To utilize textured vegetable protein (TVP) in food manufacturing, TVP was soaked in salt solutions of different concentrations. Physicochemical quality characteristics of TVP were then measured. When TVP was soaked in a salt solution, the pH tended to increase compared to the control. However, the pH decreased after 18 hours of soaking. The salinity of the control decreased slightly from the initial value depending on the soaking time. The group treated with salt solution showed higher salinity than the control. Water absorption capacity of the control increased as the soaking time increased. However, water absorption capacity of the group treated with salt solution decreased as the concentration of salt solution increased. Lightness of the group treated with salt solution showed less change than the control during soaking. The redness increased as the concentration of salt solution increased. The yellowness increased compared to the control during soaking. Hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the control decreased during soaking in water. The group treated with salt solution showed significantly higher hardness, gumminess, and chewiness as the concentration of the salt solution increased. However, adhesiveness, elasticity, and cohesiveness generally did not show significant differences among samples.

본 연구는 해조류인 괭생이 모자반을 탄화하여 만든 바이오차의 중금속 흡착 및 제거 효과를 확인하고 중금속 흡착제로 이용 가능성을 확인하고자 연구가 수행되었다. 모자반 바이오차(SBC)는 500℃조건에서 2시간 열분해를 통해 생산하였다. 중금속 흡착실험은 Pb, Cd, Cu 및 Zn의 각 농도별 흡착량을 확인하였으며, Freundlich 및 Langmuir 등온흡착모델을 통해 중금속 흡착 효율성을 확인하였다. 모자반 바이오차의 중금속 제거효율은 Pb, Cd, Cu 및 Zn에서 각각 97.3, 85.2, 76.4 및 42.0%로 Pb＞Cd＞Cu＞Zn 순의 제거효율을 보였다. 등온흡착결과로 Freundlich 등온흡착패턴은 L형이었으며, 흡착강도(1/n)는 0.49 ~ 0.80 범위로 조사되었다. Langmuir 등온흡착식에서 최대흡착량은 Pb, Cd, Cu 및 Zn에서 각각 200, 92.6, 47.8 및 70.4 mg g-1이었으며, 흡착강도는 각각 0.4950, 0.1004, 0.0245 및 0.0188로 조사되었다. 본 실험 결과로 볼 때 모자반 바이오차는 중금속 흡착제로써 활용이 가능할 것으로 보여지며, 이를 활용하기 위한 추가 연구가 필요하다고 보여진다.

갯까치수염은 다육성의 2년생 초본 자생식물로서, 제주도, 울릉도를 비롯하여 남해안 지역에서 자라며 자생지의 환경에 맞게 내염성이 크다는 특징이 있고, 다양한 환경에 적응하며 관상가치가 높다. 관련 문헌을 보면 발아조건과 개화조절에 대한 연구만 보고되었고 그 중간단계인 재배에 관한 연구가 부족하여 대량생산을 위한 공정육묘법 개발의 일환으로 이 실 험을 수행하였다. 실험은 플라스틱온실 내에서 발아시킨 1cm 전후의 묘를 50, 128, 200구 트레이에 이식하여 한국원시표 준액(N-P-K-Ca-Mg, 15-3-6-8-4)을 각각 권장 EC농도의 0, 0.5, 1, 2배 농도로 매일 5분간 순환식으로 저면 관수하여 6주간 재배 후 초장, 근장, 엽수, 뿌리수, SPAD, 생체중, 건물 중을 측정하였다. 갯까치수염 생육은 플러그 셀 크기 50셀에 서 생육이 가장 높았다. 양액농도에 따른 갯까치수염의 생육 은 0.5배액에서 초장과 근장의 수치가 가장 높았으며, 모든 생육지표가 양액 농도변화에 따른 차이가 발생하는 것으로 나 타났고 실질적인 총 생산량의 지표라고 할 수 있는 지상부와 지하부의 건물중에 영향을 미치지 않았다는 결과가 나온 것으 로 미뤄 육묘단계에서 양액의 농도가 셀 크기보다 갯까수치염 의 묘 생육에 더 영향이 큰 것으로 보인다. 갯까치수염의 조직 충실도 면에서 0.5, 1, 2배액의 200구에서 가장 높은 결과값 들이 나왔다. 결과적으로 기존 원시표준액에 비해 생장에 유 리한 결과를 보이며 비료도 절약할 수 있는 0.5배 양액처리조 건이 갯까치수염 육묘 재배에 더 효율적이였다.

