수치 모의 실험에서 보여주는 블랙홀 주변의 강착원반은 유입기체의 조건에 따라서 때로는 안정적으로 때로는 불안정적으로 나타난다. 이 연구에서는 여러 가지 다른 종류의 해석적인 해를 가진 기체들 중 충격파의 특성을 잘 보 여주는 점성을 가진 기체에 대하여 Lagrangian TVD+remap 코드를 사용하여 2차원적인 원통좌표계에서 수치모의 실험 을 시행하였다. 수치모의 실험은 점성이 0.01을 가진 점성 이류가스 (viscously advected flow)가 400rg인 바깥쪽 경계 면 (outer boundary)에서 유입되었다. 유입된 기체는 블랙홀 가까이에서는 해석적인 해와 잘 일치하였으나 100rg 부근 에서 나타나는 충격파의 위치는 시간에 따라 변화함을 보여주었다. 이 기체에 대한 해석적인 해에서는 100rg 부근에서 특정 각운동량 (specific angular momentum)이 역전되는 곳이 존재하는데, 수치모의 실험에서는 특정 각운동량이 역전 되고 있는 지점에서 충격파의 존재가 관측되었다. 이 충격파는 블랙홀에 의하여 흡수되는 질량 부착율이 증가할 때, 안 쪽으로 진행하면서, 때로는 안쪽에서 새로운 충격파를 생성하기도 하였으며, 안쪽과 바깥쪽의 충격파가 충돌하는 현상 을 보이기도 하였다. 평균 질량 부착율은 유입 질량의 20-30%로 나타나며, 가끔씩 평균질량의 2-3배 되는 질량 부착율 을 보여주기도 하고, 해석적인 해에서 예측하는 것처럼 z-축방향으로의 제트 흐름을 보이기도 하였다.

We study quasi-spherical, supersonic accretion flows around black holes using high-accuracy numerical simulations. We describe a code, the Lagrangian Total Variation Diminishing (TVD), and a remap routine to address a specific issue in the Advection Dominated Accretion Flow (ADAF) that is, appropriately handling the angular momentum even near the inner boundary. The Lagrangian TVD code is based on an explicit finite difference scheme on mass-volume grids to track fluid particles with time. The consequences are remapped on fixed grids using the explicit Eulerian finitedifference algorithm with a third-order accuracy. Test results show that one can successfully handle flows and resolve shocks within two to three computational cells. Especially, the calculation of a hydrodynamical accretion disk without viscosity around a black hole shows that one can conserve nearly 100% of specific a ngular momentum in one-and twodimensional cylindrical coordinates. Thus, we apply this code to obtain a numerically similar ADAF solution. We perform simulations, including viscosity terms in one-dimensional spherical geometry on the non-uniform grids, to obtain greater quantitative consequences and to save computational time. The error of specific angular momentum in Newtonian potential is less than 1% between r~10rs and r~10 4 rs, where rs is sink size. As Narayan et al. (1997) suggested, the ADAFs in pseudo-Newtonian potential become supersonic flows near the black hole, and the sonic point is rsonic~5.3rg for flow with α =0.3 and  =1 .5. Such simulations indicate that even the ADAF with  =5/3 is differentially rotating, as Ogilvie (1999) indicated. Hence, we conclude that the Lagrangian TVD and remap code treat the role of viscosity more precisely than the other scheme, even near the inner boundary in a rotating accretion flow around a nonrotating black hole.

The Earth’s radiation belts, which extend from near the Earth to approximately geosynchronous orbit, contain highly energetic particles that actively interact with various plasma waves. This study reviews two numerical approaches to studying waveparticle interactions in the Earth’s radiation belts and discusses their respective advantages and limitations. The first approach involves diffusion simulations based on quasi-linear theory, which is well-suited for describing the collective dynamics of many particles from a statistical perspective. The second approach, test particle simulation, focuses on the detailed motion of individual particles, revealing nonlinear phenomena such as phase trapping and bunching. Both methods allow for the derivation of diffusion coefficients, which quantify the timescale of wave-particle interactions and help explain how particles either precipitate into the atmosphere or accelerate to higher energies in the Earth’s radiation belts. Additionally, these methodologies can be adapted to study the dynamics of planetary radiation belts, such as those around Jupiter and Saturn, by adjusting for the specific environmental parameters of each planet.

