People have been experiencing lot of incidents for their lives which results in gaining their impetus. Each impetus derives an emotion and such emotion is either of positive or negative one. The positive emotion motivates activation of his life but the negative emotion demotivates one. Specifically, the negative motivation will be much worse for children and it could be adversely affected to their emotional development. The paper first characterizes how to regulate an emotion in a view of psychology base and also characterizes how to regulate the emotion for children. And then, we analyze serious game contents which have been developed to care a negative emotion for children and youth to derive some game elements to be used in the games. Finally, by combining the two characterizations of regulation of emotion in psychology view and the serious games, we propose effective game elements for caring children’s negative emotion. We expect that the results will provide a good guideline when we make a serious game to care children’s negative emotion.

효율적인 악취관리를 위해서는 민원지역에서 발생한 악취를 분류하고, 그 악취원을 분 석해야 한다. 이를 위해서는 민원지역에서 발생한 악취를 나타낼 수 있는 악취대표패턴과 악취원의 냄새가 필요하다. 이에 본 논문에서는 민원지역의 악취분류를 위해 k-mean 알고리즘을 이용하여 악취데이 터에 대한 군집화를 수행하였다. 그 결과 생성된 악취대표패턴과 미리 측정된 악취원별 냄새와의 유사도를 비교하여 악취에 대한 분류를 수행하였다. 또한, 대기 중에서 여러 악 취가 섞였을 경우를 고려하여 non-negative least square를 이용하여 해당 악취에 대해 책임 이 있는 하나 이상의 악취원과 기여도를 추적하였다. 이러한 본 연구의 성과는 악취 관련 민원해결에 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

Procrastination is an irrational choice to delay high-priority work in order to avoid its unpleasantness, despite the fact that the negativity will not cease if the work still remains undone. We hypothesized that (1) people underestimate the future negativity (i.e., delay neutralization) and (2) in order to complete work in a timely manner, one should project oneself into the future so as to recognize that the negativity associated with an activity does not diminish over time. Especially, negative future thinking that is unrelated to the consequence was hypothesized to reduce delay neutralization of negativity. In the present study, undergraduate students made a series of choices between delayed-but-longer and immediate-but-shorter assignment by employing an inter-temporal choice paradigm. We tracked how positive and negative episodic future thinking influenced the degree to which negativity is neutralized over time (Experiment 1). Following this, we confined the experimental condition to negative thinking about the future (Experiment 2). Participants neutralized negativity involved in assignment as a function of time, suggesting that procrastination arises from the delay neutralization of the negativity. Critically, such neutralization was significantly reduced when participants imagined a negative future event, but this did not occur when they imagined a positive future event (Experiment 1), or when participants did not think about the future (Experiment 1, 2). Our findings suggest that, prior to making a decision between work and indulgence, imagining negative future events can be an effective way to reduce the neutralization of delayed negativity and, in turn, procrastination.

In the location science, environmental effect becomes a new main consideration for site selection. For the unwanted facility location selection, decision makers should consider the cost of resolving the environmental conflict. We introduced the negative influence cost for the facility which was inversely proportional to distance between the facility and residents. An unwanted facility location problem was suggested to minimize the sum of the negative influence cost and the transportation cost. The objective cost function was analyzed as nonlinear type and was neither convex nor concave. Three GRASP (Greedy Randomized adaptive Search Procedure) methods as like Random_GRASP, Epsilon_GRASP and GRID_GRASP were developed to solve the unwanted facility location problem. The Newton's method for nonlinear optimization problem was used for local search in GRASP. Experimental results showed that quality of solution of the GRID_GRASP was better than those of Random_GRASP and Epsilon_GRASP. The calculation time of Random_GRASP and Epsilon_GRASP were faster than that of Grid_GRASP.

This study investigated the impact of individual differences in motivational reactivity on cognitive effort, memory strength (sensitivity) and decision making (criterion bias) in response to Internet ads with positive and negative content. Individual variation in trait motivational activation was measured using the Motivational Activation Measurement developed by A. Lang and her colleagues (A. Lang, Bradley, Sparks, & Lee, 2007). MAM indexes an individual's tendency to approach pleasant stimuli (ASA, Appetitive System Activation) and avoid unpleasant stimuli (DSA, Defensive System Activation). Results showed that individuals higher in ASA exert more cognitive effort during positive ads than individuals lower in ASA. Individuals higher in DSA exert more cognitive effort during negative ads compared to individuals lower in DSA. ASA did not predict recognition memory. However, individuals higher in DSA recognized ads better than those lower in DSA. The criterion bias data revealed participants higher in ASA had more conservative decision criterion, compared to participants lower in ASA. Individuals higher in DSA also showed more conservative decision criterion compared to individuals lower in DSA. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