PURPOSES : Snow-removal performance is performed in this study to assess the feasibility of replacing calcium-chloride solution with sodium chloride solution at the minimum temperature of -5 ℃ during snowfall. METHODS : The atmospheric temperature distribution in Seoul was analyzed. The manufacturing, storage, and indoor melting performance of calcium-chloride and sodium-chloride solutions were evaluated, and on-site snow-removal performance was evaluated based on the solution type. RESULTS : According to the results of the melting performance test at -5°C, the melting capacity of the sodium chloride solution was expressed at a level exceeding 90% of that of the calcium chloride solution, indicating a similar melting performance between the two solutions. Additionally, based on the snow removal performance test using aqueous solutions, the snow removal performance of the sodium chloride solution was found to be approximately 96% compared to that of the calcium chloride solution, indicating minimal differences in snow removal performance due to changes in the type of solution. CONCLUSIONS : Similar snow-removal performance was achieved when the sodium chloride solution was used instead of calciumchloride aqueous solution at temperatures exceeding -5 ℃.

현재 철근콘크리트 분야에서 부재의 철근을 FRP 보강재로 대체하기 위한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. CFRP(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer)는 특히 내화학성이 우수하여 보수 및 보강재로 큰 장점을 가지 며, RC 구조물의 보강재로 주로 사용되고 있다. CFRP 그리드의 경우 수지를 이용하여 섬유를 결합한 형 태를 가진다. 이러한 형태는 외부의 영향에 의해 수지 혹은 섬유의 손상으로 강도 저하가 발생할 수 있다. CFRP 그리드의 산성에 대한 저항성을 침지기간에 따른 인장강도 변화량 및 SEM과 무게 변화를 통해 확인하고자 한다. 따라서 Ph 농도 1~3의 강산성에 CFRP 그리드를 침지시키는 방식을 통해 내 화학 실험을 진행한다. 황산()을 이용하여 산성 용액을 제작한 후 실험을 진행하였다. 실험은 항온장치에서 60℃의 온도로 침지기간은 30, 60, 90, 180일로 한다. 그리드의 인장강도 변화를 확인하기 위하여 기간 별 시편의 수는 5개로 하며 침지시키지 않은 그리 드를 포함하여 총 25개의 시편을 실험한다. 인장실험을 통해 변형률 및 인장강도 변화를 확인한다. 그 리드의 섬유 및 수지의 변화 확인을 위해 실험진행 전 그리드의 무게를 측정 및 SEM(전자주사현미 경) 데이터 확보 후 실험을 진행한다. 기간별 침지된 그리드와 비교를 통해 기간별 섬유 및 수지의 영 향 정도를 확인한다. 본 연구에서는 산성이 CFRP 그리드에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 인장강도, SEM, 무게 변화를 통해 연구하였으며, 이를 통해 산성의 영향을 받는 CFRP 그리드 부재의 안정성을 평가하고자 한다.

In this study, we introduce a novel TiN/Ag embedded TiO2/FTO resistive random-access memory (RRAM) device. This distinctive device was fabricated using an environmentally sustainable, solution-based thin film manufacturing process. Utilizing the peroxo titanium complex (PTC) method, we successfully incorporated Ag precursors into the device architecture, markedly enhancing its performance. This innovative approach effectively mitigates the random filament formation typically observed in RRAM devices, and leverages the seed effect to guide filament growth. As a result, the device demonstrates switching behavior at substantially reduced voltage and current levels, heralding a new era of low-power RRAM operation. The changes occurring within the insulator depending on Ag contents were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Additionally, we confirmed the correlation between Ag and oxygen vacancies (Vo). The current-voltage (I-V ) curves obtained suggest that as the Ag content increases there is a change in the operating mechanism, from the space charge limited conduction (SCLC) model to ionic conduction mechanism. We propose a new filament model based on changes in filament configuration and the change in conduction mechanisms. Further, we propose a novel filament model that encapsulates this shift in conduction behavior. This model illustrates how introducing Ag alters the filament configuration within the device, leading to a more efficient and controlled resistive switching process.

