고쟁은 중국 고전 미학의 심오한 의미를 담고 있으며, 가야 금은 한민족의 섬세한 음악적 자질을 보여준다. 본 연구는 21 현 고쟁과 25현 가야금을 연구 대상으로 삼아 두 악기의 역사 적 발전 문헌을 연구하고 조율 및 악기 구조에 대한 정보를 분 석하며 두 악기의 유사점과 차이점을 설명한다. 고쟁과 가야금 의 연주법을 연구하여 각 악기의 연주 특성을 찾고, 두 악기에 공통적으로 나타나는 유사한 연주 기법 3가지를 연구함으로써 고쟁과 가야금에 대한 이해를 깊게 하고 상호 학습을 촉진하고 자한다.

A Beam String Structure (BSS) is a type of hybrid structures, which is composed of upper structural members, lower strings, and struts. Due to the advantages that the pre-tensioned strings elicit pre-caber of the upper structural members, the deflection can be greatly reduced without increasing the structural member size. In this study, a two-way beam string structure is proposed to endure bi-directional loading. The two-way beam string structure consists of two cable parts, namely, sagging and arch-shaped cables. A parametric study is presented aimed at proposing design guide lines of the two-way beam string structures. Numerical finite element analyses through the ABAQUS package were implemented to obtain their behaviors.

예술은 미에 대한 추구이지만 동시에 참선과 유사한 목적을 가지는 행위이기도 하다. 즉 반복과 몰입을 통해 복잡한 생각을 덜어내고 스트레스를 경감시키는 기능을 가진다는 것이다. 예술 작품을 만드는 과정은 전체적으로 보면 굉장히 전문적이고 미적인 감각과 경험을 필요로 하지만, 그렇지 않은 부분도 엄연히 존재하며 그러한 부분이 요구하는 것은 대부분 단순한 반복적 행위들이다. 이 지점을 상품화시켜서 예술 작품을 상대적으로 단순하게 모사할 수 있도록 하는 제품들이 지속적으로 나오고 있으며, 이는 고도화된 사회에서의 스트레스를 보여주는 것이기도 하다. 이러한 유행에 힘입어 티베트 불교의 만다라나 젠탱글 등의 수행적 예술이 매체에서 소개되기도 하였다. 스트링 아트는 이와 유사하게 수행적인 성격을 가지며, 동시에 수학적인 요소를 가지고 있는 예술 표현 방식이다. 스트링 아트는 일정한 공간에서 실을 계속해서 연결시켜서 특정한 기하학적 무늬나 그림을 얻어내는 표현 방식인데, 이를 통해 정서적 안정을 얻고자 하는 목적으로 처음 개발 되었으나 현대에는 여러 작가들이 사용하는 작품적인 요소가 되었다. 게임과 같은 가상 환경에서 많은 사람들이 예술적 행위들을 하곤 하는데, 본 논문에서는 가상 환경에서도 스트링 아트와 같이 새로운 표현 양식을 적용할 수 있도록 표현 양식을 알고리즘화 시킨 사례를 찾아보고, 이를 재구성하여 어떻게 가상 환경에서 이를 적용할 것인지에 대하여 연구하였다. 또한 이를 통해 가상 환경에서도 심미적이고 수행적인 예술의 기능을 모사할 수 있음을 보였다.

This study showed that experimental study of inelastic nonlinear behavior of two-way beam string structures. General large span structures consisting of beam members have large moment and long cross section of area. In order to decrease these excessive moment and deflection, the two-way beam string structures composed of H-Beam, strut, and cable elements were proposed. In the two-way string beam, the cable with the prestress improves force distribution of some weight reduction. Two systems made of structural steel and cables were tested. The nonlinear behaviour of the two-way beam string structures studied by using finite element model and compared to experimental results. The displacement of the LVDT in the center of the beam correspond with the ABAQUS results. 2,200MPa cable can afford to bear breaking load than 1,860MPa cable. The two-way beam string structures is correlated to the finite element model and the experimental results. In consequence, It showed that the system with two-way cables exhibits much better structural performances than H-Beam structures and beam with cable.