The rack cylinder is an important part of the pile leg structure of the jack up platform. Because of its complex structure, the flow field around the rack cylinder is different from that around the ordinary cylinder, which brings difficulties to the research of the rack cylinder. In this paper, using CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) solved the flow field of chords with different rack height and rack width under different KC and Re, the characteristics of the flow field around the cylinder with rack are obtained. The results show that Re, KC, rack height and rack width all have different effects on the flow field. When Re and KC are constant, Cd will increase with the increase of rack height ratio, the change of Cd and Cl is not significant, while the change of Cd and Cl varies with Re when the chord structure is fixed.

수많은 함정용 채프들은 폭발에 의해 확산되어 채프운을 형성하며, 채프운은 허위 레이더 반사 단면적을 생성하여 적의 레이더를 기만한다. 본 논문에서는 전산유체역학-이산요소법 단방향 연동 기법을 기반으로 공기 중에 분포하는 함정용 채프운의 시공간 분포 를 해석하는 수치적 프레임워크를 구축하고 바람의 방향과 속도, 채프 카트리지의 초기 각도와 폭발 압력이 채프운 분포에 미치는 영 향을 분석하였다. 채프운의 확산은 폭발에 의한 방사형 확산, 난류와 충돌에 의한 전 방향 확산, 낙하 속도 차이에 의한 중력 방향 확산 과 같이 세 단계로 구분되는 것을 확인하였다. 바람은 채프운의 평균 위치를 이동시켰으며, 항력에 의한 확산 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 카트리지 초기 각도에 따라 폭발에 의한 방사형 확산 방향이 달라졌으며, 각도가 지면과 수직에 가까울수록 더 넓게 확산되었다. 폭발 압력이 증가할수록 채프운은 더 넓게 확산되었으나 중력 방향으로는 분포 차이가 작았다.

과학과 기술의 발달로 복합재료, 합금, 고강도 탄소섬유, 고분자 재료 등 지능형 소재가 개발되고 있다. 다양한 엔지 니어링 분야에서 이러한 첨단 재료의 응용을 연구하기 위해 전 세계적으로 광범위한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 초탄성 형상기억합 금(SSMA)은 깃발 모양의 히스테리시스 거동을 가지며 추가적인 열처리 없이 응력 완화로 인한 잔류 변형이 거의 없는 신뢰성 이 높은 내진 재료이다. 그러나 공학 문제에서 SSMA 효율성을 연구하기 위한 수치 모델의 개발은 여전히 어려운 작업이다. 본 연구에서는 SSMA 인장시험의 실험결과를 통해 유한요소해석 프로그램인 Abaqus와 수치해석 프로그램인 OpenSEES를 이용하여 재료 모델을 구현한 후 해석결과의 거동 특성 및 에너지 소산을 분석하였다.

최근 국제해사기구의 해양환경오염규제가 강화되어 오고 있다. 선박의 에너지 효율지수는 선박의 설계관점에서 매우 중요 한 지표이다. 더욱이 새롭게 건조되는 선박은 물론 기존 운항 선박에도 에너지 효율지수를 만족하도록 강화하고 있다. 이에 따라 운항 되고 있는 기존선박의 에너지 효율지수를 높이기 위해 선수 벌브개조, 운항 중 트림 최적화, 에너지 절감장치등 다양한 방법이 적용되 고 있다. 본 연구에서는 전산 유체역학을 이용하여 다양한 선수/선미 트림조건에서 선박의 저항성능을 계산하고 분석하였다. 이를 바 탕으로 최적화 된 트림조건에서 선박의 저항성능을 더욱 개선하기 위해 선수 벌브의 형상을 재설계하였다. 그 결과 정수 중에서 개선 된 벌브 형상을 적용한 경우, 유효마력이 약 5% 향상되는 것을 확인하였으며, 향후 파도 중에서 재설계된 벌브형상이 저항성능에 미치 는 영향을 조사할 예정이다.