Organic wastewater causes serious environmental pollution, and catalytic oxidation is promising technique for wastewater treatment. Developing green and effective catalysts is currently challenging. In this work, green synthesis of nano zerovalent iron loaded onto porous biochar derived from popcorn is conducted, and catalytic oxidation of Rhodamine B (RhB) is evaluated in the presence of H2O2. Effect of process factors is examined on catalytic performance for RhB removal. The mechanism of RhB removal is discussed by characterizations (Fourier transform infrared spectra and Raman) and UV–vis spectra. RhB removal is improved with high catalyst dosage, low initial RhB concentration, and high reaction temperature, while it is slightly influenced by carbonization temperature of biochar, H2O2 dosage and pH value. Under conditions of BC-250 1.0 g/L, H2O2 0.01 mol/L, pH 6.1, and temperature 30 °C, the removal rate of RhB is 92.27% at 50 min. Pseudo first-order kinetics is used to fitting experimental data, and the activation energy for RhB removal in BC-250/H2O2 system is 39 kJ/mol. RhB removal in BC-250/H2O2 system can be attributed to adsorption effect and catalytic oxidation with the dominant role of hydroxyl radical. This work gives insights into catalytic oxidation of organic wastewater using green catalyst.

Currently, the number of animals administered in animal hospitals and drugs prescriptions has increased. At the same time, the number of cases of violation of administrative measures due to violations of the Narcotics Control Act has also increased. Therefore, it is necessary to review whether the current status of drug prescriptions, management and supervision systems in animal hospitals are correct and whether there is anything to be supplemented. Although drug handling is managed through NIMS, there are problems such as poor supervision due to the NIMS single system, reporting exceptions that form blind spots for management supervision, and lack of connection between prescriptions and medical departments within the system. In order to overcome these problems, the following improvement plans are proposed. First, reduces the hassle of handling reports and facilitates verification of medical records and prescriptions by strengthening the link between NIMS and animal hospital electronic charts, and strengthens the link between drug handling reports of medical institutions and drug handling reports of animal hospitals to prevent exposure to medical shopping. Second, by introducing a preliminary notification system into the veterinary system, drug misuse is prevented through prior notification in accordance with the criteria for preventing misuse of animal drugs. Third, by modifying the NIMS reporting system by introducing disease classification symbols, the exact cause of the increase in use is identified by preparing drug use data for each disease. Based on these improvements, it is expected that a management system that reflects the actual medical environment of animal hospitals will be established and drug abuse will be prevented based on guidelines.

해양은 인간이 발생시킨 대기 중 탄소를 흡수하고 탄소가 대기 중에 더욱 축적되는 것을 방지하는 등 국제 탄소 순환에서 중요 한 역할을 하고 있다. 그러나 유엔기후변화협약(UNFCCC) 당사국총회 및 주요 협상의제에서 해양 분야는 기후변화에 의한 희생자로 여겨 진 반면, 기후해결을 위한 해결책으로서는 크게 주목받지 못하였다. 최근 해양과 기후시스템이 서로 긴밀하게 연결되어 있고 해양은 기후 위기를 해결하기 위해 그 동안 다루지 않았던 수많은 기회를 제공할 수 있다는 인식이 제고되면서, 해양을 기반으로 한 기후 행동을 강화 하기 위한 논의를 시작하고 있다. UNFCCC는 2020년부터 해양과 기후변화 이슈를 통합하고 이를 강화하기 위한 논의의 장으로서 ‘해양대 화’를 개최하며, 해양기반기후행동을 강화하기 위한 방안과 도전과제 등을 논의·공유하고 있다. 이와 관련하여 본 연구는 해양기반기후행 동에 대한 국제적 논의 배경과 주요 내용을 살펴보고, 해양기반기후행동이 추구해야 하는 내용의 범위와 이를 달성하기 위한 방향에 대 한 견해를 제시해보았다. 그리고 해양기반기후행동을 강화하기 위한 방안으로서 통합적 접근과 상호혜택의 증진 등을 위한 과제를 제시 하고, 이를 기반으로 국내에서 해양기반기후행동을 강화하기 위한 과제를 제안하였다.

