A survey of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) was carried out in medicinal crop cultivated fields from July to August in 2023. Three-leaf ladybell, Adenophora triphylla var. japonica is a highly valued medicinal plant that is used to treat or prevent bronchitis, cough, cancer, and obesity in Korea. A. triphylla plants with small root-galls were observed in a field of Yeongju Agricultural Technology Center, which were identified as a root-knot nematode. Additional morphological and molecular analyses studies were performed and identified as Meloidogyne hapla, Northern root-knot nematode. Population densities of M. hapla ranged from 20~30 nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil. M. hapla was detected at lower densities in soil compared to other infected host crops, but there are concerns about damage to M. hapla since A. triphylla is cultivated for more than two years once planted. Our results indicate that A. triphylla roots damage by M. hapla were identifed, it is necessary to prepare control methods such as registration of applicable nematicides and crop rotation.

Ginger is generally consumed as food or medicine in Korea and mostly imported from China. During quarantine inspection,genus of nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp., are mainly detected and regulated under the procedure ofquarantine in Korea. We tested the susceptibility and mortality rates of Meloidogyne spp., which are infected in ginger,against a fumigant, Ethanedinitrile (EDN). Juveniles of the nematode showed 100 % mortality against EDN at 2.5 mg/Lfor 2 h at 13°C, meanwhile, egg mass showed 0 % hatching at 5 mg/L for 2 h at 13°C. A concentration × time product(CTP) was determined as 7.24 ghm-3. Under the 35% filling rate of ginger in cold chamber, 100% mortality was observedin both juveniles and eggs at 50 mg/L for 2 h at 13°C. At that condition, CTP was determined as 14.12 ghm-3. Basedon this study, EDN fumigation will be effectively apply to control of nematodes.

식물기생성 선충인 뿌리혹선충과 뿌리썩이선충은 국내에서 생강을 포함한 수입 구근류에서 주로 검출되는 검역대상 해충이다. 그러나 이 러한 선충류가 검출된 수입 생강의 경우 적절한 소독처리기준이 마련되어 있지 않아 폐기 및 반송처리로 인한 경제적 손실이 발생하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 생강에 침입한 검역 대상 선충의 사멸을 위한 식물소독처리 기준 마련을 위해 뿌리혹선충과 뿌리썩이선충을 사멸할 수 있는 온탕침지 법에 관하여 조사하였다. 그 결과, 뿌리혹선충과 뿌리썩이선충은 각각 48°C와 49°C에서 30초간의 온탕침지 처리로 사멸되었다. 52.5°C로 설정 된 60 L의 항온수조에 침지된 생강의 열전도 조사에서 생강 중심부와 내부 5 mm 두께의 온도가 50°C까지 도달하기까지는 각각 10~32분과 6~16분이 소요되었으며 51°C에서 30분 동안 온탕침지한 생강은 정상적으로 생육하였다. 본 결과를 바탕으로 뿌리혹선충의 유충을 생강에 인공 접종 한 후 51°C에서 30분간 온탕침지 하였을 때 처리한 선충이 모두 사멸되었다. 따라서 이상의 온탕침지 처리 조건은 생강에 영향을 주지 않고 두 종의 선충을 사멸시킬 수 있는 식물소독법의 기초자료가 될 것이다.

This study is the identification of root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne hapla, from strawberry in Korea using molecular analyses. Strawberry plants showed localized stunting and galled roots. Molecular analyses of COⅡ/lrRNA, 28S rDNA D2-D3 segment and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were employed for the identification of Meloidogyne spp. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of COⅡ/lrRNA region produced a single fragment ca 528bp. Restriction digestion of the amplified PCR products with Dra1 enzyme produced two fragments at 200 and 250bp indication M. hapla. 28S rDNA D2-D3 segment and ITS were cloned and sequenced. 28S rDNA D2-D3 segment and ITS region produced a single fragment of 1004bp and 560bp, respectively. In BLAST search in Genbank, all sequences accord with other known M. hapla. As a result, all of the RKN samples were M. hapla. This study suggests that the dominant species of RKN on strawberry is M. hapla in Korea.

To select resistant oil seed crops against two species of root-knot nematodes, M. incognita and M. arenaria, 10 cultivars of sesame (Sesamum indicum) and 10 cultivars of perilla (Perilla frutescens var. japonica) were screened in greenhouse pot test. All sesame cultivars tested were resistant to M. incognita but susceptible to M. arenaria. While, perilla was resistant to both Meloidogyne species. Therefore, perilla cultivars could be used as rotation crops in greenhouses infested with both M. incognita and M. arenaria. But, sesame cultivars only can be used as a rotation crops in greenhouses infested with M. incognita but not for M. arenaria.