Background: High string instrument (violin, viola) players are at high risk for developing musculoskeletal problems. In particular, a higher prevalence of shoulder problems has been reported. However, evidence of the effectiveness of therapeutic exercise for musicians with this condition is lacking until now. Objects: This case series study investigated the effect of a specific exercise program on shoulder pain, dysfunction, and posture of professional orchestral high string musicians. Methods: Five professional orchestral high string players with shoulder pain participated in this study. A six-week specific exercise program focus on scapular stability for shoulder pain consisted of scapular muscle exercise. Physical examinations for pain and dysfunction, posture were performed, were identified among all subjects before starting the exercise program. Results: The results revealed that shoulder pain decreased by 67.86% and the effect of pain on instrument play decreased by 63.33%. The shoulder pain and disability Index and the performing arts module-quick disability of the arm, shoulder and hand scale decreased by 71.72% and 51.61% respectively. The exercise program improved function and posture. Conclusion: A specific exercise program for high string players was effective in managing shoulder pain. This case series is intended to provide empirical data on the effectiveness of an exercise program aimed at assessing the effect of exercise on pain, dysfunction, and posture of professional orchestra musicians associated with specific instrument groups.

본 연구는 이미 진정효과가 뛰어나다고 알려져 있는 클래식과 함께 진정효과가 있다고 밝혀진 레게의 효과를 비교하고자 진행되었다. 연구에 사용된 실험견들은 실험을 잘 이해하고 있는 연구원들이 현재 키우는 반려견 4마리를 섭외하여 진행되었다. 섭외 된 반려견은 말티즈 2마리, 요크셔테리어 2마리이다. 진정효과를 알 수 있는 지표로는 Lori R. Kogan외의 ‘Behavioral effects of auditory stimulation on kenneled dogs’ 논문에서 사용한 지표를 일상에서도 확인하기 쉽도록 간소화하여 짖은 횟수, 서있는 시간, 서있지 않은 시간, 수면시간의 평균을 냈다. 그 결과 짖는 횟수 외의 큰 차이는 보이지 않았고, 진정효과만은 확실한 것을 확인하였다. 다만 일상생활에서 실행하는 것과 실험견의 일정한 결과를 위해 각 가정에서 실행하여 정확도는 떨어질 수 있다. 주변 소음 등이 적은 가정에서 실행한다면 조금 더 정확한 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것이다.

Beam string structures(BSS) are one kind of efficient structure system because the bending moment in the beams is reduced greatly through the struts and the strings. As the struts in BSS are used as middle supports to the beam and always in compression, the buckling of the struts should be avoided. This paper investigates the lateral buckling of the struts in BSS. Firstly, the strut of a one-strut BSS is simplified into an analytical model by considering load is formulated and some special cases of the model are analyzed. Finally, the lateral buckling load of the strut is numerically examined by means of parameter studies. It is known that, because on end of the struts is jointed to the beam while the other end is connected to the strings, the buckling of the struts not only depends on the length of the struts and the stiffness of the joints, but also depends on the rise and the lateral stiffness of the beam, the layout of the strings and the number of the struts.

