The objective of this study was to achieve biological control of green mold disease in Pyogo mushrooms using antagonistic microorganisms. Bacillus subtilis BSM320 cells inhibited mycelial growth by 48–60% against three Trichodermaisolates including T. hazianumisolated from the substrates of Lentinula edodes, showing their antifungal activity.The bacteria were cultured to a high density of 4.2 x 109±113.7 cfu/mlin aqueous extract of composted spent mushroom substrates of L. edodes containing 1% glucose and showed a higher growth rate than that observed when using the commercial medium, Luria-Bertani broth. The bacterial culture showed a 75% protective effect without damaging the mushroom fruiting bodies. These results suggest that B. subtilis BSM320culture is suitable for biological control of green mold disease during mushroom cultivation.

We conducted an on-site application study at the livestock cooperative fertilizer plant to compare the composting period, temperature change, moisture content, and chemical properties between livestock manure compost using sawdust as a moisture regulator with those using spent oyster mushroom substrate. The composting period, moisture content, and fertilizer composition of compost containing spent oyster mushroom substrate did not differ from that of conventional compost mixed with sawdust after the first and second fermentation and post-maturation stages, it was suitable as a material for manufacturing livestock manure compost. The spent oyster mushroom substrate also lower the production cost of livestock manure compost by replacing the more expensive sawdust. The developed technology is expected to contribute towards the utilization of by-products of the oyster mushroom harvest while simultaneously producing high quality livestock manure compost.

Bacillus velezensis HKB-1가 표고버섯 수확후배지 퇴비로부터 분리되었으며 고추역병균(Phythopthora capsici), 인삼모 잘록병균(Rhizoctonia solani), 고추탄저병균(Collectotrichum coccodes) 및 시들음병(Fusarium oxysporium)의 균사체 성장을 70% 이상 억제하는 항 진균 활성을 보였다. B. velezensis HKB-1은 표고버섯 수확후배지 퇴비물 추출물과 당밀 1% 첨가배지에서 다른 상업용 세균배지보다 10~100배 더 높은 세균증식률을 보였으며 고추 역병균의 균사체 생장을 90% 억제하였으며 고추생육 촉진효과 및 고추역병에 대하여 70% 이상의 방제효과가 있었다.

Over a million tons of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) are generated as by-products of mushroom cultivation every year in Korea. Disposal of SMS by mushroom farmers is difficult, therefore, recycling solutions that do not harm the environment are necessary. SMS consists of mushroom mycelia and residues of fruiting bodies, containing a variety of bioactive substances, such as extracellular enzymes, antimicrobial compounds, and secondary metabolites. This paper reviews utility of SMS for bioremediation, controlling plant disease, and production of lignocellulytic enzymes, organic fertilizer, and animal feed.

본 연구는 아미노산과 질소원이 증진된 수확후배지를 재사용하고, 느타리에서 영양원으로 사용되는 면실박의 사용을 줄이기 위해 수행되었다. 수확후배지의 질소원 증진을 위해 두 가지의 세균이 사용 되었으며, GM20-4는 느타리버섯의 수확후배지부터 분리되었고, Rhodobacter sphaeroides는 광주시농업기술센터로부터 분양받았다. 처리구에 사용된 수확후배지는 건조 후 사용했으며, 위의 2가지의 미생물 처리에 의해 수확후배지의 총질소 함량은 0.34% 증가되었다. 8% DSMS 가진 T1처리구와 18% D-SMS가 첨가된 T2가 대조와 T3처리구보다 발이율이 높았으며, 생물학적 효율은 대조 110%, T1이 114%, T2가 112%, T3가 79%로 조사되었다. 경제성, 수량 및 생물학적 효율을 고려해볼 때 18% 건조 수확후배지를 사용한 T2가 느타리 재배배지로 가장 효율적인 것으로 조사되었다.

This study aims to investigate the antifungal and protective effects of water- and 70% methyl alcohol-extracts from spent mushroom substrate (WESMS and MeOHSMS) of Lentinula edodes, on Botrytis cinerea- the causative agent for gray mold disease in ginseng. MeOHSMS inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of Botrytis cinerea, by 75% and 95%, respectively. MeOHSMS could suppress gray mold disease of ginseng seedlings by 80% and effectively reduce the disease severity by 60%. Compared to the treatment of ginseng leaves with WESMS and DL-β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), the MeOHSMS treatment increased the phenolic compounds in the leaves by 36% and 18%, respectively. These results suggest that the SMS extracts suppress gray mold disease in ginseng via dual functions: antifungal activity and increase in a plant defense factor— phenolic compounds.

