This study aimed to examine whether McConnell taping for deltoid inhibition affects the Electromyographic (EMG) activity of shoulder girdle muscles during arm elevation. Ten young healthy men were randomly assigned to an experimental and control groups of five men each. For the experimental group, we performed taping for deltoid inhibition on the skin over anterior and posterior deltoids with non-elastic specific tape, and sham-taping with non-elastic under-tape for the control group. Surface EMG measurements were performed three times (before, during and after the tapings) at upper and lower trapezius, mid-deltoid, and serratus anterior muscles while elevating dominant aim with loading and unloading conditions. In deltoid inhibition taping group, there were significant differences in EMG activity of mid-deltoid (p<.05) and serratus anterior (p<.05) muscles during arm elevation with loading. During arm elevation without loading, the EMG activity was significantly decreased for MD in the McConnell taping group (p<.05). The findings indicate that deltoid inhibition taping can modify the activation patterns in shoulder girdle muscles as well as in deltoid muscle. in clinical setting. it may be effectively used for the management of patients with shoulder dysfunction.

관수량 조절을 통한 수분 스트레스 처리가 토마토 과실의 착색불량과실의 발생에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 관행 처리(-15 kPa)에서는 착색불량과실의 발생률이 26.4%였으나 관수량을 줄인 -30 kpa 처리구에서 12.5%로 50%이상 감소하였다. 과실의 전체 칼리 함량은 정상과실과 착색불량과실 간에 차이가 없었지만, 착색불량과실의 경우 적색인 상단부위에 비해 녹색인 하단부위 과육에서 25% 많았다. 전반적으로 착과 후 시기가 경과할수록 가용성 당 함량은 증가하고 전분함량은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 착색불량과 실의 녹색인 하단부위 과육에서는 수확시기가 경과하여도 전분 함량에는 차이가 없었다. Sucrose phosphate synthase 활성은 착색불량과실에 비해서 정상 과실의 과육에서 높은 경향을 보였고 과육의 부위별 활성 차이도 적었다. Invertase의 활성은 정상과실에서는 상단부위와 하단부위 과육 간에 활성 차이가 없었지만, 착색불량과실에서는 적색인 상단부위에서는 높은 활성을 보인 반면 녹색인 하단부위에서는 낮은 활성을 보였다. 또한 peroxidase와 alcohol dehydrogenase의 활성은 정상과실에서 높았으며, 착색불량과실에서는 녹색인 하단부위 과육과 적색인 상단부위 과육 간에 큰 차이를 보였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 토마토의 착색불량 과실은 과실내의 여러 가지 대사작용 불균형으로 발생되는데, 적당한 수분 스트레스 처리로 발생을 억제할 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

고속도로의 교통사고는 다양한 원인들에 의해 발생되고, 그중 운전자의 부주의는 가장 중요한 교통사고 원인으로 알려져 있다. 주의 및 규제표지와 노면요철포장 등의 도로안전시설은 이러한 운전자 부주의를 막기 위해 설치 운영되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 서해안고속도로 일부구간에 설치된 길어깨-노면요철포장의 교통사고감소 효과를 분석하기 위해 C-G 방법 (Hauer에 의해 개발된 비교그룹을 이용하는 사전 사후 분석방법)을 수행하였다. 분석결과 길어깨에 도로요철포장을 설치한 도로는 설치하지 않은 도로에 비해 차도이탈사고가 연간 2.43건 정도 감소한 것으로 나타났으며 감소율은 0.38(표준편차 0.21)인 것으로 나타났다. 차도이탈사고는 교통사고 중 길어깨-노면요철포장 설치에 가장 민감하게 영향을 받는 사고형태이다. 본 연구를 통해 서해안고속도로에 설치된 길어깨-노면요철포장은 교통사고 감소에 기여한 것으로 분석되었으며, 특히 차도이탈사고가 현저하게 감소된 것으로 분석되었다.

