The oriental fruit fly is a major polyphagous insect pest with a worldwide distribution. The effects of temperature on stage-specific development were investigated at eight constant temperatures (13.0, 14.4, 16.2, 19.5, 23.8, 27.7, 31.8 and 34.8℃). Stage-specific lower developmental thresholds and thermal constants were determined using linear regression. The lower and higher temperature threshold (TL and TH) were estimated using the Sharpe-Schoolfield-Ikemoto (SSI) model. The daily adult emergence frequency of B. dorsalis was estimated in relation to adult age and temperature. Thermal performance was compared among B. dorsalis populations from different locations in Taiwan.

The citrus leaf miner (CLM) is an important citrus pest. A thorough understanding of the biology and population dynamics of CLM are essential for development of reliable pest population prediction system. We investigated the developmental periods of the species under ten constant temperature schemes (12.5℃~39℃). Furthermore, we established a development model of CLM, based on the result of a laboratory experiment. The immature developmental duration of CLM at constant temperatures were 63.5 days at 15℃, 23.9 days at 21℃, 15.6 days at 27℃, and 12.3 days at 33℃, showing statistically significant difference among temperature regimes. The lower threshold temperature and thermal constant were 11.3℃ and 243.7 DD, respectively, for immature development. In relation to temperature, non-linear development models were established for each developmental stage of CLM.

갈색거저리의 온도에 따른 유충 발육시험을 15, 17, 20, 22, 25, 28 및 30℃의 7개 항온조건, 광주기 14L:10D, 상대습도 60~70% 조건에서 수행하였다. 유충은 13령까지 경과하였고 항온 조건에서 사망률은 17, 20℃에서 극소수 개체만이 발견되었고, 22℃ 이상의 항온조건에서는 발견되지 않았다. 유충의 발육기간은 17℃에서 244.3일로 가장 길었고, 30℃에서 110.8일로 가장 짧았다. 15℃는 부화되지 않아 유충 발육 조사가 불가능하였다. 온도와 발육율과의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 선형모형과 비선형모형(Logan 6)을 이용하였으며, 선형모형을 이용하여 추정한 전체유충의 발육영점온도는 6.0℃, 발육 유효적산온도는 2564.1DD 였으며 선형, 비선형 모두 결정계수값(r2) 이 0.95로 높은 값을 보였다. 전체유충의 발육완료분포는 2-parameter Weibull 함수를 사용하였으며 전체 유충의 결정계수 값은 0.8502~0.9390의 양호한 모형 적합성을 보였다.

흰등멸구, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), 의 온도에 따른 알 및 약충 발육 기간을 12.5~5±1℃범위에서 2.5℃ 간격으로 10개 항온, 14:10(L:D) h 광, 상대습도 20~30% 조건에서 조사하였다. 알은 12.5℃를 제외한 모든 온도 조건에서 1령으로 성공적으로 발육하였으며, 1.5℃에서 22.5일로 가장 길었고, 32.5℃에서 5.5일로 가장 짧았다. 약충은 15~32.5℃ 온도범위에서 성충까지 발육 가능하였으며, 약충 전체 발육기간은 15℃에서 51.9일로 가장 길었으며 온도가 증가함에 따라 짧아져 32.5℃에서 9.0일로 가장 짧았다. 온도와 발육률과의 관계를 설명하기 위해 선형 및 7개의 비선형(Analytis, Briere 1, 2, Lactin 2, Logan 6, Performance, Modified Sharpe and DeMichele) 모델을 사용하여 분석하였다. 선형 모델을 이용하여 추정한 알과 약충 전기간 발육을 위한 발육영점온도는 각각 10.2℃와 12.3℃였으며 발육에 필요한 유효적산온도는 각각 122.0, 156.3 DD였다. 7가지 비선형 모델 중 Briere 1 모델이 모든 발육단계에서 온도와 발육률과의 관계를 가장 잘 설명하였다(r2= 0.88~0.99). 알 및 유충의 발육단계별 발육완료 분포는 사용된 3가지 비선형(2-parameter, 3-parameter Weibull, Logistic) 모델 모두 2령과 5령을 제외한 발육단계에서는 비교적 높은 r2(0.91~0.96) 값을 보여 양호한 모형 적합성을 보였다.