느타리버섯 수확후 배지를 이용하여 표고 톱밥배지로 활용하기 위한 연구 수행결과 다음과 같다. 느타리버섯 수확후 배지를 톱밥 첨가량의 20~50%로 4처리로 혼합하여 분석한 결과 C/N은 62~76으로 나타났다. 느타리버섯 수확후 배지 첨가구는 대조구에 비해 질소와 폴리페놀 함량은 상대적으로 높고, 과당과 유기산 함량은 낮은 경향이었다. 특히, 미강이 첨가되지 않은 50% 처리구는 과당, 유기산 함량이 현저하게 낮았다. 초발이기간은 20, 25%가 7일로 대조구와 같았으나 30%와 50%는 각각 6일, 11일로 대조에 비해 각각 1, 4일 지연되었다. 표고버섯 3주기 수량은 20% 처리구가 268.7 g으로 대조와 비슷하였으나 첨가수준이 높을수록 감소하여 특히, 50% 첨가구에서는 버섯 발생이 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 느타리버섯 수확후 배지를 표고 배지로 이용하기 위해서는 톱밥 첨가량의 20% 수준이 바람직할 것으로 생각된다.

큰느타리버섯 수확 후 배지를 이용한 유기퇴비를 제조하여 퇴비 원료로서의 이용가능성에 대해 실험을 진행하였다. 퇴비의 발아능력을 검증하기 위해 오이, 무, 상추, 배추를 파종한 후 발아율과 발아지수를 측정하였으며 미강과 미생물제의 첨가비율이 높을수록 높은 발아율을 나타내는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 오이와 무의 발아지수는 전체적으로 높았으며, 상추의 경우 SMS 100%와 미강 5% 첨가구만 발아지수 70을 넘었고 배추는 미생물제 5% 첨가구에서 가장 높은 발아지수를 나타내었다. 또한 상추를 이용하여 SMS 상토 제조비율과 생육특성을 조사하기 위해 생육시험용 상토 제조비율은 일반상토 100%와 SMS 10%, SMS 20%, SMS 30%, SMS 50%, SMS 70%, SMS 100%로 제조하여 상추묘를 이식하였다. 먼저 상토재료의 이화학성 분석을 시행하였으며 SMS 첨가량이 높을수록 질소전량이 높아지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 하지만 상추의 SMS 처리구와 일반상토에서의 생육정도를 비교하였을 때, 중량은 SMS 10% 43.9 g, 일반상토 46.4 g로 비슷하였으며 엽록소 함량도 SMS 10% 32.8, 일반상토 SMS 10% 32.8로 같았고 나머지도 비슷한 수치를 나타내었으나 총장에서 SMS 10% 14.6 cm, 일반상토 16.8 cm로 일반상토가 더 큰 것으로 확인되었다.

In this study, the effect of different substrates of agricultural by-products on the mycelial growth rate and density of Trametes versicolor (Turkeytail mushroom) was analyzed. We found that pepper stem and rice bran with a mixing ratio of 9:1(v/v) produced the best mycelial growth of 101 mm in 10 days, while a mixing ratio of 8:2 resulted in mycelial growth of 83 mm in 10 days. The control group treated with a 9:1 mixing ratio of oak sawdust and rice bran (v/v) produced mycelial growth of 74 mm in 10 days. The following results are in the order of beanstalk, sesame stem, and perilla stem. After the harvest of the mushrooms, the mycelial growth rate and the density of T. versicolor in each substrate were as follows the group with waste substrate of Pleurotus eryngii and rice bran with a mixing ratio of 9:1(v/v) produced the best result of 76 mm in days, while a mixing ratio of 8:2 produced of 61 mm in 10 days. The control group with a 9:1 ratio of oak sawdust and rice bran produced mycelia of 74 mm in 10 days, while a mixing ratio of 8:2 resulted in mycelia of 59 mm in10 days.

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) has generally been used for the manufacture of animal feed and production of bio fuel. Limited research has been conducted in the utilization of SMS as a co-material for composting. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of composting vegetable waste mixed with various ratios of SMS (30, 40, and 50%). The results showed that the C/N ratio decreased when both sawdust (from 22.0~28.8 to 17.7~20.4) and SMS (from 18.5~19.5 to 12.7~16.8) were applied for composing, owing to increased contents of nitrogen. A maturity test conducted using mechanical (Solvita) and germination tests revealed that both sawdust (92.0~101.9%) and SMS (87.8~89.2%) satisfied a criteria of maturity standard (70%). A correlation analysis between compost maturity and its chemical properties revealed that the C/N ratio and pH were the most dominant parameters for compost maturity. Overall, SMS could be utilized as a compost material and especially, vegetable waste mixed with SMS could provide sufficient nutrients for crop growth.