2015년 ‘파리협정’ 및 2021년 ‘기후위기 대응을 위한 탄소중립·녹색성장 기본법’ 제정에 따라 2030년 국가 온 실가스 감축목표(NDC, 2018년 대비 40% 감축) 달성을 위해서는 지자체별 적절한 온실가스 감축 목표 설정과 이행 노 력이 필수적이다. 이에 이 연구에서는 충청북도 지역을 중심으로 1990-2018년 까지 온실가스 배출 현황을 시계열로 분석하였고, 2030년 국가 온실가스 감축목표와 시나리오를 바탕으로 충청북도의 2030년 온실가스 감축 목표를 제안하였 다. 또한 감축 목표 달성을 위해 BAU 대비 장래 배출량을 고려한 2030년까지의 감축 잠재량을 추정하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 우리나라와 충북의 온실가스 배출량은 1990년 이래 인구 및 경제 성장에 따라 증가해온 것으로 나타났으며, 2018년 국가 대비 충북의 온실가스 배출량은 3.9%로 매우 낮은 편이였고, 시멘트 및 석회 생산, 제조업 및 건설업, 수 송업 등 연료연소에 의한 배출이 주를 이루는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 2030년 NDC 및 2050 탄소중립 시나리오를 반 영한 2030년 충청북도 온실가스 감축 목표는 2018년 대비 40.2%로 설정하였다. 이에 장래 배출량을 고려할 경우 목표 달성을 위한 감축 잠재량은 2018년 대비 46.8%인 것으로 추정되었다. 상기 결과는 국가 및 지자체의 온실가스 감축 목표 달성을 위해서는 분야별 온실가스 감축 수단을 통한 감축 잠재량을 충족하는 것이 중요하다는 것을 의미한다. 또 한 2030년 NDC 및 2050 탄소중립 시나리오 달성을 위해 충북을 포함한 국가 및 각 지자체는 온실가스 장래 배출량 을 연도별로 추정하여 매년 감축 목표와 감축 잠재량을 구하고 이를 삭감할 수 있는 구체적인 감축 수단을 마련할 필 요가 있음을 말해준다.

국제해사기구는 해운에 의한 기후변화 방지 대책을 강구하여 왔으며, 특히 2018년 채택 선박 온실가스 배출 감축 초기전략 등을 적극적으로 논의하고 있다. 한편 이를 배경으로 회원국들은 IMO 제5차 온실가스 회기간 작업반 회의(ISWG-GHG: Intersessional Working Group on the Reduction of GHG Emissions)에 다양한 감축 조치를 제안하고 있다. 하지만 각 회원국들의 영향평가 측정방법은 평가 시 고려하는 항목이 상이하며, 이로 인해 국가별 영향평가의 객관적인 비교가 불가능한 실정이다. 실제로 회원국들이 IMO에 제출한 영향평가 측정방법의 분석 시 회원국마다 영향평가 절차나 영향평가 시에 고려하는 항목이 서로 상이하였다. 온실가스 감축을 위한 각국의 다양한 조치들이 제안되고 있는바 IMO의 온실가스 감축 전략이 본격적으로 시행되는 2023년 이전에 영향평가 측정 시의 평가항목 등을 표준화 하는 등 모든 국가가 공통으로 적용할 수 있는 표준 영향평가 측정방법을 마련할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 선박 온실가스 감축조치의 영향평가 결과를 객관적으로 비교하기 위한 영향평가 세부 가이드라인을 개발하고자 한다. 각국 감축 전략의 실효성을 비교할 수 있는 세부 가이드라인을 도출 시 이를 통해 GHG 감축을 주도하는 해사환경 선도국이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Chuncheon according to the IPCC guideline, and they increased from 1,014,382 ton-CO2 in 2000 to 1,084,914 ton-CO2 in 2009. Using BAU scenario GHG emissions in 2020 was estimated to be 1,518,526 ton-CO2, which increase approximately 40% from those for 2009. Six reduction methods were applied in this study, including solar power generation, substitution of LED lights, individual and families' energy reduction efforts, cogeneration of incinerator, and expansion of natural gas line. Estimated total reduced GHG emission was 174,340 ton-CO2.

Over the past two decades, the options for solid waste management have been changing from land disposal to recycling, waste-to-energy, and incineration due to growing attention for resource and energy recovery. In addition, the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission has become an issue of concern in the waste sector because such gases often released into the atmosphere during the waste management processes (e.g., biodegradation in landfills and combustion by incineration) can contribute to climate change. In this study, the emission and reduction rates of GHGs by the municipal solid waste (MSW) management options in D city have been studied for the years 1996-2016. The emissions and reduction rates were calculated according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines and the EU Prognos method, respectively. A dramatic decrease in the waste landfilled was observed between 1996 and 2004, after which its amount has been relatively constant. Waste recycling and incineration have been increased over the decades, leading to a peak in the GHG emissions from landfills of approximately 63,323 tCO2 eq/yr in 2005, while the lowest value of 35,962 tCO2 eq/ yr was observed in 2016. In 2016, the estimated emission rate of GHGs from incineration was 59,199 tCO2 eq/yr. The reduction rate by material recycling was the highest (-164,487 tCO2 eq/yr) in 2016, followed by the rates by heat recovery with incineration (-59,242 tCO2 eq/yr) and landfill gas recovery (-23,922 tCO2 eq/yr). Moreover, the cumulative GHG reduction rate between 1996 and 2016 was -3.46 MtCO2 eq, implying a very positive impact on future CO2 reduction achieved by waste recycling as well as heat recovery of incineration and landfill gas recovery. This study clearly demonstrates that improved MSW management systems are positive for GHGs reduction and energy savings. These results could help the waste management decision-makers supporting the MSW recycling and energy recovery policies as well as the climate change mitigation efforts at local government level.

