude toward a low-salt purchasing’, and ‘praxis a low-salt diet’ were 2.70±0.95, 3.06±1.13, and 3.26±0.91, respectively. The level of a low-salt management housewives in their 20s was higher than that of the older housewives (p<0.001). Regression analysis showed that various factors (e.g. age, number of children, education level, and frequency of the eating out) correlated with the low-salt diet of subjects. For the adequate eating out behavior of families and low-salt management of housewives, information and consumer education to take family-related situations into consideration are necessary.

중·저준위방사성폐기물 표층처분시설 인간침입시나리오의 ‘평가/해석에 대한 불확실성’의 관리를 위해 GENII를 이용 한 평가결과를 오염토양에 대한 방사선영향평가를 위해 개발된 RESRAD를 이용하여 검증하였다. 중저준위방사성폐기물 표 층처분시설의 인간침입시나리오로 시추후거주시나리오를 선정하여 각 코드의 현상 모사에서 발생하는 한계점을 파악하고 동일한 입력데이터 조건에서 두 코드의 평가결과를 비교분석함으로써 모델링의 불확실성을 분석하였다. 평가결과 각 코드 에서 일부 핵종의 거동모사에 대한 차이는 있었으나 폐쇄후관리기간 이후 선량평가 결과 모든 피폭경로에 대한 경향이 유사 함을 확인하였다. 또한 RESRAD에서 확인한 선량평가 결과를 바탕으로 입력인자에 대한 민감도 분석을 수행하고 주요입력 인자를 도출하였다. 이를 통해 모델링 결과 및 입력인자에 대한 불확실성을 분석하고 안전성평가 결과에 대한 신뢰성을 확 인하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 중저준위방사성폐기물 처분시설의 Safety Case 구축에 활용될 수 있다.

In this study, the land use is analyzed by using the SWMM-LID (Low Impact Development) program to minimize the environmental damage caused by the development. In order to effectively utilize pre - development hydrological conditions, we analyzed the land use of existing industrial complex. The study areas selected were a completed industrial complex and an ongoing industrial complex in order to effectively identify the characteristics of the industrial complex and the water circulation system. Numerical simulation used SWMM-LID to enable quantitative hydrological impact assessment of penetration, storage facilities and LID planning elements. In the case of natural conditions, the infiltration amount was 16.3% and 1.5% of the total rainfall at B, C point, respectively. However, after applying the existing land use plan, the infiltration amount at point B was 12.1% and at point C was 3.9 %. In the case of point B, the amount of infiltration decreased due to the development of greenery as an impervious site. On the other hand, the amount of infiltration at point C increased as the existing industrial complex was replaced by greenery. Therefore, high infiltration amount can be secured when land use plan is redeveloped in green areas or parks in areas where the permeability coefficient is high according to the ground conditions in the complex. Two types of bio-polymer soil were developed to increase the LID effect and were tested to compare typical soil with these bio-polymer soils.

처분시설의 개발과정에서 안전성평가 문서관리는 체계적인 품질활동이 수반되어야 하며, 본 논문에서는 중·저준위 방사 성폐기물 처분시설의 건설단계에 보완된 부지특성, 지하수특성, 최종설계내용 및 모니터링 입력데이터를 포함하여 Safety Case를 위한 안전성평가 입력데이터 품질보증체계를 설명하였다. 현장/실험결과데이터, 실제 설계데이터 및 적치계획, 콘 크리트 물성데이터, 지하수, 기상, 지진에 대한 현장 모니터링데이터, 생태계데이터 및 핵종재고량데이터를 입력데이터 결 정원칙에 따라 선별하고 안전성평가에 적용할 수 있는 데이터 관리체계를 확보하였다. 이는 향후 처분시설 안전성평가의 데 이터 불확실성 저감 및 안전성 증진에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

본 논문은 극저준위폐기물 관리에 관한 중국의 정책과 규정들을 소개하고 있다. 오래된 시설의 중요한 해체 및 부지복구 프로그램에 주어진 바와 같이, 극저준위폐기물의 처분을 위한 새로운 시설의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 여러가지 일반적인 설계원리들은 다중방벽에 의해 폐기물을 격리시키는 중저준위폐기물 처분시설과 같다. 콘크리트 방벽을 사용하는 것 대신에 벤토나이트 또는 고밀도 폴리에틸렌 멤브레인을 사용하는 것 외에 통상적으로 처분시설의 설계는 위해폐기물 처분시설의 설계와 같다. 극저준위폐기물 처분시설 2개소의 공학적 설계가 소개되었다.