The most effective way to control plant parasitic nematodes are immersed in hot water, but the larger-scale processing is difficult to adjust a target processing temperature. Thermal equilibrium formula used to fit the processing temperature was very accurate and effective. Use of the thermal equilibrium formula was determined to be well suited on commercial scale(1400L volume chamber) hot water immersion treatment that should be quickly processed. 1000L of water based on 10%(111kg), 12%(136kg), 15%(176kg) filling ratio was applied in 48oC for 30min treatment and only 10%, 12% filling ratio was applied in 49oC for 10min. In 10% filling ratio, thermal equilibrium has been proceeding rapidly in 1-2 min, and no juvenile hatched in all treatments(at 48oC for 30min, at 49oC for 10min). In 12% filling ratio, though thermal equilibrium has been proceeding in 2 min, few juveniles were hatched in boundary temperature at 49.0oC. In 15% filling ratio, it took 7-8 minutes to reach thermal equilibrium after dipping. The result of applying the two treatment conditions(at 48oC for 30min, at 49oC for 10min) to commercial scale field experiment showed nematodes were almost completely eliminated in hooker chive roots. However, some of living nematodes were observed in 15% filling ratio treatment.

This study was carried out to find out the effect of water stress (RDI) on multiplication of plant parasitic nematodes on grapevines. The responses to irrigation treatments were not significantly different in relation to new root growth, root dry weight and total number of parasitic nematodes, however significant differences in the density of Meloidogyne javanica in the soil between daily irrigation and the treatment with water stress (RDI). The main effect of inoculum type was significant, and the water treatments significantly affected total root growth between the nematode treatments, as well as M. javanica density in the soil in the nematode treatments. The daily irrigation treatment with Pratylenchus spp. had the least root growth but was not significantly different to root growth in the RDI treatment with Pratylenchus spp. Similarly with RDI, there was no significant difference in root growth in treatments receiving combined nematode inoculum between daily irrigation and RDI. However, root growth in treatments receiving M. javanica in RDI was significantly greater than those receiving M. javanica with daily irrigation. Under RDI treatment, the number of M. javanica recovered from soil receiving M. javanica inoculum was significantly greater than under daily irrigation. However, there was no significant difference between daily irrigation and RDI in the number of M. javanica or Pratylenchus recovered from soil receiving the combined treatment or in Pratylenchus recovered from soil in the Pratylenchus treatment.

Imported Allium hookeri is sometimes infected by some quarantine nematodes like Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp. Hot water treatment(HWT) is reported as the most effective treatment method for disinfection of nematodes. The primary goal of this research was to determine the temperature tolerance of Allium hookeri and lethal temperature of Meloidogyne spp., preferably in the range of 5~30minutes at 48~53℃. Second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne spp. were successfully eliminated in hot water bath treated at 48℃ within 1 minute. Egg hatching was suppressed completely at 48℃ more than 26 minutes. No evidence of growth damage was observed on plants treated with HWT even at 48℃ for 30 minutes and 49℃ for 10 minutes. Therefore, the optimum range of HWT is recommended at 48℃ for 30 minutes and 49℃ for 10 minutes on Allium hookeri infected root-knot(Meloidogyne spp.) nematode.

Recently, researches of molecular biology for the identification of root-knot nematode (RKN) species have been reported in plant quarantine. In this study, applicable and reproducible method to extract high quality genomic DNA from single nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) was developed. Also, the modified method was verified by DNA manipulation techniques such as PCR amplification and cloning. Single juvenile was floated in a drop of water and digested with proteinase K for 24 h. After that, DNA was extracted by using distilled water as extraction buffer. PCR amplification was carried out with universal primers spanning the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region to distinguish species. When using the existing DNA detection method, quantification results showed that 42.86% of the deposited DNA was extracted. Whereas the modified DNA extraction method was increased to 100%. When PCR products test the direct sequencing using the ITS rDNA primers, it was also identified as M. javanica, M. incognita, and M. hispanica. Based on the studies conducted, the application of this modified method would be useful and efficient on plant parasitic nematode molecular assay.