비트의 주요 해충인 흰띠명나방을 9개의 다른 온도조건(15.0, 17.5, 20.0, 22.5, 25.0, 27.5, 30.0, 32.5 및 35.0℃), 상대습도 65±5%, 광조건 16L:8D에서 발육특성을 조사한 결과, 알에서 성충 우화 전까지의 발육기간은 17.5℃에서 51.0일로 가장 길었고, 35℃에서 14.6일로 가장짧게 조사되었다. 온도와 발육율의 관계를 직선회귀에 의해 분석한 결과, 결정계수(R2) 값이 0.87 이상으로 나타났으며, 온도에 따른 발육은 직선회귀에 부합되었다. 알부터 성충 우화 전까지의 발육영점온도와 유효적산온도는 10.4℃와 384.7일도를 나타내었다. 각 태별 발육모형은 R2값이0.97～0.99로 비선형회귀식에 잘 부합되었다. 각 태별 발육누적분포와 발육기간에 대한 평균 발육기간으로 나눈 값을 Weibull 함수에 적용한 결과 r2값이 0.63～0.87이었다.

목화진딧물 (Aphis gossypii)의 온도에 따른 발육시험을 실내 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30℃의 6개 항온, 광주기 14L:10D, 상대습도 50∼60% 조건과 오이 비닐하우스에서 3월 23일부터 8월 20일까지 6회 접종하여 수행하였다. 실내사망률은 저온에서는 2~3령충의 사망률이 높았고 온도가 증가할수록 3~4령충의 사망률이 높았으며 고온에서 전체 사망률이 높았다. 전체 약충의 발육기간은 실내에서 15℃에서 12.2일로 가장 짧았으며 변온의 28.5℃에서 4.09일로 가장 짧았다. 온도와 발육율과의 관계를 보기위해 선형 및 3개의 비선형 모형(Briere 1, Lactin 2, Logan 6)을 이용하여 분석한 결과, 선형모형을 이용하여 전체약충의 발육영점온도는 6.8℃였으며 발육유효적산온도는 각각 111.1DD였다. 3가지 비선형 모형중 Logan-6 모형이 전약충, 후약충 전체약충 단계에서 AIC와 BIC 값이 가장 적어 온도와 발육율과의 관계를 잘 설명하였으며, 발육단계별 발육완료분포는 3-parameter Weibull 함수를 사용하였으며 전약충, 후약충, 전체약충에서 r2 값이 0.88~0.91로 높은 값을 보여 양호한 모형 적합성을 보였으며 정식시기별 성충 발생 예측치와 포장 조사치가 일치하여 방제적기 추정에 유용하게 사용할 수 있을 것이다.

The developmental time of larvae of mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor was studied at six temperatures ranging from 17 to 30℃ with 60~70% RH, and a photoperiod of 14L:10D. Mortality of 1st~13th larva was very low at 17 and 20℃ but did not die over 22℃. Developmental time of larva decreased with increasing temperature. The total developmental time was longest at 17℃ (244.3 days) and shortest at 30℃ (110.8 days), suggesting that the higher temperature, the faster development period. The lower developmental threshold temperature and effective accumulative temperatures for the total larval stages were 6.0℃ and 2564.1 day-degrees. The relationship between developmental rate and temperature fitted a linear model and nonlinear model by Logan-6 (r2=0.95). The distribution of completion of each development stage was well described by the 3-parameter Weibull function (r2=0.89).