최근 국제원자력기구와 방사성폐기물 분야 주요 선도국들은 리스크 차등접근법에 따라 방사성폐기물의 분류기준을 세분화하고 있는 추세이며, 이러한 맥락에서 극저준위폐기물을 새로운 방사성폐기물 범주로서 신설하거나 이에 대한 별도의 최적 관리방안을 모색하고 있다. 국제적으로 운영 사례가 점차 증가되고 있는 주요 국가의 극저준위폐기물 전용 공학적 표층매립형 처분시설들은 방사성핵종의 격리 및 지연성능 측면에서 1960년대 주로 건설된 천층 트렌치형 중·저준위폐기물 처분시설 보다 개선된 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 주요 선도국들의 극저준위폐기물 관리방안은 규제해제 제도, 중·저준위폐기물 처분시설 및 비원자력 폐기물매립장의 활용 가능성, 사회수용성 등에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 관련하여, 국내에서도 향후 대형 원자력시설의 해체에 대비하여 극저준위폐기물의 최적 관리방안에 관한 종합적인 검토와 논의를 통해 리스크 차등접근법에 따른 최적화된 관리방안을 사전에 수립하고, 이를 국가 방사성폐기물 관리정책 및 관리계획의 틀 내에서 체계적으로 시행할 필요가 있다.

전 세계적으로 기후변화에 대응하기 위한 노력이 본격화되는 가운데, 그동안 관심이 적었던 항만으로부터의 탄소배출량이 상당량에 이르고 이의 억제를 위한 노력이 LA/LB(Los Angeles/Long Beach)항만을 중심으로 선진항만에서 전개되고 있다. 우리나라는 최근 Green Port 전략의 일환으로 부산항에서 저탄소 항만운영정책이 강화되고 있다. 저탄소 항만운영은 단기적으로 항만비용을 증가시켜 가격경쟁력을 약화시킨다. 따라서 부산항의 경우 저탄소 항만운영으로 인한 비용을 항만이용자에게 부담시키지 않고 항만당국이 저탄소를 위한 정책을 시행하고 비용을 부담하고 있다. 반면 LA/LB의 경우 저탄소 항만운영의 비용을 선주 및 화주 등 항만이용자에게 부담시키고 있다. 본 연구에서는 부산항과 LA/LB항의 저탄소 항만운영에 관한 비교분석을 통해 부산항의 지속가능한 항만운영의 시사점을 제시하였다.

Many pregnant women have experienced low back pain (LBP) during pregnancy and after delivery, and it has been an important component in women health. This study was designed to investigate the characteristics and management of the LBP in postpartum women. Eighty-five postpartum women were participated in this survey. Mean age of 85 women was 28.1 years. Of 85 postpartum women, 55.3% (n=47) had LBP after pregnancy. Thirty of 47 women had pain on lumbar region, 17 postpartum women had pain on sacroilium region. Of 85 postpartum women, 74% (n=54) had LBP before pregnancy and 71.8% (n=61) had LBP during pregnancy. Of 47 postpartum women who had LBP, 83% (n=39) had not received medical management for LBP, 12.8% (n=6) took medication, and 4.3% (n=2) performed self-exercise. None of postpartum women had received physical therapy during pregnancy and after delivery for treatment low back pain. The pain in SI region was more severe than in lumbar region after pregnancy according to VAS (visual analog scale) (p<.05). However, there was no significant difference in VAS scores between SI pain and lumbar pain before and during pregnancy (p>.05). Pain region after delivery was related to pain region of pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy (p<.01). Pain level after delivery was related to the pain and night pain level during pregnancy (p<.01).