This paper explores rich and complex implications of Marcel Duchamp's Mile of String which he created for “First Papers of Surrealism,” the Surrealist international exhibition in New York in 1942. Part of a larger project devoted to investigating Duchamp's role in Surrealist exhibitions and his relation to the avant-garde group, this paper focuses on Duchamp's exhibition installation in the 1942 show. Under the title of “générateur-arbitre” Duchamp played an important role as installation and exhibition designer in a series of major Surrealist exhibitions in the 1930's-1960's. The “First Papers of Surrealism” was held by Surrealists who exiled in New York during World War I, and Duchamp created a labyrinthine installation of string for the exhibition, which physically blocked the spectator and optically hindered his or her contemplative view. Unraveling the intricately related meanings of Mile of String as an independent work of art and an installation for a specific exhibition, I examine the work on two levels: frst, how the work was situated in the context of Duchamp's oeuvre, particularly his earlier work employing string or thread; second, how and in what way the installation rendered a critique on Surrealism as a group and an avant-garde movement. More specifically, by exploring the concepts of ‘pataphysics’ and voluntary ‘nomadism’ implicated in Duchamp's work, I suggest that his Mile of String asserted a critical stance against nationalism and collective identity of Surrealism and manifested a radical individualism founded upon what he called the spirit of ‘expatriation.’

들림형 보구조는 휨재와 뜬지주, 스트링으로 조합되는 구조로서, 스트링에 PS력을 도입하여 휨재의 응력과 변형을 조절함으로써 구조능력을 높이는 구조시스템이다. 기존의 연구결과와 실사례를 조사하여 들림형 보구조의 특성과 구조계획시 구성방식을 파악하였다. 그 결과, 연력도형의 보의 형상 및 높낮이 그리고 스트링의 sag설정, 평면배열, 뜬지주의 수와 구성이 설계인자로서 고려될 수 있음을 파악하였고, 실사례와 구조적 거동의 연구고찰을 통해 그 설계인자의 세부 구성방식을 나타내었다. 또한 들림형 보구조는 큰 부가하중이 작용할 때의 구조부담을 줄이기 위하여 부가하중에 대해 별도의 저항 메카니즘을 고안함으로써 구조효율을 높일 수 있는 방식이 고려될 수 있음을 보였다.

Arnold Scho¨nberg used three twelve-tone series in the first movement of his 「String Quartet no.3」. These twelve-tone series are used in both melodies and accompaniment. But sometimes he did not follow this fundamental rule to pursue musical thought even though he made use of the twelve-tone system in this piece. This thesis is focused on not only theme melodies, but also first ostinato motive of accompaniment and the relationship of balance between Scho¨nberg's primary and secondary musical thought can be considered in the theme melodies and the first motive of accompaniment. That is to say, Scho¨nberg shows how the main melodies and the supported ostinato motives match well together from the examples of his own musical main thought, environs thought, and relative thought. This is an specific example that Scho¨berg can develop his musical logic in his piece perfectly only when all of musical elements are in harmony. This is different with tonal music which is depends on the development of just main melody. Scho¨nberg says that the meaning of composition skill of the twelve-tone system is a reproduction of the traditional tonal harmony and is for systematization of the process of entire musical elements. So, he unites between the traditional composition techniques with and his twelve-tone system. 「String Quartet no. 3」 is also composed using both old and new. Unusually, there was no sensation in the first performance of the 「String Quartet no. 3」. But his critics said Scho¨nberg could not overcome his fantastic musical theory deeply and this piece was an expression of the Dadaism.1」 However, When it was performed at Frankfurt in 1928, Adomo was fascinated with this 「String Quartet no. 3」 and he evaluated this piece as a 'very influential music'. The article 「Why is it difficult to understand Scho¨nberg's music」 of Alban Berg says several common characteristics of atonal music. these characteristics include similar variety of harmonies, various methods of cadences, equal use for each tone in twelve-tone system, well-matched harmonies with melodies, unsymmetrical and unlimited composition in musical theme, abundant variation skills, inclusive polyphony, and various and subdivisible rhythms. Scho¨nberg's 「String Quartet no. 3」 uses abundant various rhythms, variation skills with motive, counterpoint skills, and musical theme development based on traditional harmonic function. This piece includes various characteristics of atonal music which Alban berg notes in his article. Scho¨nberg's 「String Quartet no.3」, composed with abundant musical skills, shows the serious musical thought of the composer and his musical beauties. This breaks general opinions that Scho¨nberg's piece is difficult to understand.