국내 과채류 시설재배지 토양 내 분포하는 뿌리혹선충의 계통학적 특성을 조사하였다. 토마토, 오이, 수박, 참외를 재배하는 12개 과채류 시설재배지 토양 내 뿌리혹선충의 밀도를 조사한 결과, 모든 시설재배지 토양에 광범위하게 분포하였으며 토양 300 g 당 평균 72±6~2,898±468마리로 검출되었다. 시설재배지 토양에서 수집한 뿌리혹선충 2령 유충을 대상으로 PCR-RFLP 계통분석을 수행하였다. 시설재배지 토양에서 분리한 12개 뿌리혹선충의 mtDNA PCR 증폭산물을 대상으로 제한효소 HinfI을 처리한 결과 900, 410, 290 및 170 bp의 DNA 절편 양상을 나타내는 Group A와 900, 700 및 170 bp의 DNA 절편 양상을 나타내는 Group B로 분류되었다. 각 그룹에 속하는 뿌리혹선충의 mtDNA 유전자 염기서열(1,483~1,521 bp)을 결정하여 계통분석한 결과, Group A에 속하는 9개의 뿌리혹선충은 고구마뿌리혹선충(Meloidogyne incognita)과 99.73~99.93%의 상동성을 나타내었고 그리고 Group B에 속하는 3개의 뿌리혹선충은 땅콩뿌리혹선충(Meloidogyne arenaria)과 99.54~ 99.73%의 상동성을 나타내어 유사한 종으로 확인되었다.

The BIG11003 strain was isolated as protein-degrading actinomycetes from cucumber farm. The effect of plant natural resources (Azadirachta indica L and Sophora angustifolia) of juveniles and the hatching of eggs of Meloidogyne sp. were examined the laboratory. The nematicides (fosthiazate), actinomycetes protease and S. angustifolia extract resulted in 45.6, 46.6 and 51.23% mortality of J2 of M. incognita. The nematicides (fosthiazate), A. indica L and S. angustifolia extract resulted in 2.06, 3.96 and 6.22% hatch of egg of M. incognita. Antinematode activity test had done after the formulation of liquid (Nemastar) with mixture of additives and inerts into selected highly active natural material and actinomycetes protease. In pot and field experiments, the nemastar had good control efficacy against plant root-knot nematodes. Anti-nematode activity of strain BIG11003 from phylogentic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences, it is suggested the Streptomyces koyangensis.

선충절대기생세균(Pasteuria penetrans)이 감염되어 있는 온실토양을 이용하여 세균의 내생포자가 땅콩뿌리혹선충(Meloidogyne arenaria) 유충 표면에 부착하는데 대한 온도의 영향에 대해 시험하였다. 갓 부화된 뿌리혹선충 2령충(J2)을 페트리디쉬 내의 토양에 접종한 후 20℃, 25℃, 30℃, 35℃에서 7일간 처리하였다. 모든 온도에서 내생포자의 J2 부착률은 모두 100%로 나타났으나 J2당 내생포자 부착수는 25℃에서 28.3개로 가장 많았으며 30℃, 20℃ 및 35℃에서 각각 J2 당 20.2, 18.6 및 13.6개로 낮아졌다. J2를 접종하기 전에 세균이 있는 토양을 온도 별로 10일간 전처리하였을 때 내생포자 부착률은 실온에서의 60%에 비해 -30℃, 4℃, 40℃, 50℃ 및 100℃에서 각각 25.0, 31.7, 8.3, 5.0 및 0%로 현저하게 낮아졌다. J2 당 내생포자 부착수도 실온에서의 5.3개에 비해 -30℃, 4℃, 40℃, 50℃ 및 100℃에서 각각 3.5, 4.3, 1, 1, 0개로 적었다. P. penetrans 세균의 내생포자를 뿌리혹선충 종별로 J2에 부착 시험한 결과 땅콩뿌리혹선충에서는 100%였으나 당근뿌리혹선충(M. hapla)과 고구마뿌리혹선충(M. incognita)에서는 모두 0%로 본 균주는 뿌리혹선충 종에 대해 기주선호성을 가진 것으로 나타났다.

2013년 2월, 인천공항으로 수입된 미얀마산 삼채묘(Allium hookery)의 검역 과 정에서 뿌리혹선충(Meloidogyne spp.)이 검출되었다. 삼채묘에 형성된 뿌리혹은 다양한 형태로 나타나 여러 종이 동시에 감염된 복합감염으로 추정되었다. 따라서 뿌리혹의 형태별로 구분하여 표본을 제작하고, 뿌리혹선충 암컷 후부음문표피무 늬를 기준으로 종 동정을 시도하였다. 후부음문표피무늬의 형태에 따라 삼채묘에는 최소 5종의 뿌리혹선충이 감염된 것으로 밝혀졌으며 M. hapla, M. javanica, Meloidogyne sp.1, Meloidogyne sp.2, Meloidogyne sp.3으로 동정하였다. M. hapla와 M. javanica 그룹은 국내 분포종으 로 형태적 분류 형질이 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 나머지 3개 그룹은 국내 기록종과 대조 하여 형태적 형질이 다르게 나타나 국내 미기록종으로 추정되나, 동정을 위한 분류 형질이 복합적으로 나타나 정확한 동정이 이루어지지 않았다. 동정된 선충에 대한 사진 자료를 제공하며, 미동정된 뿌리혹선충의 정확한 동정을 위해 추가적인 연구 가 필요하다.