Equipment used for ships operating in the polar regions, such as icebreakers, should consider countermeasures against freezing. This study performed a structural design that prevents freezing and tolerates thermal stress and wind pressure of the air vent louver heating blades. As boundary conditions for performing the analysis, analysis was performed when the flow rates at the inlet end were 10m/s, 20m/s 30m/s, 40m/s, and 50m/s. As a result of the analysis, if the CNT heating element can maintain the heating performance of 200°C, the blade can maintain the room temperature state except for the end of about 40mm. There are pressure drop between the front and rear of the air vent louver. It can be seen that the allowable wind speed varies depending on the design criteria. As a results, it is required to select an optimal heating temperature to prevent condensation of a blade, optimize the generation of compressive stress by thermal expansion, and trade off the wind pressure and thermal stress according to wind speed.

이 논문은 72m 초고강도 콘크리트 섬유보강 콘크리트 프리스트레스트 박스거더의 비선형 거동을 해석하는 3차원 해석방법을 제 시하였다. UHPC재료의 비선형 거동을 나타내기 위해 콘크리트 손상소성(CDP)모델을 채택하였다. 제시된 응력-변형률 관계 곡선에 근거한 수치해석 모델은 50m UHPC 프리스트레스트 박스 거더 휨실험결과로 검증하였다. 검증된 해석모델을 사용하여 72m UHPC 프리스트레스트 박스거더의 휨거동을 파악하는데 적용하였다. 각 하중단계에 따른 하중 변위관계, 응력상태 및 연결부분 상세를 해 석하였다. 하중-변위관계 곡선과 설계하중 및 극한하중 비교 결과는 UHPC 박스거더 휨거동을 해석하는 적절한 수단으로써 비선형 유한요소법의 적용성을 입증하고 있다.

Most fishing vessels are less than 100 m in length (LBP), which is not mandatory for the IMO standards for ship maneuverability. Therefore, research on estimating the maneuverability of fishing vessel hull shapes are somewhat lacking compared to that of merchant ship hull shapes, and at the design stage, the numerical simulation method developed for merchant ships are applied without modification to estimate the maneuverability. Since this can cause estimation errors, the authors have derived a modified empirical formula that can improve the accuracy of estimating the maneuverability of fishing vessels in a previous study. In this study, using the modified empirical formula, the IMO maneuverability evaluation items, the turning motion test and Z-test simulations were performed on the fisheries training vessel BAEK-KYUNG and compared with the sea trial test result to verify the validity of the modified empirical formula. In conclusion, the modified empirical formula was able to estimate quantitatively and qualitatively similar to the result of the sea trial test. Such a study on estimating the maneuverability of fishing vessels will be a good indicator for fishing vessel operators and will help them analyze marine accidents.

본 논문에서는 열린 셀 구조의 3차원 마이크로 엮임 재료에 대해서 다양한 전산 시뮬레이션을 수행하고 재료의 특성을 수치적으로 분석하였다. 엮임 재료에 대한 수치 해석의 정확도를 높이기 위해서 각 축 방향별 와이어 사이의 간격을 6개의 변수로 매개화 하였으며, 기존의 정육면체 대신에 사면체의 요소로 바꾸어 엮임 재료의 기하학적 형상을 더 사실적으로 구현하였다. 개선된 수치모델에 대해서 상용 프로그램을 이용해 기계적, 열역학적, 유체역학적 해석을 수행하였으며, 그 정확도를 검증하기 위해서 기존의 실험 결과와 비교하였다. 또한 x 및 y 방향으로 와이어 간격을 변화시켜 가며, 3차원 엮임 재료의 여러 물성치에 대한 파라메트릭 테스트를 수행하였으며, 물성치의 변화 경향 및 민감도를 살펴보았다. 이를 통해서 3차원 엮임 재료의 물성치 사이의 상관관계를 애슈비 차트와 함께 살펴보았으며, 기존의 벌크 형태의 금속 재료와는 다른 재료 특성들로 인해 그 활용도가 높을 것으로 기대한다.