Selenium (Se), a vital trace element found naturally, plays a pivotal role for human being in low concentrations. Notably, within the spectrum of essential elements, Se possesses the most restricted range between the dietary deficiency (< 40 μg day-1) and the acute toxicity (> 400 μg day-1). Therefore, it is of paramount importance to maintain bioavailable Se levels within permissible limits in our drinking water sources. Among the various Se species, inorganic variants such as selenite (SeO3 2-) and selenate (SeO4 2-) are highly water-soluble, with SeO3 2- being notably more toxic than SeO4 2-. Consequently, the primary focus lies in effectively sequestering SeO3 2- from aquatic environments. Numerous methods have been investigated for SeO3 2- adsorption, including the use of metal oxides and carbon-based materials. Especially, iron oxides have garnered extensive attention due to their water stability and environmentally friendly properties. Nevertheless, their limited surface area and insufficient adsorption sites impose constraints on their efficacy as materials for SeO3 2- removal. Recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), composed of metal centers bridged by organic linkers have increasingly focused as promising adsorbents for SeO3 2- removal, offering significant advantages such as large surface areas, high porosities, and structural versatility. Furthermore, there is a growing interest in defective MOFs, where intentional defects are introduced into the MOF structure. This deliberate introduction of defects aims to enhance the adsorption capacity by increasing the number of available adsorption sites. In this context, herein, we present the Fe-BTC (BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid) synthesized via a post-synthetic metal-ion metathesis (PSMM) approach, which is one of the defect engineering methods applied to metal sites. We employ the well-established MOF, HKUST-1, known for its substantial surface area, as the pristine MOF. While the pristine MOF has a crystalline phase, during the PSMM process, Fe-BTC is transformed into an amorphous phase by allowing the introduction of numerous metal defect sites. These introduced metal defect sites serve as Lewis acidic sites, enhancing the adsorption capability for selenite. Furthermore, despite its amorphous nature, Fe-BTC exhibits a substantial surface area and porosity comparable to that of the crystalline pristine MOF. Consequently, Fe-BTC, distinguished by its numerous adsorption sites and its high porosity, demonstrates a remarkable capacity for selenite adsorption.

Heavy metal wastewater containing cobalt (Co2+) has received more attention as an environment issue, which is released from electroplating processes, battery materials industries, nuclear power plants, etc. Especially, cobalt exposed to high-temperature and high-pressure environment during the operation of a nuclear power plant to form corrosion products and forming a chalk river unidentified deposit (CURD) along with radioactive materials generated in cooling water pipes. Cobalt present in the oxide film is mainly Co-60, which emits radiation and causes increased radiation exposure to workers, and efficient management is essential. In this study, we demonstrated the performance of copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) electrodes in a capacitive deionization (CDI) system for Co2+ ions removal. The structure and chemical status of CuHCF used as an electrode material were characterized, and electrochemical properties were evaluated. This study showed that Co2+ ions could be efficiently removed in aqueous solutions using CuHCF electrodes. It has been experimentally shown that the ion removal mechanism is driven by the insertion of Co2+ ions within the CuHCF lattice channels. The deionization capacities in 20 and 50 mg-Co2+ L-1 aqueous solutions were 141.62 and 156.85 mg g-1, respectively, and the corresponding charge efficiencies (Λ) were 0.55 and 0.68, respectively. Thus, we suggest that an electrochemically driven process using CuHCF can usefully remove Co2+ ions from wastewater.