At present, global warming has posed a greats challenge to human development and survival. The shortage of traditional fossil energy, such as oil and coal, is becoming ever serious. Against such backdrop, low-carbon economy comes into being. However, "low-carbon" economy first appeared in the official document "2003 White Paper" Our Energy Future: Creating Low-Carbon Economy". In 2006, the Stern Report, led by former World Bank Chief Economist Nicholas Stern, pointed out that the global investment of 1% of GDP per year could avoid the loss of 5% to 20% of GDP in the future, and it called for the global transition to a low-carbon economy. In July 2007, the United States Senate proposed the Low-Carbon Economy Act, indicating that the development path of low-carbon economy is expected to serve as an important strategic choice for the United States in the future. In 2008, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) designated the theme of World Environment Day as "Transforming Traditional Concepts and Promoting a Low-Carbon Economy". Low-carbon economy refers to an economic development pattern that, minimizes the consumption of high-carbon energy such as coal and oil and reduces the emission of greenhouse gases by means of technological innovation, institutional innovation, industrial transformation, new energy development and other means, under the guidance of the concept of sustainable development, under the guidance of the concept of sustainable development, so as to achieve a win-win result between economic and social development and ecological and environmental protection.10) Operation and management is a series of management and operation activities carried out within an enterprise for the purpose of smooth implementation and effective adjustment of production, business, labor, financial and other businesses according to the business objectives. Enterprises should pay more attention to the impact of low carbon economy era on China's enterprise management, because it is a challenge as well as an opportunity, which rapidly actively develops the financial risk in the operation and management links, cost management, performance evaluation sets up the culture of enterprise of low carbon and coordinated development, changes the marketing idea, so as to help the enterprise stands on a low carbon economy era for the long-term development.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 저소득층 아동·청소년의 신체 활동에 관한 선행연구를 토대로 신체활동상담 프로그램을 개발하고, 이를 아동·청소년에게 적용하여 그 효과를 검증하는 것이었다. 방법: 인천에 소재한 초등학교 2개교와 중학교 2개교의 재학생 중 저소득층 학생 189명(초등학생 92명, 중학생 97명)이 선정되어 초등학교 46명, 중학교 50명이 실험집단에 배정되어 신체 활동 상담 프로그램이 12주간 진행되었다. 프로그램의 효과 검증은 양적 연구방법과 질적 연구방법을 병행하는 동시적 혼합연구 방법을 사용하였다. 양적 연구에서는 프로그램의 적용 효과를 검증하기 위하여 네 가지 항목, 즉 유연성, 근력, 순발력, BMI를 측정하였다. 신체적 자기개념의 변화를 알아보기 위해 최선인, 정청희, 김병준(2005)의 신체적 자기개념 측정 도구를 사용하였다. 체력검사와 신체적 자기개념 검사 모두 사전 검사, 사후검사, 지연검사를 12주 간격으로 실시하여 이원혼합 설계 분산분석을 활용하여 자료를 처리하였다. 한편, 질적 연구에서는 양적 연구에 참여한 학생 중 무작위로 초등학생 13명, 중학생 12명을 대상으로 비참여적 관찰, 반구조화 개별 면담, 학생 신체 활동일지를 활용하여 문화 기술적 연구를 시행하였다. 연구 자료는 영역분석과 분류 분석의 절차를 통해 자료의 분석이 이루어졌다. 결과: 양적인 연구에서는 4가지의 체력검사와 6가지의 신체적 자기개념 검사별로 이원분산분석을 실시하여 사후검사에서는 프로그램의 효과가 있다는 것을 확인하였으나 지연검사에서는 일부 요인에서 집단별 평균점수의 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 질적 연구에서 학생들은 신체 활동과 영양에 관한 지식, 개인 내적 변화(체력향상, 재미, 건강증진, 학업태도의 변화), 관계향상에서 진전이 있었다고 하였다.

Purpose - In this study, the safety related tasks for low cost carriers’ were examined and measures to improve them were suggested. As the air demand increases rapidly, number of passenger has mushroomed in Korea and in order to keep with the demand low cost carriers have played a role. However, low cost carriers’ safety related tasks are not reliable level so far. Thus, in this study, the low cost carriers’ current situations in terms of safety are investigated, especially regarding how well the ICAO’s new safety policies are applied. Research design, data, and methodology - The results of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation’ investigation are introduced and field study results are analysed. Current status of retaining experts, staffs, administrators in terms of aviation safety tasks of low cost carriers is compared to those of major airliner and low cost carriers’ aviation safety culture is also analyzed by examining the systems and questioning staffs. Especially the culture regarding aviation safety is very important because the culture surrounding the safety tasks plays a major role in every respect of conducting the tasks. Results – Overall the current status of low cost carriers’ aviation safety tasks is below standard. Especially retaining experts and staffs is basically below the required level. Also, system and organization to conduct safety tasks are not satisfactory. In particular, aviation safety culture is not settled to operate appropriately. Conclusions - The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and member states are continuing to launch new safety policies in response to the surging demand for air travel worldwide. The most urgent and important issue among the various safety policies is to reduce air accidents. In order to reduce the number of accidents, ICAO decided to reduce the number of accidents by using the Reactive Safety Management. ICAO has to ensure that each member country can implement proactive safety management for aviation safety. A safety management system (Safety Management System) is a system in which each member state implements a fulfillment standard. The current situation and problems of the safety management system for each airline are suggested and proposed for improvements.