In order to understand the currents around Hampyung Bay and Haeje Peninsula, 2D numerical simulations for tidal currents and tide-induced residual currents were carried out. Dominant semidiurnal tidal currents have reversing form and flow NNE-SSW from northern Haeje Peninsula to Songi Island, E-S at northern Haeje Peninsula and NNW-SSE in Hampyung Bay. In flood, a part of currents from Imja Island~Nakwhol Island flow along the main stream flowing northeast at offshore region and the rest flow into Hampyung Bay flowing east along the northern coast of Haeje Peninsula. In ebb, currents from Hampyung Bay flow west along the northern coast of Haeje Peninsula and run together with the main stream flowing southeast at offshore region. The currents create an anticyclonic circulation in flood and a cyclonic circulation in ebb around Haeje Peninsula including Hampyung Bay. Tidal currents are accumulated on Doripo which located at the entrance of Hampyung Bay and show high current velocities. Tidal currents and tide induced residual currents are weak at the inside of Hampyung Bay which has narrow entrance, shallow water depth and wide intertidal zone. An anticyclonic eddy is formed around Gaksi Island as a result of tide induced residual currents. In northern coast of Haeje Peninsula, slow constant currents flow east. It is expected that a gradual change of sediment and an increase of flushing time for suspended materials are carried by tidal currents occurring in Hampyung Bay.

PURPOSES: This study proposes a cohesive shrinkage particle model that can be used to simulate a variety of dynamic behaviors and phase changes of construction materials, including road subsidence and debris flow, and phase change curing, via discrete element method (DEM). METHODS : From the perspective of DEM modeling, the water-content-dependent characteristics of soil particles and related modeling techniques are reviewed from literature. The static friction, cohesion, and particle size change are considered as the major parameters that should be reflected in DEM modeling for a more realistic simulation. The relationships of water content with cohesive force and particle radius, as determined from experimental test results in the relevant study, are utilized to develop the cohesive shrinkage model. For each water content value, the snapshot in simulation is compared to that in the experimental study. RESULTS: The numerical simulation shows very good agreement with the experimental test in terms of overall sample radius and thickness change due to drying. However, the local curling of soil sample in the DEM simulation does not perfectly match that in the experimental test. CONCLUSIONS : The cohesive shrinking particle model seems to be good enough for simulating the volumetric and phase changes of soil samples due to drying. However, it seems necessary to consider both bonding and cohesive contact models in DEM modeling because the only cohesive contact model exhibited limitations in the simulation of curling and crack development.

The Al-Zour coastal area, located in southern Kuwait, is a region of concentrated industrial water use, seawater intake, and the outfall of existing power plants. The Al-Zour LNG import facility project is ongoing and there are two issues regarding the seawater temperature in this area that must be considered: variations in water temperature under local meteorology and an increase in water temperature due to the expansion of the thermal discharge of expanded power plant. MIKE 3 model was applied to simulate the water temperature from June to July, based on re-analysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the thermal discharge input from adjacent power plants. The annual water temperatures of two candidate locations of the seawater intake for the Al-Zour LNG re-gasification facility were measured in 2017 and compared to the numerical results. It was determined that the daily seawater temperature is mainly affected by thermal plume dispersion oscillating with the phase of the tidal currents. The regional meteorological conditions such as air temperature and tidal currents, also contributed a great deal to the prediction of seawater temperature.

This study investigates the enhancement of the oxygen diffusion rate in the cathode channel of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) by pure oscillating flow, which is the same as the mechanism of human breathe. Three-dimensional numerical simulation, which has the full model of the fuel cell including electrochemical reaction, ion and electronic conduction, mass transfer and thermal variation and so on, is performed to show the phenomena in the channel at the case of a steady state. This model could analysis the oscillating flow as a moving mesh calculation coupled with electrochemical reaction on the catalyst layer, however, it needs a lot of calculation time for each case. The two dimensional numerical simulation has carried on for the study of oscillating flow effect in the cathode channel of PEMFC in order to reduce the calculation time. This study shows the diffusion rate of the oxygen increased and the emission rate of the water vapor increased in the channel by oscillating flow without any forced flow.

The non-reacting flow field and the movement of sand particles inside a 30MW circulating fluidized bed combustor is numerically simulated via the finite volume method. The primary air is supplied through 23x23 array of nozzles located on the bottom and the secondary air is supplied through 12 inlet pipes located on the side walls. The steady state velocity field shows that a very complex flow pattern is formed in the lower part of the combustor. As the gas moves upward, the velocity magnitude decreases and the gas exits the combustor after hitting the top wall. To investigate the behavior of sand particles with different diameters, a particle tracking calculation is performed by introducing sand particles continuously at the z=3 m plane. For the given air flow rate condition, sand particles smaller than 0.3 mm show a complex movement pattern near the secondary air inlet and then rise toward the outlet.