‘把’구문은 중국어에서 사용빈도가 높지만, 한국인 중국어 학습자들에게 있어 학습 이 쉽지 않은 구문이다. 주된 이유 중 하나는 진리조건적으로 동등한 의미를 가지는 SVO 구문 및 화제화 구문과 어떠한 차이점이 있는지 알기 어렵기 때문이다. 이에 본고는 ‘把’구문의 구문의미, 정보구조, 사용환경에 대해 분석하여 이 같은 문제점을 해결하고자 시도하였다. 개별 구문은 고유한 구문의미를 가진다. 진리조건적으로 동 등한 의미를 나타내는 복수의 통사구조가 존재할 때, 구문의미는 언어 사용자의 선 택에 큰 영향을 미치는 요소이다. 본고에서 규정한 ‘把’구문의 구문의미는 ‘원상태와 결과상태 간의 어긋남’이다. 대다수의 기존연구에서는 ‘把’구문의 정보구조를 화제-평 언 구조로 분석했다. 하지만 이러한 이분법적 분석법으로는 ‘把’구문의 NP2가 보이는 화제성, 문장 전체가 신정보인 문장, NP2가 비한정적 명사구인 ‘把’구문의 정보구조 를 설명하기 어렵다. 본고는 Vallduví의 삼항계층분절 이론을 적용하여 ‘把’구문의 전 형적 정보구조와 비전형적 정보구조를 분석하였다. ‘把’구문의 구문의미를 적용하여 화자가 어떠한 환경에서 ‘把’구문을 선택하는지 설명할 수 있다. ‘把’구문은 ‘원상태와 결과상태 간의 어긋남’이라는 구문의미를 가진다. 그리고 이 구문의미는 상대방과의 관계에 따라 ‘질책’, ‘이의제기’, ‘미안함’, ‘자책’, ‘의외’, ‘여의치 않음’, ‘당위’ 등의 의미 를 나타낸다. 화자가 ‘把’구문을 선택하는 것은 이러한 주관성의 전달과 관련이 있다.

지표면의 불투수층 증가는 빗물의 토양침투를 감소시키고 우수 침투를 제한하여 표면 유출에 의한 피해를 야기하였으며, 홍수 도달시간이 단축됨에 따라 첨두 유출량이 증가하므로 배수 시스템의 용량 부족 및 침수 피해를 초래하였다. 이에, 환 경부에서는 생태면적률 제도를 도입하여 저영향 개발(Low Impact Development, LID) 기술 도입의 활성화를 도모하고 있 으며, 이 중 투수블록포장이 약 40%를 차지하고 있다. 그러나, 주로 표층 콘크리트 블록의 품질기준 마련 및 성능 개선 연 구가 수행되었으며, 하부구조의 우수 침투 능력을 평가한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 특히, 투수성능이 증가할수록 구조적 지 지력이 감소하므로 내구성을 만족하는 범위에서 투수계수를 충족하는 입도분포를 실험적 연구를 통해 제시할 필요가 있다. 따라서, 시험체 내 수두를 일정하게 유지시켜 일정 시간동안 유입되는 하부 유출량을 측정하였으며, 같은 입도분포일 때 잔 골재 함량이 증가할수록 투수계수가 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이처럼 골재 입도분포 특성에 의해 물이 하부로 침투되는 유출량이 상이하므로 정량적인 평가를 통해 투수계수를 만족하는 적정 입도 기준의 제시가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

