목적 : 본 연구는 정상 안압 녹내장(NTG) 환자에서 양안시 기능을 평가하고자 한다. 방법 : 대상자 총 64명 중 안과에 내원하여 전문의에게 정상 안압 녹내장 진단을 받은 환자 정상 안압 녹내장 41명과 정상안 26명을 대상으로 하였다. 시야검사, 안압검사, 망막신경섬유층 두께 측정을 시행하였으며, 양안 시 기능 평가를 위해 사위각, 폭주근점검사, 티티무스와 TNO 입체시 검사를 시행하였다. 검사결과는 SPSS 22.0을 이용하여 분석하였으며 양안시 스크리닝과 입체시 기능을 분석하기 위해 ROC 곡선을 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 정상안압 녹내장군에서 망막신경섬유층 두께와 남아있는 시야가 감소하였다. 원근거리 폭주여력은 정상 안압 녹내장군에서 정상군보다 높게 나타났다. 티티무스 입체시는 정상안압 녹내장군에서 102.36±4.40"이며 정상군에서는 44.61±1.85"으로 나타났으며, TNO 입체시는 정상안압 녹내장군에서 231.97±30.96"이며 정상군에서는 89.42±12.02"으로 나타났다. ROC 곡선은 티티무스와 TNO 입체시 검사에서 각각 0.797과 0.807로 나타 났고, 민감도와 특이도는 티티무스 입체시 검사에서 각각 0.737, 0.731, TNO 입체시 검사에서는 각각 0.500, 0.115로 나타났다. 결론 : 티티무스 입체시검사는 정상 안압 녹내장 선별에 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

목적 : 본 연구는 양안시기능이 정상인 대학생들의 읽기능력에 플러스렌즈의 착용이 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 안질환이 없고 양안시기능이 정상인 대학생 42명을 대상으로 조절래그와 읽기능력을 측정하였다. 조절 래그검사는 자각적 크로스실린더법을 사용하였고, 읽기능력검사는 Readalyzer를 사용하여 단어주시시간, 단어반 복보기횟수, 줄반복보기횟수, 읽기속도를 측정하였다. 대상자의 읽기능력은 조절래그량에 해당하는 플러스렌즈를 착용시키기 전과 후 각각 측정하였다. 통계처리는 SPSS version 21.0(SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA)을 사용하여 플러스렌즈를 착용하기 전과 후의 변화를 대응표본 t-검정(Paired t-test)을 통해 분석하였다. 결과 : 대상자에게 조절래그에 해당하는 플러스렌즈를 착용시키자 착용하기 전에 비해 단어주시시간이 다소 증가하였고, 단어반복보기횟수는 유의하게 감소하였고, 읽기속도는 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론 : 독서 시 약한 굴절력의 플러스렌즈 착용은 단어를 주시하는 시간에 영향을 줄 수 있다고 사료된다. 독서 시 플러스렌즈 착용은 단어를 반복해서 보는 횟수를 줄이고 읽기속도를 증가시키는 것에 영향을 줄 수 있다고 사료된다.

In the industrial fields, the process capability index has been using to evaluate the variation of quality in the process. The traditional process capability indices such as Cp, Cpk, Cpm, and C┼pm have been applied in the industrial fields. These traditional process capability indices are mainly applied in the univariate analysis. However, the main streams in the recent industry are the multivariate manufacturing process and the multiple quality characteristics are corrected each other. Therefore, the multivariate statistical method should be used in the process capability analysis. The multivariate process indices need to be enhanced with more useful information and extensive application in the recent industrial fields. Hence, the purpose of the study is to develop a more effective multivariate process index (MCpI ) using the multivariate inverted normal loss function. The multivariate inverted normal loss function has the flexibility for the any type of the symmetrical and asymmetrical loss functions as well as the economic information. Especially, the proposed modeling method for the multivariate inverted normal loss function (MINLF) and the expected loss from MINLF in this paper can be applied to the any type of the symmetrical and asymmetrical loss functions. And this modeling method can be easily expanded from a bivariate case to a multivariate case.