Super-inflation driven by dilaton/moduli kinetic energy is naturally realized in compactified string theory. Discussed are selected topics of recent development in string inflationary cosmology: kinematics of super-inflation, graceful exit triggered by quantum back-reaction, and classical and quantum power spectra of density and metric perturbations.

This paper studies an effect of vibration on twisted string actuation inside conduit at high curvature angles. In our previous work. we have mentioned that twisted string actuators can be used to transmit power even at significant curvature angles of the conduit. However, several undesirable effects, namely pull-back, hysteresis, and chattering, were present during actuation due to friction between strings and the internal sheath of the conduit. This paper reports the results of experimental study on effects of vibration on twisted string actuation inside curved conduits. We have demonstrated that applying vibration generated near natural frequency of the system during the stages of twisting and untwisting cycles helped reduce pull-back and hysteresis and increase string contraction. In case when sheath was deflected by 180° under a constant load of 3 kg, we were able to achieve over 40% decrease in pull-back and 30% decrease in hysteresis, compared with no vibration case.

Twisted string actuators (TSAs) are tendon-driven actuators that provide high transmission ratios. Twisting a string reduces the length of the string and generates a linear motion of the actuators. In particular, TSAs have characteristic properties (compliance) that are advantageous for operations that need to interact with the external environment. This compliance has the advantage of being robust to disturbance in force control, but it is disadvantageous for precise control because the modeling is inaccurate. In fact, many previous studies have covered the TSA model, but the model is still inadequate to be applied to actual robot control. In this paper, we introduce a modified variable radius model of TASs and experimentally demonstrate that the modified variable radius model is correct compared to the conventional variable radius string model. In addition, the elastic characteristics of the TSAs are discussed along with the experimental results.

본 논문에서는 멘델스존의 현악4중주 중 장조의 작품에서 나타나는 V/iii의 새로운 기능에 대하여 밝혀보았다. 실제로 V/iii는 멘델스존의 작품에서 기존의 기능보다 확대된 기능으로 사용되며, 이러한 기능은 멘델스존의 낭만적 화성 혹은 조성구조를 살펴보는 데 있어 중요한 역할을 한다. 작품의 분석을 통하여 얻어지는 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, V/iii는 으뜸화음을 반음계적으로 후(後) 장식한다. 둘째, V/iii는 재현부 앞에서 구조적 딸림화음을 대신함으로 써 전체 작품의 구조에 영향을 주며 결과적으로 I-V-I의 틀로부터 벗어나는 구조를 보인다.

체감형 게임에서는 사용자의 몸 자체가 인터페이스로써 컨트롤러의 기능을 가지며 사용자는 자신의 행동의 결과를 체화된(embodied) 경험으로써 피드백 받는다. 이는 관객이 적극적으로 참여하는 상호작용 미디어 아트 설치미술의 경우와 같다. 컴퓨터 게임의 대부분을 차지하는 비디오 게임과는 차별적으로 실물의 움직임으로 피드백 되는 게임이 고려될 수 있으며 그 기초는 로보틱 아트에서 찾을 수 있다. 본 논문은 게임과 상호작용 미디어 아트의 접점을 체감형 게임으로 전제하여 하나의 상호작용 로봇 설치물 사례를 제시하고 실험하며 분석한다. 본 설치물은 관객의 위치나 움직임에 의하여 운동하고, 로봇의 운동에 따라 현의 유효길이가 조절됨으로써 소리에 변화를 주는 하나의 학기이다. 로봇은 다중 셀 거리 센서를 이용하여 관객을 추적하고 관객은 일정한 거리를 두고 악기와 상호작용하므로 악기와 관객 간에는 관계적 긴장이 자리할 공연적 내러티브 공간이 형성된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 상호작용 로봇 설치미술이 상호작용에 기초한 엔터테인먼트적 요소를 지닌 체감형 게임의 원형으로 제시될 수 있음을 몇 가지 사례를 들어 토론한다.