본 논문에서는 15차 bézier 곡선을 사용하여 기존의 연구보다 더 유연한 빔 형상을 설계하고, 더 넓은 설계 공간에서 최적 설계를 수 행하여 최적의 열전도도를 갖는 빔 형상을 설계한다. 설계 공간이 넓어지면 그 만큼 계산양이 증가하게 되는데, 고차원 변수 공간에서 효율적으로 작동하는 인공신경망을 사용하여 최적 설계를 가속화하여 계산 한계를 극복하였다. 더 나아가 최적의 탄성계수를 갖는 빔의 형상과 비교하였으며 열전도와 탄성학 사이의 수학적 유사성을 이용하여 빔 형상을 설명한다. 본 연구에서는 인공지능을 활용 한 형상 최적설계를 통해 기존의 한계를 뛰어넘는 격자구조의 빔 형상을 제안한다. 먼저, SC(Simple Cubic), BC(Body Centered Cubic) 격자 구조 빔 형상을 bézier 곡선으로 모델링하고 bézier 곡선의 제어점 좌표를 무작위로 설정하여 학습데이터를 확보하였다. NN(Neural Network) 및 GA(Genetic Algorithm)를 통해 우수한 유효 열전도도를 가진 빔 형상을 생성하여 최적의 빔 형상을 설계하였 다. 본 연구를 통해 추후 다양한 열 조건에서 격자구조의 적절한 구조적 해답을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

As China’s issues of sub-replacement fertility and an aging population intensify, the impact of population factors on the economic growth of countries and regions has become significant. This study uses change point analysis to divide the time panel data from 2002 to 2022, with 2010 as the dividing point, to separately examine the impact of dependency ratios and education on economic growth before and after 2010. The study found that before 2010, the family planning policy and the baby boom resulted in a negative impact of the child dependency ratio on economic growth, while the low birth rate and the gradual aging of the baby boom population led to a negative impact of the elderly dependency ratio on economic growth. After 2010, with the further development of the silver economy and the gradual delay of retirement age, the elderly dependency ratio began to positive impact on economic growth, but the child dependency ratio did not significantly promote economic growth. Additionally, education has consistently had a significant positive effect on economic growth. In response, the Chinese government can address the issue of low birth rate by increasing financial subsidies and tax reductions to raise the birth rate. To tackle the problem of an aging population, the government can increase labor force participation and develop the silver economy. At the same time, the significant developing high-quality education and promoting technological advancement for economic development are crucial for economic growth.

선박 건조 과정에서 블록이나 장비를 지지하는 A형 캐리어 구조는 하중 변경과 시간이 지남에 따라 점차 변형이 증가하며, 이 에 따라 블록과 접촉하는 면적이 감소하고 분산된 하중에서 집중된 하중으로 패턴이 변화한다. 이러한 현상은 실제 사용 하중을 오판할 가능성이 있다. 특히 A형 캐리어는 영세한 제조 업체에서 자주 사용하고 있으며, 별도의 엔지니어링 기능이 없는 상황이 대부분이라서 손 쉽게 캐리어의 안전사용하중을 계산하는 방법의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구는 A형 캐리어가 장기적으로 안전하게 사용할 수 있는 하중을 신속하게 평가하는 방법을 제안함으로써, 하중 분포의 변화에 따른 소성 변형과 그로 인한 안전 문제를 예측하고 대응할 수 있다. 제안된 방법은 캐리어의 중앙 집중하중과 전체 분포하중 조건에 대해서 유한요소해석(빔, 쉘 모델링)을 통한 결과를 기반으로 빔-이론을 수정하 여 제안되었다. 빔 모델링에서 집중하중 조건은 보정계수 0.73, 분포하중에서는 0.69를 이론값에 곱해서 안전사용하중이 가능하다. 쉘 모 델링의 경우, 집중하중은 0.75와 분포하중은 0.69를 사용할 수 있다. 본 연구는 선박 건조 작업 현장의 안전을 개선하고, 실제 작업 환경에 서의 안전 사용 하중 판단에 신속하고 효과적인 결정을 내릴 수 있는 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다.