This study was carried out to compare the muscle activities of the shoulder stabilizers between persons with and without winging scapular during push-up plus exercise (adds the scapular protraction to the general push-up exercise). For this study, eleven males with winging scapular and eleven healthy males were recruited. Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the serratus anterior, upper trapezius, lower trapezius, infraspinatus, and pectoralis major while the subjects performed the push-up plus. Each push-up plus was subdivided into three phases according to the elbow position which was measured using the 3-D motion analysis system: elbow flexion (EF), elbow extension (EE), and shoulder protraction phases (SP). Two-way repeated measure ANOVA (phase group) were used for statistical analysis. There was significant phase by group interaction only on the EMG composition ratio of the serratus anterior (p>.05). The EMG composition ratio of the serratus anterior was significantly higher in SP than in either EF or EE however, it was not different between winging scapular and normal groups. For both groups, the EMG composition ratio of upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and pectoralis major was significantly different across the phases of push-up plus, but the infraspinatus EMG composition ratio was not. For both groups, in EF and EE phases, the EMG composition ratio of both pectoralis major and serratus anterior were relatively higher than that of other muscles. However, in both groups, the EMG composition ratio of the serratus anterior became much more predominant than that of the pectoralis major. In addition, infraspinatus activated greater than pectoralis major. These results showed that the push-up plus exercise is effective to selectively strengthen the serratus anterior for both individuals with and without winging scapular, but not equally effective for other shoulder stabilizers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of slump sitting postures on the masticatory, neck, shoulder, and trunk muscles associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD). Eleven healthy adults (age, 23.3±2.7 yrs; height, 174.0±4.1 ㎝; weight, 61.4±6.6 ㎏) participated in this study. The participants were free of injury history and neurologic deficits in the masticatory, neck muscles and upper extremities at the time of participation. The subjects were asked to perform erect and slump sitting postures under the guidance of physical therapists. The surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the anterior temporalis, masseter, upper trapezius, serratus anterior, middle trapezius, L3 paraspinal, external abdominal oblique, gluteus maximus muscles of 11 adults as they performed visual terminal display work, which are known as the weakened and tightened muscles owing to WRMD. The recorded signals were averaged and normalized to the mean amplitude of the EMG signal obtained during submaximal reference voluntary contractions. The results of study were as follows: The masseter, upper trapezius, serratus anterior, middle trapezius, L3 paraspinal, external abdominal oblique muscles significantly differed in the slump sitting posture (p<.05). The muscle activities of the serratus anterior, middle trapezius muscle, and external abdominal oblique were significantly lower and that of the masseter, upper trapezius, L3 paraspinal muscles were significantly higher. Further research is needed to assess the motor control problems and the function of the deep muscles in posture stability of patients with WRMD.

Altered scapular kinematics in the scapular joint is commonly believed to be a factor contributing to trunk posture. The purpose of this study was to analyze the muscle activity with several changes of the shoulder angle. Tests were performed on 10 male subjects by repeated measures. Each subject was measured while sitting in both erect and slouched trunk positions. In each sitting posture, a three-dimensional motion analysis measurement was used to measure thoracic angle and shoulder abduction angle. Measurements were taken with the shoulder abdcution angle at , , , , , and . By using surface Electromyography (EMG) electrodes, we recorded the activity of the upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, middle deltoid, and serratus anterior muscle while the subject held a 4 kg weight at each angle. The mean of root mean square (RMS) of EMG activity was calculated. The middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and middle deltoid muscle activity showed significantly higher results but serratus anterior muscle activity showed significantly lower results (p<.05). With the shoulder angle increased, the muscle activity was also significantly increased (p<.05). In conclusion, the thoracic spine posture significantly affects the scapular muscle during scapular plane abduction, and the slouched posture is associated with increased trapezius muscle activity and with decreased serratus anterior muscle activity.

A single subject experimental design (alternating treatment design) was used to compare the effects of only ultrasound and ultrasound combined with stretching of the joint capsule on the ROM increase and pain reduction in patients with frozen shoulder. Two subjects were included in each group. In the only ultrasound treatment sessions, ultrasound was applied at the pain point of the shoulder joint in supine position. In the ultrasound combined with stretching treatment sessions, ultrasound was applied at the pain point of the shoulder joint positioned in external rotation and abduction in sitting position. Only ultrasound treatment and ultrasound combined with stretching treatment were alternately performed on each patient. Pain and disability was measured by shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI), and range of motion (ROM) was measured by scratch test. The results of this study showed that ultrasound combined with stretching treatment were more effective than only ultrasound treatment in ROM increase and pain reduction. However, disability score was not significantly different.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of wheelchair propulsion speed changes on the shoulder impingement syndrome. Method: EMG activity of 5 muscles (biceps brachii, pectoralis major, deltoid anterior, triceps brachii, and trapezius) were recorded with surface electrodes in 24 males during propulsion of three different speed levels on a motor-driven wheelchair treadmill. EMG signal was analysed using root mean square (RMS) values. In order to assure the statistical significance of the results, the one-way ANOVA and a Post Hoc Multiple Comparison were applied at the 0.05 level of significance. Results: The results of this study were as follows: Biceps brachii, and pectoralis RMS value variations of wheelchair propulsion speed between 45m/min and 60m/min, and between 60m/min and 75m/min were not statistically different (p>0.05). Triceps brachii, deltoid anterior and trapezius RMS value variations of wheelchair propulsion speed between 45m/min and 75m/min were statistically different (p<0.05). Conclusions: The risk of impingement syndrome has increased from deltoid muscle contraction growth and trapezoid, triceps brachial muscle endurance decrease when wheelchair propulsion speed rises. To prevent from impingement syndrome wheelchair users should strengthen and endure shoulder muscles. Besides we need education on propulsion posture and suitable position for wheelchair users.

