“Thien tu van” is one of the most classic books about learning Chinese in the primary stage in China. Since Chinese was promulgated through neighborhood including Vietnam, “Thien tu van” was popularized and became one of the important learning Chinese books for Vietnamese in the ancient times. From the view of writing identity, the writing is about initially researching and finding out popularization situation and “Thien tu van” usage in Vietnam by analyzing writing quantity and writing form popularization in order to reflect aspect of learning Chinese situation of Vietnamese in ancient times as well as contribute reference value for learning Chinese approach of Vietnamese in modern times.

이 글은 근현대의 유・불 효의례 가운데 제사·재의 간소화와 대중화 방안을 살펴보고 효의례 문화를 개선하려는 데 그 목적이 있다. 유교의 제사는 문중의 예법과 가문의 법도를 중요시하며, 불교의 재는 정형화한 법공과 재공으로 이루어져 간단하게 축소・통합하기 어렵다. 게다가 제사의 비용도 그 정성과 무관하지 않아서 제사·재의 합리적 절차나 간소화에 방안은 선뜻 제안하기 어렵다. 따라서 제사·재는 본래 정성스러운 마음가짐이 중요하다는 인식의 개선을 위해 온라인 등의 근접매체를 활용하여 바르게 알리는 방법이 있을 수 있겠다. 유・불 효의례의 대중화에 관한 두드러진 문제는 대중이 함께 공감하며 동참하는 제사·재 문화의 부재이다. 유교의 제사는 한자사용의 보수적 성향으로 제사의 의미를 전달해 주 지 못한다. 불교의 재도 집전자가 어려운 한문의 일방적인 법식을 베풀며, 그 시간도 오래 소요되어 개선책을 요구한다. 그 가운데 유・불 제 사·재에 관한 불평등과 불균형은 더 심각한데, 유교는 제사준비의 여성 부담감으로 부부간의 갈등과 이혼율이 매년 증가하고 있다. 획기적인 변화가 어렵다면 여성들의 어려움을 함께 나누거나 따뜻한 말 한마디가 갈 등을 예방할 수 있다. 불교의 재도 대부분은 ‘청하는 의식’으로서 대중이 이해할 때까지만 기다리는 것이 아니라 함께 공감하며 동참하도록 그 구조를 과감히 개선해야 한다.

This study was to investigate the perception about the popularization of temple food, known as health food and adult disease prevention food as an object of total 248 residents in Youngnam region. From the result of this research above, it may be summed up as follows. This study has found out that the advantages of temple food showed the statistical significant difference according to the gender, age, and size of family (p<0.01). The reason 'because of health food' (66.7%) had such high percentage. The necessity of popularization of temple food had big difference according to the gender and age (p<0.01). In addition, this study has shown the statistical significant difference in the cooking form for popularization by age, and future improvement for popularization by age and size of family (p<0.001). And, this study has found out that the 'traditional way as it is' (57.3%) was high in the cooking form, and 'use of various materials' (27.4%) in the improvement. Furthermore, the necessity of using meat for temple food had significant difference according to the gender and age, and 'need' (33.9%) showed rather higher tendency. The necessity of using osinchae, five forbidden pungent roots like garlic, green onions, Korean leeks, wild chives, and asafetida had significant difference according to the gender, age and size of family (p<0.05, P<0.001). The 'need' (61.3%) was considerably high. Based on the above results, general customers thought that the need for popularization of temple food and use of osinchae was very positive.