This study examined the potentials for greenhouse gas reduction by material recovery and energy recovery from municipal solid waste between 2017 and 2026 in Daejeon Metropolitan City (DMC), which is trying to establish a material-cycle society by constructing a waste-to-energy town by 2018. The town consists of energy recovery facilities such as a mechanical treatment facility for fluff-type solid refuse fuel (SRF) with a power generation plant and anaerobic digestion of food waste for biogas recovery. Such recycling and waste-to-energy facilities will not only reduce GHGs, but will also substitute raw materials for energy consumption. The emissions and reduction rate of GHGs from MSW management options were calculated by the IPCC guideline and EU Prognos method. This study found that in DMC, the decrease of the amount of MSW landfilled and the increase of recycling and waste-to-energy flow reduced GHGs emissions from 167,332 tonCO2 eq/yr in 2017 to 123,123 tonCO2 eq/yr in 2026. Material recycling had the highest rate of GHG reduction (-228,561 tonCO2 eq/yr in 2026), followed by the solid refuse fuels (-29,146 tonCO2 eq/yr in 2026) and biogas treatment of food waste (-3,421 tonCO2 eq/yr in 2026). This study also shows that net GHG emission was found to be -30,505 tonCO2 eq in 2017 and -105,428 tonCO2 eq, indicating a great and positive impact on future CO2 emission. Improved MSW management with increased recycling and energy recovery of material waste streams can positively contribute to GHGs reduction and energy savings. The results of this study would help waste management decision-makers clarify the effectiveness of recycling MSW, and their corresponding energy recovery potentials, as well as to understand GHG reduction by the conversion.

전체 매립지의 80%를 차지하고 있는 중소규모 매립지의 경우, 저농도 메탄의 소량 발생으로 인하여 연료 활용은 부대시설 비용 증가로 가격 경쟁력을 갖지 못하고 있다. 매립지가스의 주성분은 메탄과 이산화탄소로 이루어져 있으며, 그 외 미량의 불순물질인 수분, 황화수소, 암모니아, 할로겐 화합물, 실록산 등이 존재한다(Rasi et al., 2007). 이 매립지가스의 주성분인 이산화탄소와 메탄을 분리･정제 등 별도의 농축 없이 직접 사용할 수 있으므로 메탄 활용 공정의 단순화 및 고집적화가 필요하다. 현재, 상용화된 매립지가스 전처리 기술은 가스포집 후 냉각응축, 제습 장치 및 건조/가온 장치 등을 통한 다단계 수분 제거기술을 포함하고 있으며, 탈황 및 활성탄을 이용한 미량 유해성분 제거 기술을 활용하고 있다. 매립지가스의 자원화를 통한 온실가스 감축을 위해서는 이 불순물질을 제거하는 전처리 공정이 필요하다. 불순물질 중 황화수소는 자원화 설비를 부식시킬 수 있으며, 실록산의 경우 연소과정으로 생성된 이산화규소가 발전설비 내 스케일을 형성시켜 설비를 마모시킬 수 있다. 기존 공정에서는 황화수소와 실록산이 독립된 공정에서 제거되어 설비의 설치비 및 유지비가 증대되는 문제점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 매립지가스 중에 포함된 미량의 불순물질을 제거하기 위하여 미량의 수분 제거, 황화수소와 실록산의 동시에 제거할 수 있는 흡착공정을 적용하였다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 매립지가스 중에 포함된 미량의 불순물질을 충분히 제거하고, 100kW급 가스엔진발전기를 통하여 발전하고, 이를 한전의 전력망에 계통연계하여 매립지에서 발생하는 온실가스를 감축하는 수단으로 활용하였다. 이와 같이 가스엔진발전을 통한 지자체 단위의 중소형 매립지에서 발생되는 온실가스를 감축하는데 적용하였으며, 이에 대한 온실가스 감축 사례에 대한 연구 결과를 도출하였다.