This research is to investigate the effects of Taewondo known to the world on students' emotional development after analysing their cultural difference from Taekwondo as an after school training activity in Korean and American elementary school. The subje

본 연구에서는 교량기초 말뚝의 부주면마찰력 시험을 통하여 연약지반에 타설된 강관말뚝의 부주면마찰력을 측정하였으며 장기적인 마찰응력의 관측시험을 통하여 경제적인 상부구조물 시공시기를 판단하였다. 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. (1) 연약지반에서 부마착력의 크기는 침하속도가 클수록 크게 나타났다. (2) 마찰력의 관계 그래프에서 마찰응력의 증감이 없는 시기를 확인하여 상부구조물 시공시기를 판단할 수 있었다. (3) 말뚝정재하시험결과와 부주면마찰력 시험결과를 비교해 본 결과 항타 직후의 부주면마찰력은 재하시험 시의 마찰응력보다 크게 나오는 것으로 판단되며 15일 경과후의 측정값은 비슷하게 나오는 것으로 판단되었고, 이론식에 의한 결과와도 비슷하였다. (4) 부주면마찰력의 장기관측기법을 사용하면 부주면마찰력이 발생하고 있는 중이라도 적절한 상부구조물의 시공시기를 파악할 수 있어 경제적인 시공관리가 가능한 것으로 판단된다.

To determine current rate of antimicrobial resistance, a total of 236 isolates from milk samples of dairy cattle with mastitis in Korea during 2010-2011 were examined against 12 antimicrobials using disc diffusion method: 67 Staphylococcus aureus, 74 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CNS), and 95 Escherichia coli isolates. The isolates examined in this study were submitted by Local Veterinary Service Laboratories located in 13 provinces and metropolitan cities nationwide. The highest rates of resistance among S. aureus isolates were against ampicillin (56.7%) and penicillin (56.7%), followed by kanamycin (11.9%). All S. aureus isolates were sensitive to lincomycin, amikacin, and cephalothin. Only one isolate showed resistance to tetracycline and oxacillin, respectively. Less than 10% of the S. aureus isolates presented resistance to erythromycin, neomycin, and gentamicin. Among CNS isolates, the most frequently observed resistance was to lincomycin (44.5%), followed by penicillin (28.3%), ampicillin (18.9%), tetracycline (17.5%), kanamycin (13.5%), and erythromycin (9.4%). All or most of the CNS isolates were sensitive to cephalothin, amikacin, neomycin, and gentamicin. The highest rate of resistance among E. coli isolates was against tetracycline (26.3%), followed by streptomycin (21%), neomycin (15%), kanamycin (12.6%), and gentamicin (10.5%). Amikacin was the only antimicrobial to which no E. coli isolates showed resistance. Around 10% of the S. aureus isolates and 15% of the CNS isolates showed resistance against three or more antimicrobials simultaneously, while more than 30% of the E. coli isolates did.

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers were pre-oxidized in a temperature range of 180-275℃. The effects of positive and negative stretching on the structure and morphology of PAN fiber in the pre-oxidation process were studied by FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, and SEM. Mechanical property changes were also investigated. No changes in the movement and intensity of functional groups of PAN fibers were caused by positive stretching of up to 10% and negative stretching down to -8%. The crystal structure can be affected by the positive stretching and negative stretching. The maximum strength is 479.81 MPa when the stretching is positive, and the maximum strength is 420.55 MPa when the stretching is negative.

The purpose of this study is to provide basic materials helpful for Taekwondo education for elementary school students by exploring influences of Taekwondo practice for elementary school students on emotional development. The subjects were 384 students in

본 숲에서 발생하는 음이온의 농도가 임상과 숲 관련인자에 따른 변이를 파악하고자, 강원도 고성군, 양양군에 위치한 국유림지역에서 52개의 방형구에서 산림조사와 음이온의 농도를 측정하고 관련성을 분석하였다. 측정된 음이온의 평균값 2,405개/cm3는 일반적인 숲에서 보고된 2,000개/cm3 보다는 조금 높은 값이었다. 음이온 농도와 지형에서는 5% 유의수준에서, 음이온 농도와 토양수분, 해발고에서는 1% 유의수준에서 각각 정의 상관이 인정되었다. 조사지의 음이온 농도는 토양수분 수준간 고도의 통계적 유의성이 인정되었으며, 다습한 지역에서 평균 음이온 농도가 4,524.4개/cm3로 가장 높았다. 지형에서는 계곡부 조사지의 평균 음이온 농도가 3,372.4개/cm3로 가장 높았으며, 사면, 능선 순으로 점차 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 측정시간대에서는 오전(12시 이전)에 측정된 평균 음이온 농도가 3,133.4개/cm3로 가장 높았으며, 낮(12:00~15:00), 저녁(15시 이후) 순으로 점차 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 임상에서는 활엽수 혼효림에서 측정된 평균 음이온 농도가 3,503.9개/cm3로 가장 높았으며, 참나무림, 소나무림, 소나무-참나무 혼효림 순으로 점차 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 이 연구의 결과는 치유의 숲 입지선정에 활용할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