Machine learning is widely applied to various engineering fields. In structural engineering area, machine learning is generally used to predict structural responses of building structures. The aging deterioration of reinforced concrete structure affects its structural behavior. Therefore, the aging deterioration of R.C. structure should be consider to exactly predict seismic responses of the structure. In this study, the machine learning based seismic response prediction model was developed. To this end, four machine learning algorithms were employed and prediction performance of each algorithm was compared. A 3-story coupled shear wall structure was selected as an example structure for numerical simulation. Artificial ground motions were generated based on domestic site characteristics. Elastic modulus, damping ratio and density were changed to considering concrete degradation due to chloride penetration and carbonation, etc. Various intensity measures were used input parameters of the training database. Performance evaluation was performed using metrics like root mean square error, mean square error, mean absolute error, and coefficient of determination. The optimization of hyperparameters was achieved through k-fold cross-validation and grid search techniques. The analysis results show that neural networks and extreme gradient boosting algorithms present good prediction performance.

Oxygen-rich porous carbon is of great interest for energy storage applications due to its improved local electronic structures compared with unmodified porous carbon. However, a tunable method for the preparation of oxygen-rich porous carbon with a special microstructure is still worth developing. Herein, a novel modification of porous carbon with different microstructures is facilely prepared via low-temperature solvothermal and KOH activation methods that employ the coal tar and eight substances, such as cellulose as carbon source and modifier, respectively. By testing the yield, surface group structure, lattice structures, morphology, thermal weight loss, and specific capacitance of carbonaceous mesophase, cellulose–hydrochloric acid is identified as the additive for the preparation of oxygen-rich coal tar-based porous carbon. The obtained porous carbon displays a specific surface area of up to 859.49 m2 g− 1 and an average pore diameter of 2.39 nm. More importantly, the material delivers a high capacity of 275.95 F g− 1 at 0.3 A g− 1 and maintains a high capacitance of 220 F g− 1 even at 10 A g− 1. When in a neutral electrolyte, it can still retain a reversible capacity of 236.72 F g− 1 at 0.3 A g− 1 and 136.79 F g− 1 at 10 A g− 1. This work may provide insight into the design of carbon anode materials with high specific capacity.

Amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) with a coplanar structure were fabricated to investigate the feasibility of their potential application in large size organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Drain currents, used as functions of the gate voltages for the TFTs, showed the output currents had slight differences in the saturation region, just as the output currents of the etch stopper TFTs did. The maximum difference in the threshold voltages of the In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO) TFTs was as small as approximately 0.57 V. After the application of a positive bias voltage stress for 50,000 s, the values of the threshold voltage of the coplanar structure TFTs were only slightly shifted, by 0.18 V, indicative of their stability. The coplanar structure TFTs were embedded in OLEDs and exhibited a maximum luminance as large as 500 nits, and their color gamut satisfied 99 % of the digital cinema initiatives, confirming their suitability for large size and high resolution OLEDs. Further, the image density of large-size OLEDs embedded with the coplanar structure TFTs was significantly enhanced compared with OLEDs embedded with conventional TFTs.

River estuaries are dynamic and productive ecosystems with high regional biodiversity. Environmental DNA (eDNA) has become a useful approach to assessing biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems. This study was conducted to investigate fish community characteristics and species diversity in two river estuary ecosystems, the Taehwa River and Changwon Stream. We further compared conventional and eDNA metabarcoding analyses of the fish communities. The conventional survey was performed in May, July, and October 2022, while the eDNA analysis was conducted only in May. We observed various fish species with different life histories, including carp, goby, and marine fish. We also found that migratory fish, such as dace Tribolodon hakonensis, sweetfish Plecoglossus altivelis, and eel Auguilla japonica, occurred in the Taehwa River, suggesting high river connectivity. Marine fish species were predominant in the Changwon Stream, as this river is located close to the sea. The diversity indices showed that the Taehwa River generally had higher species richness, evenness, and diversity values than the Changwon Stream. A total of 9-19 species were detected in the conventional survey for the three sites, whereas 11-18 species were found from eDNA analysis. The findings indicate that the sensitivity of eDNA was similar to or higher than that of the conventional method. Our study findings suggest the efficiency and efficacy of eDNA-based fish community monitoring, although with some shortcomings in applying the genetic marker to Korean fish, including no clear-cut distinction for Korean endemic species and/or genetically closely related species groups.