 ,  , The striped fruit fly, Bactrocera scutellata, damages pumpkin and other cucurbitaceous plants. The developmental period of each stage was measured at seven constant temperatures (15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33±1.0℃). The developmental time of eggs ranged from 4.2 days at 15℃ to 0.9 days at 33℃. The developmental period of larvae was 4.2 days at 15℃, and slowed in temperatures above 27℃. The developmental period of pupa was 21.5 days at 15℃ and 7.6 days at 33℃. The mortality of eggs was 17.1% at 15℃ and 22.9% at 33℃, Larval mortalities (1st, 2nd, 3rd) were 24.1, 27.3 and 18.2%, respectively, at 15℃, Pupal mortalities were 18.2% at 15℃ and 23.1% at 33℃. The relationship between developmental rate and temperature fit both a linear model and a nonlinear model. The lower threshold temperatures of eggs, larvae, and pupae were 12.5, 10.7, and 6.3℃, respectively, and threshold temperature of the total immature period was 8.5℃. The thermal constants required to complete the egg, larval, and pupal stages were 33.2, 118.3, and 181.2DD, respectively. The distribution of each development stages was described by a 3-parameter Weibull function.

 ,  , The developmental period of Laodelphax striatellus Fallen, a vector of rice stripe virus (RSV), was investigated at ten constant temperatures from 12.5 to 35±1℃ at 30 to 40% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. Eggs developed successfully at each temperature tested and their developmental time decreased as temperature increased. Egg development was fasted at 35℃(5.8 days), and slowest at 12.5℃ (44.5 days). Nymphs could not develop to the adult stage at 32.5 or 35℃. The mean total developmental time of nymphal stages at 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and 30℃ were 132.7, 55.9, 37.7, 26.9, 20.2, 15.8, 14.9 and 17.4 days, respectively. One linear model and four nonlinear models (Briere 1, Lactin 2, Logan 6 and Poikilotherm rate) were used to determine the response of developmental rate to temperature. The lower threshold temperatures of egg and total nymphal stage of L. striatellus were 10.2℃ and 10.7℃, respectively. The thermal constants (degree-days) for eggs and nymphs were 122.0 and 238.1DD, respectively. Among the four nonlinear models, the Poikilotherm rate model had the best fit for all developmental stages (r<, SUP>, 2<, /SUP>, =0.98∼0.99). The distribution of completion of each development stage was well described by the two-parameter Weibull function (r<, SUP>, 2<, /SUP>, =0.84∼0.94). The emergence rate of L. striatellus adults using DYMEX<, SUP>, ®<, /SUP>, was predicted under the assumption that the physiological age of over-wintered nymphs was 0.2 and that the Poikilotherm rate model was applied to describe temperature-dependent development. The result presented higher predictability than other conditions.

 ,  , Temperature-related parameters of Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) development were estimated and a stage-structured matrix model was developed. The lower threshold temperatures were estimated as 8.4℃ for eggs, 9.9℃ for larvae, 9.2℃ for protonymphs, and 10.9℃ for deutonymphs. Thermal constants were 113.6, 29.1, 29.8, and 33.4 degree days for eggs, larvae, protonymphs, and deutonymphs, respectively. Non-linear development models were established for each stage of P. citri. In addition, temperature-dependent total fecundity, age-specific oviposition rate, and age-specific survival rate models were developed for the construction of an oviposition model. P. citri age was categorized into five stages to construct a matrix model: eggs, larvae, protonymphs, deutonymphs and adults. For the elements in the projection matrix, transition probabilities from an age class to the next age class or the probabilities of remaining in an age class were obtained from development rate function of each stage (age classes). Also, the fecundity coefficients of adult population were expressed as the products of adult longevity completion rate (liiongevity) by temperature-dependent total fecundity. To evaluate the predictability of the matrix model, model outputs were compared with actual field data in a cool early season and hot mid to late season in 2004. The model outputs closely matched the actual field patterns within 30 d after the model was run in both the early and mid to late seasons. Therefore, the developed matrix model can be used to estimate the population density of P. citri for a period of 30 d in citrus orchards.