This study aims to explore the forms of negative yes/no interrogatives and the social actions they perform in task-oriented conversations in Korean and English. The data consist of 20 Korean and 22 English pairs interacting with each other whiJe arranging a series of 15 pictures. It seems that negative yes/no interrogatives are used more extensively in Korean conversation than in English, and that they have different interactionaJ functions in the two languages. AnaJyses of the data suggest that negative yes/no interrogatives in English are used to perform a very specific function in interaction, making an assertion in a disaligning situation while seeking agreement from the addressee. On the other hand, it is shown that negative yes/no interrogatives in Korean are used as an important interactionaJ device between conversationalists. It seems that the ch미ce of the two types of negative yes/no interrogatives in Korean is largely dependent on the speaker’s estimation of the following two factors: (a) the degree of certainty about the information conveyed, and (b) the degree of common ground with the addressee. (Hanyang University, 마1san)

본 연구에서는 기존의 전형성에서 긍정/부정이라는 정서적 방향성이 분명하게 이탈된 디자인을 활용한 제품에 대한 선호도와 구매의사에 성격이 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 알아보았다. 기존의 긍정적 전형성에서 부정적으로 이탈된 디자인 제품과 기존의 부정적 전형성에서 긍정적으로 이탈된 디자인 제품에 대한 참가자들의 선호도와 구매의사가 측정되었으며 여기에 미치는 개인 특성으로 외향성, 신경증, 심미적 성향이 측정되었다. 연구 결과, 참가자들은 부정적으로 이탈된 디자인 제품보다 긍정적으로 이탈된 디자인 제품을 훨씬 더 선호하였고 구매의사도 더 높았다. 부정적으로 이탈된 디자인 제품의 선호도에는 신경증이 유의미한 영향을 미쳐 신경증이 높을수록 부정이탈 디자인 제품을 더 선호하였다. 또한 부정이탈 디자인 제품의 구매의사에 대해서는 선호도와 외향성의 상호작용 효과가 나타났는데, 즉 내향적인 사람일수록 높은 선호도가 실제 구매의사로 이어질 가능성이 유의미하게 높았다. 반면 긍정이탈 디자인 제품에 대해서는 성격의 효과가 전혀 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과는 부정적인 정서를 유발하는 전형성 이탈 디자인 제품에 있어서는 개인의 성격적 특성이 선호도 및 구매의사에 중요한 역할을 함을 보여준다.

This paper observes how the third grade elementary English textbook does not provide target-like balanced language input. It proposes that the unbalance is attributed to the usefulness-based listing of communicative function expressions in the 7th National English Curriculum. The paper concludes that the problem is hard to resolve unless due and proper attention is paid to formal and structural aspects of the target language in designing national English curriculum and developing English textbooks.

This research is a study on the influence of teacher's degree on physical education that have on the positive and negative emotion of his/her students, in order to provide information that would be a reference guide for the operation of elementary level p

A 3-month-old American Cocker spaniel was presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chungbuk National University, for examination of urinary tract after dissection of vaginal mass at local clinic before 10 days. Clinical examination of the affected bitch revealed a normal sized vulva in a normal anatomical position with a grossly enlarged clitoris, which contained an os clitoris. On examinations of the genital gland, there were testis, epididymis, ductus deferens and uterus. The histology of both gonads was primarily testis. Seminiferous tubules were divided into many parts by fibrous connective tissue. A small number of spermatogonia was present, but large numbers of Leydig's cells were existed. A normal female karyotype (78, XX) was detected in metaphase spreads obtained from cultured peripheral lymphocytes. Y chromosome specific sequences were not detected in genomic DNA by PCR. After 27 months, the os clitoris was larger than 3-month-old dog and os bone was more calcified than young age. Combining the results of cytogenetic, molecular genetic and histological examinations, the dog was diagnosed as a female hermaphrodite with Sry-negative XX sex reversal.