PURPOSES : Construction cost estimates are important information for business feasibility analysis in the planning stage of road construction projects. The quality of current construction cost estimates are highly dependent on the expert's personal experience and skills to estimate the arithmetic average construction cost based on past cases, which makes construction cost estimates subjective and unreliable. An objective approach in construction cost estimation shall be developed with the use of machine learning. In this study, past cases of road projects were analyzed and a machine learning model was developed to produce a more accurate and time-efficient construction cost estimate in teh planning stage. METHODS : After conducting case analysis of 100 road construction, a database was constructed including the road construction's details, drawings, and completion reports. To improve the construction cost estimation, Mallow's Cp. BIC, Adjusted R methodology was applied to find the optimal variables. Consequently, a plannigs-stage road construction cost estimation model was developed by applying multiple regression analysis, regression tree, case-based inference model, and artificial neural network (ANN, DNN). RESULTS : The construction cost estimation model showed excellent prediction performance despite an insufficient amount of learning data. Ten cases were randomly selected from the data base and each developed machine learning model was applied to the selected cases to calculate for the error rate, which should be less than 30% to be considered as acceptable according to American Estimating Association. As a result of the analysis, the error rates of all developed machine learning models were found to be acceptable with values rangine from 17.3% to 26.0%. Among the developed models, the ANN model yielded the least error rate. CONCLUSIONS : The results of this study can help raise awareness of the importance of building a systematic database in the construction industry, which is disadvantageous in machine learning and artificial intelligence development. In addition, it is believed that it can provide basic data for research to determine the feasibility of construction projects that require a large budget, such as road projects.

본 연구는 K연구원의 상향식 R&D과제기획 차원의 신규 연구기획과제 선정 평가를 위한 평가도구 개발에 목적을 두고 진행하였다. 이를 위해 CIPP모형과 연구기획평가를 위한 선정평가 및 평가지표에 관한 선행연구를 중심으로 R&D과제기획 선정평가 항목과 문항을 개발 한 후, 2회에 걸친 델파이 조사를 실시하였다. 개발된 평가도구는 13명의 전문가를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 내용타당도, 합의도 및 수렴도를 검증하였다. 최종 선정된 R&D과제기획 선정평가 도구는 8개 항목에 총 21개 문항으로, 상황평가 5 문항, 투입평가 2문항, 과정평가 8문항, 산출평가 6문항으로 구성되었다. 개발된 평가 도구는 상향식 기획 과정상의 문제점을 해소하고 연구자들의 기획역량을 제고하는 데 기여할 것이다. 또한, 선정 평가 시 평가에 대한 일관성과 효율성 제고에 기여할 것이다.

In order to deal with high uncertainty and variability in emergency medical centers, many researchers have developed various models for their operational planning and scheduling. However, most of the models just provide static plans without any risk measures as their results, and thus the users often lose the opportunity to analyze how much risk the patients have, whether the plan is still implementable or how the plan should be changed when an unexpected event happens. In this study, we construct a simulation model combined with a risk-based planning and scheduling module designed by Simio LLC. In addition to static schedules, it provides possibility of treatment delay for each patient as a risk measure, and updates the schedule to avoid the risk when it is needed. By using the simulation model, the users can experiment various scenarios in operations quickly, and also can make a decision not based on their past experience or intuition but based on scientific estimation of risks even in urgent situations. An example of such an operational decision making process is demonstrated for a real mid-size emergency medical center located in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The model is designed for temporal short-term planning especially, but it can be expanded for long-term planning also with some appropriate adjustments.

For game design planning education, we researched step by step learning method from storyline setting to game content evaluation. In this process, we developed 'Content Generated Tree' educational model applying the segmentation, classification, and prediction process of decision tree theory. This model is divided into the trunk stage as a story setting, the node generation stage as a content branch, and the conformity assessment. In the node generation stage, there are 'Game Theme' stage for determining the overall direction of the game, 'Interest Element' stage for finding the unique joy of the development game, and 'Game Format' stage for setting the visualization direction. The learner creates several game content combinations through content branching, and evaluates each content combination value. The education model was applied to 19 teams, and the efficiency of the step by step learning process was confirmed.