The developmental time of immature stages of Paromius exiguus (Distant) was investigated at nine constant temperatures (15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, 35±1℃), 20-30% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10h (L:D). Eggs did not develop at 15℃, and their developmental time decreased with increasing temperatures. Its developmental time was longest at 17.5℃ (28.2 days) and shortest at 35℃ (5.9 days). The first nymphs failed to reach the next nymphal stage at 17.5 and 35℃. Nymphal developmental time decreased with increasing temperatures between 20℃ and 32.5℃, and developmental rate was decreased at temperatures above 30℃ in all stages except for the fourth nymphal stage. The relationship between developmental rate and temperature fit a linear model and three nonlinear models (Briere 1, Lactin 2, and Logan 6). The lower threshold temperature of egg and total nymphal stage was 13.8℃ and 15.3℃, respectively. The thermal constant required to reach complete egg and the total nymphal stage was 109.9 and 312.5DD, respectively. The Logan-6 model was best fitted (r²=0.94-0.99), among three nonlinear models. The distribution of completion of each development stage was well described by the 3-parameter Weibull function (r²=0.91-0.99).

The developmental time and survival of immature stages of N. californicus were studied under laboratory conditions at nine constant temperatures (12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 38, 40℃), 60-70% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. The total developmental period decreased with increasing temperature between 12 and 32℃, and increased beyond 32℃. Total developmental period of immature stages was longest at 12℃ (18.38 days) and shortest at 32℃ (2.98 days). The cumulative mortality of N. californicus was lowest at 24℃ (4.5%) and highest at 38℃ (15.2%). The normalized cumulative frequency distribution of developmental times for each life stage was fitted to the three-parameter Weibull function (r2=0.91~0.93). The relationship between temperature and developmental rate was fitted by five nonlinear development rate models (Logan 6, Lactin 1, 2, and Briere 1,2). The nonlinear shape of temperature development was best described by the Lactin 1 model (r2=0.98). The determined lower developmental temperature thresholds could be used to predict the occurrence, number of generation and population dynamics of N.californicus on fruit orchards and greenhouse

The development of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) was studied at various constant temperatures ranging from 15 to 32.5℃, with 65±5% RH, and a photoperiod of 16L:8D. Mortality of the 1<SUB>st</SUB>-2<SUB>nd</SUB> and the 3<SUB>rd</SUB>-4<SUB>th</SUB> stage nymphs were similar at most temperature ranges while at high temperature of 32.5℃, more 3<SUB>rd</SUB>-4<SUB>th</SUB> stage individuals died. The total developmental time ranged from 13.8 days at 15℃ to 4.9 days at 30.0℃ suggesting that the higher the temperature, the faster the development. However, at higher end temperature of 32.5℃ the development took 6.4 days. The lower developmental threshold temperature and effective accumulative temperatures for the total immature stage were 6.8℃ and 105.9 day-degrees, respectively and the nonlinear shape of temperature related development was well described by the modified Sharpe and DeMichele model. The normalized cumulative frequency distributions of developmental period for each life stage were fitted to the three-parameter Weibull function. The attendance of shortened developmental times was apparent with 1<SUB>st</SUB>-2<SUB>nd</SUB> nymph, 3<SUB>rd</SUB>-4<SUB>th</SUB> nymph, and total nymph stages in descending order. The coefficient of determination r² ranged between 0.80 and 0.87.

목화진딧물 발육실험은 15-35, 습도는 60-70%, 광주기는 16：8 (L：D h)에서 수행 하였다. 진딧물 약충 사망률은 초기 1-2령의 사망률이 대부분을 차지하고, 온도의 상승에 따라 사망률이 높아져 32.5에서 36%였으며, 35에서는 1-2령의 사망률이 44%, 3-4령이 56%로 이 온도에서는 진딧물의 발육이 이루어지지 많았고, 3-4령의 사망률이 1-2령의 사망률보다 높게 나타난다. 전체약충의 온도별 발육기간을 보면 15-3까지 온도의 상승에 따라 발육기간이 11.5에서 4.6일로 짧아지는 경향을 보였고, 고온의 영 향을 받은 것으로 생각되는 32.5에서는 오히려 발육기간이 5.5일로 길어졌다. 발육영 점 온도는 5.이였고, 유효적 산온도는 106.8일도였다. 온도별 발육율은 변형된 Sharpe와 DeMichele의 비 선형 모형 에 잘 적합되었다. 발육단계별 발육기간을 표준화하여 누적시킨 값들은 3개의 변수를 갖는 Weibull function에 적합되었다.