Background: Research efforts to improve the pulmonary function of children with cerebral palsy (CP) need to focus on their decreased diaphragmatic ability compared to normal children. Real-time ultrasonography is appropriate for demonstrating diaphragmatic mechanisms. Objects: This study aimed to compare diaphragm movement, pulmonary function, and pulmonary strength between normal children and children with CP by using ultrasonography M-mode. The correlation between general characteristics, diaphragm movement, pulmonary function, and pulmonary strength was also studied. Methods: The subjects of this study were 25 normal and 25 CP children between five and 14 years of age. Diaphragm movement was measured using real-time ultrasonography during quiet and deep breathing. Pulmonary function (such as forced expiratory volume in one second; FEV1 and peak expiratory flow; PEF) and pulmonary strength (such as maximum inspiratory pressure; MIP and maximum expiratory pressure; MEP) were measured. A paired t-test and Spearman’s Rho test, with a significance level of .05, were used for statistical analysis. Results: The between-group comparison revealed that normal children had significantly greater diaphragm movement, FEV1, PEF, MIP, and MEP (p<.05) than CP children. The results showed that general characteristics were significantly related to FEV1, PEF, MIP, and MEP (p<.05). Conclusion: In clinical settings, clinicians need to concern decreased diaphragm movement, pulmonary function, and pulmonary strength in CP group compared to normal children.

Process quality control, which prevents problems and risks that may occur in products and processes, has been recognized as an important issue, and SPC techniques have been used for this purpose. Process Capability Index (PCI) is useful Statistical Process Control (SPC) tool that is measure of process diagnostic and assessment tools widely use in industrial field. It has advantage of easy to calculate and easy to use in the field. Cp and Cpk are traditional PCIs. These traditional Cp and Cpk were used only as a measure of process capability, taking into account the quality variance or the bias of the process mean. These are not given information about the characteristic value does not match the target value of the process and this has the disadvantage that it is difficult to assess the economic losses that may arise in the enterprise. Studies of this process capability index by many scholars actively for supplement of its disadvantage. These studies to evaluate the capability of situation of various field has presented a new process capability index. Cpm is considers both the process variation and the process deviation from target value. And Cpm + is considers economic loss for the process deviation from target value. In this paper we developed an improved Expected Loss Capability Index using Reflected Normal Loss Function of Spring. This has the advantage that it is easy to realistically reflect the loss when the specification is asymmetric around the target value. And check the correlation between existing traditional process capability index (Cpk) and new one. Finally, we propose the criteria for classification about developed process capability index.

Control chart is representative tools of statistical process control (SPC). It is a graph that plotting the characteristic values from the process . It has two steps (or Phase). First step is a procedure for finding a process parameters. It is called PhaseⅠ. This step is to find the process parameters by using data obtained from in-controlled process. It is a step that the standard value was not determined. Another step is monitoring process by already known process parameters from PhaseⅠ. It is called Phase Ⅱ. These control chart is the process quality characteristic value for management, which is plotted dot whether the existence within the control limit or not. But, this is not given information about the economic loss that occurs when a product characteristic value does not match the target value. In order to meet the customer needs, company not only consider stability of the process variation but also produce the product that is meet the target value. Taguchi’s quadratic loss function is include information about economic loss that occurred by the mismatch the target value. However, Taguchi’s quadratic loss function is very simple quadratic curve. It is difficult to realistically reflect the increased amount of loss that due to a deviation from the target value. Also, it can be well explained by only on condition that the normal process. Spiring proposed an alternative loss function that called reflected normal loss function (RNLF). In this paper, we design a new control chart for overcome these disadvantage by using the Spiring’s RNLF. And we demonstrate effectiveness of new control chart by comparing its average run length (ARL) with x-R control chart and expected loss control chart (ELCC).

Control chart is a graph of plotting dot in the process characteristic values. It is a statistical technique that can be known whether or not the in-control state in this step. In many companies have use as a statistical process control(SPC) tool. Control chart is the management process quality characteristic value, which is plotted dot is whether the existence within the control limits. But, this is not given information about the economic loss that occurs when a product is produced characteristic value does not match the target value of the process. In that sence, expected loss control chart(EL control chart) is very effective process control tool. Because it is a process control chart in consideration to economic loss. The EL control chart is using the quadratic loss function of Taguchi. However, Taguchi’s quadratic loss function is simple quadratic curve. It is difficult to realistically reflect the increased amount of loss that due to a deviation from the target value. In this paper, we design a new control chart using the reflected normal loss function(RNLF). And we demonstrate its effectiveness by using the control chart performance comparison of EL control chart.

The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of electroencephalograph (EEG) power and coherence on cognitive function in normal elderly, non-demented elderly with mild cognitive impairment, and demented elderly during working cognition tasks. Forty elderly women (19 demented elderly, 10 non-demented elderly with mild cognitive impairment, 11 norma1 elderly) participated in this study, All subjects performed working cognition tasks with Raven's CPM while EEG signal was recorded, EEGs were measured continuously at rest and during the working cognition task. EEG power and coherence was computed over 21 channels: right and left frontal, central, parietal, temporal and occipital region. We found that there were more correct answers among normal elderly women than in other groups Owing the working cognition task, wave at Fp1, Fp2 and F8, a wave at Fp2, wave at Fp1, Fp2. F4 and F8 of the frontal region was increased significantly in the demented elderly group. On the other hand. wave at Fp1, Fp2 and F7, wave at Fp1, Fp2, F3 and F7 of the frontal region was increased significantly in the group of non-demented elderly with mild cognitive impairment. In contrast. in the normal elderly group, all of the θ wave and wave at Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7 and F8 of the frontal region (except wave at F3) was increased significantly, These results suggest that the nerves in prefrontal and right hemisphere regions were most active in the demented elderly group during problem solving, and the nerves in the prefrontal and left hemisphere lobe were most active in the group of non-demented elderly with mild cognitive impairment. In contrast, me majority of nerves in the frontal region were active in the normal elderly group.