도농복합시는 1995년 지방자치제가 본격 시행되면서 주민 편의를 증진하고, 도시와 농촌 지역의 균형발전을 목적으로 설치되었다. 본 연구는 우리나라 전체 54개 도농복합시를 대상으로 도시 스프롤 측면에서 도시공간구조를 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 밀도 기반의 도시 스프롤 측정 지수를 적용하여 2000년, 2010년, 2020년 도농복합시의 도시 스프롤을 인구밀도 및 고용밀도의 측면에서 탐색하였다. 분석 결과, 도농복합시의 인구 스프롤은 전반적으로 증가한 반면, 고용 스프롤은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그리고 도시 규모별 도농복합시의 도시 스프롤은 차별화되어 진행되었음을 확인하였다.

Reliable, inexpensive, environment-friendly, and durable properties of carbon materials with unique and outstanding photoelectric performance is highly desired for myriad of applications such as catalysis and energy storage. Since lattice modulation is a vital method of surface modification of materials, which form by an external force during the synthesis process, causing the internal compression and stretching, leading to lattice sliding event. In this review, we present a summary of different methods to tailor the lattice modulation in 2D carbon-based materials, including grain/twin boundary, lattice strain, lattice distortion, and lattice defects. This overview highlights the implication control of the diverse morphologies of nanocrystals and how to tailor the materials properties without adding any polymers. The improvement in the performance of 2D carbon materials ranges from the enhancement of charge transport and conductivity, structural stability, high-performance of light absorption capacity, and efficient selectivity promote the future prospect of 2D carbon materials broaden their applications in terms of energy conversion and storage. Finally, some perspectives are proposed on the future developments and challenges on 2D carbon materials towards energy storage applications.

Epoxy-based composites find extensive application in electronic packaging due to their excellent processability and insulation properties. However, conventional epoxy-based polymers exhibit limitations in terms of thermal properties and insulation performance. In this study, we develop epoxy-based siloxane/silica composites that enhance the thermal, mechanical, and insulating properties of epoxy resins. This is achieved by employing a sol–gelsynthesized siloxane hybrid and spherical fused silica particles. Herein, we fabricate two types of epoxy-based siloxane/ silica composites with different siloxane molecular structures (branched and linear siloxane networks) and investigate the changes in their properties for different compositions (with or without silica particles) and siloxane structures. The presence of a branched siloxane structure results in hardness and low insulating properties, while a linear siloxane structure yields softness and highly insulating properties. Both types of epoxy-based siloxane/silica composites exhibit high thermal stability and low thermal expansion. These properties are considerably improved by incorporating silica particles. We expect that our developed epoxy-based composites to hold significant potential as advanced electronic packaging materials, offering high-performance and robustness.

The demand for energy is steadily rising because of rapid population growth and improvements in living standards. Consequently, extensive research is being conducted worldwide to enhance the energy supply. Transpiration power generation technology utilizes the vast availability of water, which encompasses more than 70% of the Earth's surface, offering the unique advantage of minimal temporal and spatial constraints over other forms of power generation. Various principles are involved in water-based energy harvesting. In this study, we focused on explaining the generation of energy through the streaming potential within the generator component. The generator was fabricated using sugar cubes, PDMS, carbon black, CTAB, and DI water. In addition, a straightforward and rapid manufacturing method for the generator was proposed. The PDMS generator developed in this study exhibits high performance with a voltage of 29.6 mV and a current of 8.29 μA and can generate power for over 40h. This study contributes to the future development of generators that can achieve high performance and long-term power generation.

Crystallographic properties of Ni-based alloys such as alloys 600, 617, and Hastelloy N, which are a candidate to be used as structural materials in Molten Salt Reactor (MSR), were studied in the temperature range of 25-1,000°C using high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) under an Ar atmosphere. We found that face-centered cubic Ni crystal structure at room temperature was started to be changed over 600°C in all Ni-based samples. However, the appearance of changing diffraction patterns over 600°C was different for all samples. In addition, we observed the increase in the lattice constant along the a-axis upon heating in all specimens, determined by Pawley refinement of HTXRD data.