Thirty normal adults were tested to measure the electrical activity of the anterior (AD), middle (MD), and posterior portion (PD) of the deltoid muscle and sternal portion of the pectoralis major muscle (PM) during the performance of four upper extremity PNF diagonal patterns with elbow flexion angle in , , and . The PNF patterns in which these muscles function optimally have been theoretically advanced by Kabat and further described by Knott and Voss. They theorize that the MD should be most active with shoulder flexion, abduction, and external rotation (D2F); the PD with shoulder extension, abduction, and internal rotation (D1E); the AD with shoulder flexion, adduction, and external rotation (D1F); and the PM with shoulder extension, adduction and internal rotation (D2E). The patterns were performed through range of motion, with an isometric contraction performed in the shortened range. When the EMG activity of AD, MD, PD and PM in its optimal patterns was measured, it does not have significant difference among fixed elbow flexion angle , , and (p>.05). In addition, suggestions were made for study of patients who exhibit imbalance of muscle strength and have muscle weakness.

A single subject experimental design (alternating treatment design) was used to compare the effects of Mulligan method and electrotherapy on the pain and limitation of range of motion in patients with frozen shoulder. In the Mulligan method sessions, the physiotherapist performed a posterior and caudal glide on the patient while the patient was performing shoulder flexion and abduction. In the electrotherapy sessions, the patient received ultrasound and interference current treatments. Mulligan method and electrotherapy were alternately performed on each patient. Pain was measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) and range of motion (ROM) was measured by modified finger ladder. The results showed that both Mulligan method and electrotherapy were effective in pain reduce and ROM increase, but Mulligan method was superior to electrotherapy in ROM increase while electrotherapy was superior to Mulligan method in pain reduce.

For effective rehabilitation of the shoulder, physical therapists must have correct knowledge of shoulder movements. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between shoulder movements and the rotation of the humerus in the sagittal, coronal and scapular planes. Fifty normal subjects(25 male, 25 female) were tested using a Dualar-plus digital goniometer and an air-splint. The subjects performed active shoulder elevation in each plane with the humerus rotated in both medial and lateral directions. The range of motion(ROM) of the glenohumeral joint was measured three times. The paired t-test was used to determine the difference in ROM between medial and lateral rotation of the humerus. Results showed that, in the sagittal and the coronal planes, there was a significant difference(p < 0.01) in ROM of the shoulder between medial rotation and lateral rotation which was greater. But in the scapular plane, there was no difference between medial and lateral rotation. Physical therapists should consider these results when the goal of treatment is to increase ROM of the shoulder.

The techniques of joint mobilization and traction are used to improve joint mobility or to decrease pain by restoring accessory movements to the shoulder joints and thus allowing full, nonrestriced, pain-free range of motion. In the glenohumeral joint, the humeral head would be the convex surface, while the glenoid fossa would be the concave surface. The medial end of the clavicle is concave anterioposteriorly and convex superioinferiorly, the articular surface of the sternum is reciprocally curved. The acromioclavicular joint is a plane synovial joint between a small convex facet on lateral end of the clavicle and a small concave facet on the acromion of the scapula. The relationship between the shape of articulating joint surface and the direction of gliding is defined by the Convex-Concave Rule. If the concave joint surface is moving on a stationary convex surface, gliding occur in the same direction as the rolling motion. If the convex surface is moving on a stationary concave surface, gliding will occur in an opposite direction to rolling. Hypomobile shoulder joints are treated be using a gliding technique.

NREX, an upper limb exoskeleton robot, was developed at the National Rehabilitation Center to assist in the upper limb movements of subjects with weak muscular strength and control ability of the upper limbs, such as those with hemiplegia. For the free movement of the shoulder of the existing NREX, three passive joints were added, which improved its wearability. For the flexion/extension movement and internal/external rotation movement of the shoulder of the robot, the ball lock pin is used to fix or rotate the passive joint. The force and torque between a human and a robot were measured and analyzed in a reaching movement for four targets using a six-axis force/torque sensor for 20 able-bodied subjects. The addition of two passive joints to allow the user to rotate the shoulder can confirm that the average force of the upper limb must be 31.6% less and the torque must be 48.9% less to perform the movement related to the axis of rotation.