 ,  , The nematicidal and egg haching inhibitory effects of extracts from 30 herbal plants (total 32 samples) against Meloidogyne hapla J2 juveniles and eggs was tested using the dipping method. At 1,000 ppm, extracts of Daphne genkwa flower buds, Eugenia caryophyllata flowers, Quisqualis indica fruits, and Zingiber officinale rhizomes produced >, 80% mortality in J2 juveniles. At 125 ppm, extracts of D. genkwa and Q. indica produced 91 and 99% mortality, respectively. The toxicity of 5 selected plant extracts to M. hapla differed depending on the solvent used (i.e. hexane, methanol, hot water, or cold water). Hot water extracts of Z. officinale and Q. indica produced nematicidal efficacies of99 and 99%, compared to 36 and 98%, respectively, with cold water extraction. Q. indica extract was highly active against M. hapla regardless of extraction method. The inhibitory effects of Areca catechu, D. genkwa, Desmodium caudatum, Pharbitis nil, Q. indica, and Z. officinale extracts on egg hatching of M. hapla was evaluated. At 1,000 ppm, D. genkwa, P. nil, and Q. indica extracts significantly reduced hatching at 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. Numbers of juveniles in soil treated with the methanol extract

The nematicidal activity of Phellodendron amurense rhizome-derived materials (methanol extract) toward Meloidogyne Spp. second-stage juveniles (J2) and these effects on Cucumis sativus and Cucumis melo. Results were compared with these of fosthiazate. J2 was examined using 24-well plate tests, pot bioassays (C. sativa and C. melo) and Field trials (C. melo). In 24-well plate test with J2, methanol extract of P. amurense exhibited 98.7% and 69.8% mortality at 0.25 and 0.125 mg/ml toward J2, respectively, whereas Fosthiazate showed 100% mortality at 1 mg/ml. In pot bioassays with J2, P. amurense rhizome methanol extract gave 79.5% and 57.4% mortality at 2ℓ/m2(1,000x) and 2ℓ/m2(2,000x)/3kg soil from C. sativa and 73.7% and 53.3% mortality at 2ℓ/m2(1,000x) and 2ℓ/m2(2,000x)/3kg soil from C. melo, respectively. In Field test at C. melo in greenhouse showed 55.1% and 26.9% mortality at 2ℓ/m2(1,000x) and 2ℓ/m2(2,000x) applied soil. P. amurense rhizome-derived materials, merit further study as potential root-knot nematode control agents because of their nematicidal activity.

To evaluate the influence of Meloidogyne incognita on hot pepper, hot pepper seedlings (Capsicum annuum cv. Supertankang) were planted in wooden box microplot (30×40×15cm, L×W×H) and growth and fruit yield were measured in a greenhouse condition from June to Nov., 2010. The initial population densities(Pi) of root knot nematode in the microplots were adjusted to 0, 10, 30, 100 and 300 second-stage juveniles (J2) in 100cm3 of soils. The fruit yields were inversely correlated with Pi and the relationship of total fruit yield to Pi could be adequately described by a linear regression equation, Y=0.18-0.039×LOG10(Pi+1), R2=0.49**. The Pi of 30 J2/100cm3 root knot nematode before planting caused yield loss exceed the economic threshold of non-fumigant nematicide application compared. Non-fumigant nematicides for M. incognita should be applied level around 30 J2/100cm3 soil for proper cultivation.

Root knot nematodes were extracted from five different plants (indian spinach, papaya, sweet gourd, okra and jute) collected from kurigram, gazipur, jessore and patuakhali districts of Bangladesh. Firstly, Meloidogyne spp. were identified morphologically mainly based on perineal pattern of adult female. Secondly, female were collected from plant roots and used directly in PCR for amplification of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region between COII and lrRNA genes followed by hinfI digestion and sequencing. The root knot nematodes in indian spinach, jute and sweet gourd were identified as M. incognita whereas in okra and papaya were M. javanica.