With the importance of permanent disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) generated in Korea, the deep geological disposal system based on the KBS-3 type is being developed. Since the deep geological repository must provide the long-term isolation of HLW from the surface environment and normal habitats for humans, plants, and animals, it is essential to assess the longterm performance of the disposal facility considering thermal-hydraulic-mechanical-chemical (TH- M-C) evolution. Decay heat dissipated from HLW contained in the canister causes an increase in temperature in the adjacent area. The requirement for the maximum temperature is established in consideration of the possibility of bentonite degradation. Therefore, when designing the repository, the temperature in the region of interest should be identified in detail through the thermal evolution assessment to ensure that the design requirement is satisfied. In the thermal evolution analysis, it is needed to evaluate the temperature distribution over the entire area of the disposal panel to consider the heat generated from both a single canister and adjacent canisters. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes are widely used for detailed temperature analysis but are limited to simulating a wide range. Accordingly, in this study, we developed an analytical solution-based program for efficiently calculating the temperature distribution throughout the deposition panel, which is based on threedimensional heat conduction equations. The code developed can assess the temperature distribution of engineered and natural barrier systems. Principal parameters to be inputted are as follows: (a) geometry of the panel (e.g. width, length, height, spacing between canisters), (b) geometry of the canister (e.g. diameter, height), (c) thermal properties of bentonite and host-rock, (d) initial conditions (e.g. residual heat, temperature), and (e) time information (e.g. canister emplacement rate, time-interval, period). Through the calculation for the conceptual problem of a deposition panel capable of accommodating 900 (i.e. 30×30) canisters, it was confirmed that the program can adequately predict when and where the maximum temperature will occur. It is expected that the overall temperature distribution within the panel can be obtained by the evaluation of the entire region using this program reflecting the detailed design of the repository to be developed in the future. In addition, the thermal evolution analysis considering the influence of other canisters can be performed by applying the results as boundary conditions in the CFD analysis.

In 2012, POSIVA selected a bentonite-based (montmorillonite) block/pellet as the backfilling solution for the deposition tunnel in the application for a construction license for the deep geological repository of high-level radioactive waste in Finland. However, in the license application (i.e. SC-OLA) for the operation submitted to the Finnish Government in 2021, the design for backfilling was changed to a granular mixture consisting of bentonite (smectite) pellets crushed to various sizes, based on NAGRA’s buffer solution. In this study, as part of the preliminary design of the deep geological repository system in Korea, we reviewed history and its rationale for the design change of Finland’s deposition tunnel backfilling solution. After the construction license was granted by the Finnish Government in 2015, POSIVA conducted various lab- and full-scale in-situ tests to evaluate the producibility and performance of two design alternatives (i.e. block/pellet type and granular type) for backfilling. Principal demonstration tests and their results are summarized as follows: (a) Manufacturing of blocks using three types of materials (Friedland, IBeco RWC, and MX-80): Cracking and jointing under higher pressing loads were found. Despite adjusting the pressing process, similar phenomena were observed. (b) 1:6 scale experiment: Confirmation of density difference inhomogeneity due to the swelling of block/pellet backfill and void filling due to swelling behavior into the mass loss area of block/pellet. (c) FISST (Full-Scale In situ system Test): Identification of technical unfeasibility due to the inefficient (too manual) installation process of blocks/pellets and development of an efficient granular in-situ backfilling solution to resolve the disadvantage. (d) LUCOEX-FE (Large Underground Concept Experiments – Full-scale Emplacement) experiment: Confirmation of dense/homogeneous constructability and performance of granular backfilling solution. In conclusion, the simplified granular backfill system is more feasible compared to the block/ pellet system from the perspective of handling, production, installation, performance, and quality control. It is presumed that various experimental and engineering researches should be preceded reflecting specific disposal conditions even though these results are expected to be applied as key data and/or insights for selecting the backfilling solution in the domestic deep geological repository.