In recent years, waste-to-energy conversion using municipal solid waste (MSW) has been gaining attention in municipalities. Such conversion can reduce the dependency of non-renewable energy such as fossil fuels by generating solid refuse fuel (SRF) and diverting landfilling of the waste, although there is debate over the efficiency and economic aspect of the practice. With a growing interest in the conversion, D city is trying to adopt all possible measures towards achieving a material-cycle society by constructing a waste-to-energy town by 2018. The waste-to-energy town will be comprised of energy recovery facilities such as a mechanical treatment facility for fluff-type SRF with a power generation plant, and anaerobic digestion of food waste for biogas recovery. In this paper, we focus on estimating the energy recovery potentials and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction of MSW by waste-to-energy conversion under three different scenarios. The data required for this study were obtained from available national statistics and reports, a literature review, and interviews with local authorities and industry experts. The lower heating value was calculated using the modified Dulong equation. Based on the results of this study, the energy recovery potential of MSW was calculated to be approximately 14,201-51,122 TOE/y, 12,426-44,732 TOE/y, and 8,520-30,673 TOE/y for Scenarios 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The reduction of GHG by such conversion was estimated to range from 10,074-36,938 tonCO2eq/y, depending on scenario. This study would help determine the production rate of fluff-type SRF to be converted into a form of energy. In addition, this study would aid waste management decision-makers to clarify the effectiveness of recycling of MSW and their corresponding energy recovery potentials, as well as to understand GHG reduction by the conversion.

Aluminum can is one of the common and economically valuable recycling items in municipal waste streams. In this study, the reduction rate of the greenhouse gas emission and energy savings were estimated when aluminum cans are recycled by using material flow analysis, US EPA WARM method, and EU Prognos method. Based on the results, approximately 16,630 ton of aluminum in 2010 was recovered as ingot, while 10,873 ton of aluminum can to can recycling occurred in the same year. The reduction rate of aluminum recycling was estimated to be 240,986 tCO2eq/yr by US EPA WARM method, while about 305,283 tCO2eq/yr was found by the recycling using EU Prognos method. The difference resulted partly from the different system boundary and the loss rate during aluminum recycling process. The results of the energy savings and greenhouse gas reduction rate would be valuable for waste management policy makers to estimate the potential reduction rate of greenhouse gas by aluminum can recycling and accelerate recycling infrastructure of waste streams. This study also implies that the applications and results of both methods to estimate greenhouse gas reduction rates by aluminum can recycling should be carefully reviewed and acknowledged before the use of the method due to the different assumptions and results that are anticipated.

With a growing concern of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to climate change, many activities and efforts onthe greenhouse gas reduction have been implemented in solid waste sectors. Since recycling is the major managementoption for solid waste in Korea, it is important to estimate the reduction of the greenhouse gas emission during recyclingprocesses. In this study, two common methodologies, Prognos method of EU and waste reduction model (WARM) methodof USA, have been critically reviewed and compared to estimate the reduction for recycling of waste paper in terms ofsystem boundary, recycling processes, and emission factors. As a common point of two methodologies, the reductionfactors for the paper recycling have been developed by subtracting the recycled product emissions from the virgin productemissions to get the greenhouse gas savings. While the recycling losses and transportation are considered in twomethodology development, there are a number of differences between the methodologies in system boundary,transportation distance and forest carbon sequestration. As a result, it caused the difference in final greenhouse gasreduction factor of paper recycling. The reduction factor was −820kgCO2eq/ton in Prognos method, while −3,891kgCO2eq/ton was found in the WARM method. When both methods were applied to recycling of waste paper in Korea,the greenhouse gas reductions by the Prognos method and the WARM method were found to be 3,485.2tCO2eq/day and2,248.8tCO2eq/day, respectively. When the carbon sequestration by forest is considered in the WARM method, thereduction rate was estimated to be 16,538.3tCO2eq/day. The main reasons for such difference can be attributed to systemboundary and forest carbon sequestration. Especially, forest carbon sequestration can be an important factor in Korea thatusually manufactures papers from imported pulp from abroad. This study implies that the applications and results of bothmethods to estimate greenhouse gas reduction by waste recycling should carefully reviewed and acknowledged beforeuse due to the different assumptions and results that are anticipated.

The main objective of this experimental investigation was CH4 recovery from biogas generated in municipal and wastewater treatment plant. The polysulfone hollow fiber membrane was prepared in order to investigate the permeation properties of CH4 and CO2. Permeability of CO2 in Polysulfone membrane was 11-fold higher than of CH4 gas. A membrane pilot plant for upgrading biogas was constructed and operated at a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The raw biogas contained 66 ~ 68 Vol % CH4, the balance being mainly CO2. The effect of the operating pressure of feed and permeate side and feed flowrate on CH4 recovery concentration and efficiency were investigated with double stage membrane pilot plant. The CH4 concentration in the retentate stream was raised in these tests to 93 Vol % CH4.

Recently many countries agreed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere or at least to keep them at the current level at the Kyoto Protocol. Carbon dioxide has been proven to be 80% of greenhouse gases, contributing to the increase of the earth’s surface temperature. It is reported that half of the CO2 emissions are produced by industry and power plants using fossil fuels. In this article, we review and analysis domestic and abroad R&D policy trends relating to UN framework convention on climate change(UNFCCC).