本稿では、1868年に創刊された諸新聞に日本の新聞大衆化の萌芽を見 出すことはできないかという問題を提起し、各紙の創刊号の序文やあと がきに書かれた発行の目的・編集方針、および記事本文の振りがなにつ いて、『大衆化』『わかりやすさ』という観点から考察した。 序文やあとがきの調査からは、他国の新聞事情や新聞の有益さを述べ ることで新聞を普及させようとしたり、記事のわかりやすさや人々の啓 蒙がめざされたりしたことがわかった。同時に、中外新聞等によって 新聞人気が広まりつつあることが認識されており、事業として成功させ ようという考えが存在したこともうかがい知ることができた。1868年は 新聞の普及がめざされ、そしてそれが実現されようとした時期だったと いうことである。 振りがなの調査からは、すべての漢字に振りがなが付けられることは なかったが、総振りがなに近いほど多用した記事や両振りがなを用いた 記事もみられた。これは、人々の啓蒙や事業としての成功を成し遂げる ために記事をわかりやすくする手段の一つとして振りがなが利用された ためと考えられる。 以上により、1868年を日本の新聞大衆化の萌芽の時期とみることは可 能であると結論づけた。

Since the publication of Erwin Panofsky's Studies in Iconology in 1939, the controversial term 'iconology' has replaced the conventional term iconography as a new art historical methodology. However, Panofsky's real legacy lies not in the invention of a new methodology, but in the popularization of art history by applying simple terms and a synoptical table of 'iconological interpretation.' Panofsky's concept of iconology was inherited from that of Aby Warburg who extended the methodological boundary of the study of art while focusing on the complexities of social context in the 1910s. By adopting the old term 'iconology' used in a study of artistic symbolism, Warburg coined the term 'ikonologische Analyse,' to explain his method of analyzing visual motifs in connection with social life outside art. Panofsky contributed to popularizing an art historical methodology, with which to interpret visual motifs through a systematic strategy of relating images to concepts, which follows a simple process from 'pre-iconographical description' through 'iconographical analysis' to 'iconological interpretation'. While adapting himself as an immigrant art historian to the unfamiliar academic atmosphere in the Unites States, Panofsky endeavored to make his theory of iconology more lucid and accessible to a general audience. By using major technical terms in English instead of German that conveys a multitude of meanings, Panofsky was able to popularize his art historical methodology. Panofsky's writings made a significant contribution to a shift in art history from an academic discipline to a new object of public interest in the 20th century.

This study suggests a practical analytic method, by which one can analyze tonal music. The essay begins by testifying the validity of Rameauian harmonic theory and of traditional harmonic analysis by Roman numerals. The analytical limit which the traditional methodology of the harmonic analysis poses is supplemented and combined with the theoretical strengths that Schenkerian theory provides. In contrast to the conventional harmonic analysis by Roman numerals, which focuses exclusively on local levels of the chord to chord, what I call the macro-analysis, in which the individual labels of each chord are jointed through brackets under the chord symbols, incorporates a deep understanding of the harmonic functions of each chord and of the musical contexts and the harmonic syntax that the chords create. The examination of the tonal harmony from a Schenkerian point of view serves as a basis for the application of the eclectic methodology, the dialectical result of the Rameauian and Schenkerian theories, to tonal music. Excerpts from Schubert's Lied, Nact and Tra¨ume and Chopin's Nocturne in A^(b) major, Op. 32, no. 2 are analyzed both by the macro-analytic technique and by the Schenkerian analytic method. The paper reveals that the two analytic methods lead to quite similar analytic results.

본 연구에서는 화훼장식품의 가치제고와 대중화를 위해 새로운 감상 모델을 제시하였다. 그 구성요소로 서 제목, 외관, 소재와 함께 스타일을 감상 기준으로 설정하였다. 이를 근거로 하여 새로운 감상 모델을 개발하고 꽃모델이라고 지칭하였다. 꽃모델을 화훼장식품 감상에 적용한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 작품 해석의 다양성을 도출 및 입증할 수 있었다. 둘째, 형식과 내용의 측면에서 작품의 전체와 이를 구성하는 부분적 요소 간의 관련성을 통합적이고 유기적요로 반영할 수 있었다. 셋째, 화훼장식의 학문적 연구률 위한 접근 방식의 한계점을 극복할 수 있었다. 넷째, 감상시각의 구체화를 실현할 수 있었다. 다섯째，작품 감상의 다양한 사유를 유도할 수 있으므로 교육적 효과를 지닐 수 있을 것으로 생각되었다.