It is considered necessary to renewal a considerable number of water supply facilities in Korea because they began to be intensively buried in the period of rapid economic growth. Accordingly, local water providers are required to take measures against this situation, but they have currently been caught in a vicious circle of the lack of budget spent in renewing water supply facilities because county-based small-scale local water supply cannot afford to cover annual expenditures with their revenues from water rates. Therefore, this study developed an optimal renewal planning model capable of achieving a balance of financial revenue and expenditure in local water supply using nonlinear programming and furthermore of minimizing the total cost incurred during the analysis. To this end, this study selected the water supply area located in County Y as a research area to build the financial revenue and expenditure and used Solver function provided by Microsoft Excel to use nonlinear programming. As a result, this study developed an optimal renewal planning model minimizing incurred costs in consideration of 6 items in the financial revenue and expenditure. The optimal renewal plan was modeled according to the available annual budget. As a result, this study proposed SICD, a scenario to minimize total costs from the perspective of water suppliers, and SITS, a scenario to minimize the increase in water rates from the perspective of consumers. It can be said that the method proposed in this study is the core of the optimal financial and renewal plans as a final stage of asset management for water supply facilities. Therefore, it is considered possible for local water providers to use the method proposed in this study according to circumstances for the asset management of water supply facilities.

This study aims to draw out planning principles and structure of Iksan imperial capital city in late Baekje, especially in view of the relationship among imperial capital city planning area, skeletal axis and the location of royal castle. With site survey and analysis of historical records, old maps, topographical maps, archeological excavation data, land registration map of 1915, some significant inferences were drawn out. Firstly from the point of topological conditions, the contiguous line of a stratum from Mireuk mountain(彌勒山) to Wangkung-ri castle(王宮里遺蹟) and two waterways made a topological axis of Iksan Imperial capital city. Secondly district of Iksan imperial capital city can be deduced to the inner area north to Kummado soil wall(金馬都 土城), south to the confluence of Iksan river(益山川) and Busang river(扶桑川), west to Okum mountain fortress(五 金山城) and Galjeon river(葛田川), east to line near to eastern wall of Jesuksa temple(帝釋寺). Iksan ssang-reung(益 山雙陵) was located outside western boundary line of capital city. Thirdly axis from Wangkung-ri castle to northern Kummado soil wall made a skeletal axis of city structure. It got through northern lowland along Buk river(北川) between Yonghwa(龍華山) and Mireuk mountain. Fourthly the location of royal palace can be deduced to the north part of the city around Kumma town area along the planning principle of northern royal palace.

본 논문은 (1 : 1 : N) 재고모형에 대한 복수제품의 순환생산 및 배송 일정계획을 수립하는 연구를 수행하였다. 세부적으로 공급자가 원자재를 생산자에게 배송하면, 생산자는 순환생산방식을 활용하여 복수의 제품을 생산하여 N 구매자에게 배송하는 상황을 고려하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 공급자, 생산자, 구매자를 포함하는 시스템 전체의 비용을 최소화하는 계획을 수립하는 것이다. 최적해가 가지는 몇 가지 특성들을 분석하고, 이를 통해서 단계적인 휴리스틱 절

Project implementation plan is a blueprint that confirms project performance activities and specifies required man-hour, period and resource imput ratio. Various figures, the results of implementation plan, are predicted through estimation, and because of superiority of objectivity and repeatability, numerical formula-based estimation model is often used overseas. COCOMO model is the representative estimation model whose theories and formulas are publicized and it predicts the total man-hour required for software system development. This model is publicized in "Software Engineering Economics" written by Professor Barry Boehm of the U.S., and is the most widely applied numerical formula-based estimation model. This study is conducted to provide a series of methods that are optimal for KTDS environment by choosing COCOMO II model among various types of COCOMO models. In establishing implementation plan, COCOMO II model alone is not sufficient, it is necessary to link with and apply standard WBS system and standard man-hour. In establishing specific implementation plan, phased standard WBS system in order of the first phase of all the activities implemented in the project, Activity, Task, and Role, and the man-hour put into this should be distributed according to standard ratio from COCOMO II model's total man-hour. This study provides explainations by establishing standard WBS system and linking with COCOMO II model.