This study was designed to get normative data of normal subjects by MFT(Manua1 Func-tion Test). The subjects were 95 normal adults. The results are as follows: 1. Mean scores of left and right MFS(Manua1 Function Score) were respectively 97.43 and 98.13. 2. MFS was higher on right upper extremity function than on left upper extremity function. 3. MFS was not significantly different between male and female. 4. Both left and right MFS (Manual Function Score) was significantly negative correlation with age.

Twenty normal female subjects participated in a study designed to motion on the time required to complete manual tasks from the Jebsen Hand Function Test. The Jebsen Hand Function Test consists of seven subtests: writing; turning cards; picking up small objects; simulating feeding; stacking checkers; picking up large and light objects; picking up large and heavy objects. At this study, writing was excluded. Activities were performed with the wrist free and with the wrist immobilized by the volar splints that were flexed 40" and 80" . Data were analyzed using the MANOVA(Mu1tiple analysis of variance) and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. The results showed that the time for performing the subtasks(turning cards, picking up small objects, stacking checkers) statistically significantly decreased during a wrist 40" flexion rather than a wrist free. Especially when a wrist was flexed 80" , the performing time of all subtasks statistically significantly decreased rather than a wrist free. Only one subtask(simu1ating feeding), 20-29 years old female statistically significantly decreased in performing time rather than 30-39 years old female with a wrist free. This study presents that a hand function is affected by a variable wrist position.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the function of the non-affected hand of hemiplegic children is comparable to the hand function with both normal hands. The subjects of the study were 19 hemiplegic children and 20 normal children, all six years of age. The hemiplegic children were treated at one of three facili- ties: Yonsei University Rehabilitation Hospital, Seoul Community Rehabilitation Center and Inchon Severance Hospital during in period March to April, 1996. The normal children were randomly selected from a kindergarten in Inchon City. All hand function was measured by Jebsen Hand Function Test. Subtest was analysed statistically using the basic statistic analysis, Mam-Whitney test and Pearson correlation test . The results were as follows: The normal children had faster right hand function than herniplegic children whose nonaffected hand was their right hand, for the small objects, simulated feeding, checkers subtests. Normal children had faster left hand function than hemiplegic children whose nonaffected hand was their left hand, for the small objects, checkers, large light objects and large heavy objects. The unaffected hand function of the hemiplegic children had a negative correlation with time of diagnosis, and treatment durat ion. These results showed that the nonaffected hand function of hemiplegic children dif- fered from the respective hand of normal children. Therefore, when hemiplegic children are treated, both the affected and unaffected hand must be treated as this will affect the treatment result.

As the number of obese patients increases, childhood obesity also increases and it is recognized as a big problem because it increases the incidence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Although thyroid hormone abnormalities sometimes exist in obese patients without thyroid disease, there is still much controversy on the impact of obesity on thyroid hormone test results. Accordingly, the present study investigated the correlation between obesity and thyroid hormone concentrations in children with normal thyroid function. In the present study, 356 patients aged 6-18 years who visited the Chosun University Hospital were randomly selected, after exclusion of those with thyroid disease, diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, those with a history of smoking and drinking, and those taking steroids or lipid lowering agents. There were no significant differences in levels of thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin (fT4) between males and females. The patients were divided into groups based on serum TSH concentration: group A with TSH < 4.0 μIU/mL and group B with TSH ≥ 4.0 μIU/mL (upper level of normal range). BMI z score, ALT, rGTP, and total cholesterol were significantly higher in group B. Multiple regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, birth weight, and pubertal development showed that TSH and BMI z score were positively correlated, while fT4 was not correlated with other factors.

Left ventricular (LV) thrombi may be caused by various conditions, particularly myocardial infarction. In most cases, LV thrombus occurs in patients with a significantly reduced ejection fraction. A LV thrombus is extremely rare in patients with normal LV function. We report a case of LV thrombus initially detected on transthoracic echocardiography and confirmed using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with normal LV wall motion. We highlight the rarity of this condition and the usefulness of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of LV thrombus.