This paper addresses capacity expansion planning model of distribution center under usability of public distribution center. For discrete and finite time periods, demands for distribution center increase dynamically. The capacity expansion planning is to

[n QCC improve activities QC story is useful for solving problems_ Among those the planning and establishment of countermeasure step is most important in finding new alternatives and methods for problem solving. But that step is dealt with indifferent to

Processing mail objects in a mail processing center involves several steps and operations, in particular dispatching as well as sorting by destination. The purpose of this paper is to present a model for the part-time worker staffing and allocation proble

Distribution centers in a distribution system that consists of the distribution centers and retailers supplies products to retailers. At the present, although total capacity of the distribution centers are enough to supply total demand of retailers, capac

요금을 지불하게 되는 유료도로에 대해서는 별도의 가중치를 산정하여 교통계획 모형 내에서 모델링 할 수 있도록 해야 하나 현존하는 유료도로의 가중치 산정방법에서 발생하는 문제점은 현실과 유사한 통행패턴을 설명하기에 부적당하다. 본 연구는 국가교통DB센터에서 이미 정산된 가중치, 차종별 시간가치를 적용한 가중치 그리고 차로수별 교통량 비율로 수정된 가중치로서 총 세 개의 대안을 선정하여 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 국가교통DB센터에서 정산되어 차로수의 구분없이 동일한 가중치를 적용하였을 경우에는 허용오차범위 내에 포함된 샘플수가 다른 시나리오에 비해 비교적 다수 포함되었으나 현재 유료도로의 차로수별 할인율과 할증률을 반영하지 않고 정산되었다는 점에서 현실에 맞지 않는 방법론으로 분석되었다. 또한 차종별 시간가치를 이용한 가중치는 현재 적용되는 가중치 중에서 가장 이론적으로 정립되었다고 할 수 있으나 가중치의 비율이 낮게 적용됨으로서 배정교통량이 과다예측 되는 결과로 나타났다. 그러나 차종별 시간가치와 차로수별 교통량 비율을 합산하여 재 산정한 가중치를 적용한 결과는 세 개의 대안 중 가장 현실에 근접한 통행배정 결과로 분석되었다. 또한 통행배정 방법에 있어 총량OD평형배정방법이 PCU통행배정방법보다 현실에 가까운 배정결과가 나타나는 것으로 나타났다.

Recently, a multi-facility, multi-product and multi-period industrial production-distribution planning problem has been widely investigated in Supply Chain Management (SCM). One of the key issues in the current SCM research area involves reducing both production and distribution costs. We have developed an optimization model to tackle the above problems under the restricted conditions such as transportation time and a zero inventory. Computational experiments using commercial tool Ms-Excel Solver show that the real size problems we encountered can be solved in reasonable time. The model can be used to decide an appropriate production-distribution planning problem in SCM research area.

This paper addresses the transportation planning that is based on genetic algorithm for determining transportation time and transportation amount of minimizing cost of distribution system. The vehicle routing of minimizing the transportation distance of v

One of the main purposes of architectural history is the analysis of existing designs in order to find laws and orders of certain types, while space planning emphasizes the generation of design. In this study, relational space planning methodology is used to generate Chosun upper-class housing prototypes based on 'Yaejae' logic model. During the Chosun Dynasty era in Korea, Confucianism was the ruling ideology for its society. The patio type house was the main upper-class housing type during the Chosun Dynasty, and it can be viewed that space planning was heavily influenced by the law of 'Yaejae' in Confucianism. The logic of 'Yaejae' can be interpreted as relationships between spaces. Relational space planning methodology that reasons through constraint propagation is used to generate prototypes. Prototypes are compared in order to verify actual applications of the logic into space planning.

Global strategic marketing planning has become increasingly important with the advent of worldwide competition and the growing rapidity of change in the international marketplace. In this article, research and commentaries from the strategic management and international marketing planning literatures are synthesized into a model examining what factors influence global strategic marketing planning formality, and what direct and indirect benfits accrue from the process. Responses from 90 multinational corporations were subjected to a LISREL analysis and correlation analyses. Organizational climate, supply chain element, foreign regulations and competition were identified as key determinants of global strategic marketing planning formality. Considerable direct: and indirect benefits also accrue as planning formality increases.