Efficient plant regeneration in Capsicum species is constrained by genotype and explant dependence. In this study, optimal regeneration was achieved on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with B5 vitamins, BA, PAA and AgNO3. Supplementation with BA (5 mg L-1) in combination with PAA (2 mg L-1) produced elongated shoots with normal morphology. Screening of 43 inbred lines including C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens and C. pubescens for plant regeneration efficiency revealed substantial variation among genotypes. C. annuum, C. baccatum and C. pubescens displayed higher regeneration efficiency across all explant types compared with C. chinense and C. frutescens. Cotyledon and hypocotyl explants were generally more responsive than primary leaves. Somatic embryogenesis occurred only in C. frutescens line #461 through an direct callus-mediated pathway, but at extremely low efficiency. These results emphasize the strong influence of genotype and explant source on plant regeneration in pepper.

Time-domain statistical studies of mid-infrared and submm variability in nearby star-forming regions show that at least half of all protostars are variable. In this study, we present a statistical analysis of the mid-infrared variability of Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) in the distant, massive star-forming region W51, based on data from the Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE) All-Sky Survey. From a catalog of 81 protostars, 527 disk objects, and 37,687 other sources, including diskless pre-main sequence stars (Class III) and likely evolved contaminants such as AGB stars (collectively labeled as PMS+E), we identified significant variability in both the 3.4 μm(W1) and 4.6 μm(W2) bands. Due to the large distance (∼5.4 kpc) and high extinction of W51, our sample primarily includes intermediate- to high-mass YSOs (≥2 M⊙), in contrast to nearby star-forming regions such as Taurus or the Gould Belt, which are dominated by low-mass stars (≤1M⊙). This mass bias may affect the observed variability characteristics and their interpretation. Specifically, 11.1% of protostars, 7.6% of Disk objects, and 0.6% of PMS+E sources exhibited secular variability in the W2, while 8.6% of protostars, 2.3% of Disk objects, and 0.5% of PMS+E sources exhibited stochastic variability. Similar trends were observed in the W1 band. Both the fraction and amplitude of variability increase toward earlier evolutionary stages. Protostars exhibit predominantly stochastic variability with high amplitudes, likely driven by dynamic accretion, and extinction changes. In contrast, disk objects show more secular variability, including linear, curved, and periodic patterns, possibly caused by moderate accretion changes or geometric modulation in the inner disk. Analysis of brightness and color changes revealed that protostars typically become redder as they brighten, while disk objects show more complex behavior: they appear roughly balanced in W1 but more often become bluer in W2. These trends are consistent with enhanced dust emission or extinction in protostars, and reduced extinction or accretion-induced hotspot modulation in disk objects. These trends reflect the distinct physical mechanisms at play across evolutionary stages and demonstrate that mid-infrared variability provides useful insight into the accretion and disk evolution processes in young stars.

We investigate the infrared variability of carbon stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Our sample consists of 11,134 carbon stars identified in both visual and infrared bands. Among these, 1,184 objects are known Mira variables based on the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment III (OGLE-III) observations. We study the infrared variability of the entire sample using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) photometric data spanning the past 16 years, including the AllWISE multiepoch data and the Near-Earth Object WISE Reactivation (NEOWISE-R) 2024 final data release. We generate light curves using WISE observations in the W1 and W2 bands and compute Lomb-Scargle periodograms for all sample stars. From the WISE light curves, we derive reliable variability parameters for 1,615 objects. Among these, we identify 672 objects exhibiting clear Mira-like variations: 445 of these are previously known Miras from OGLE-III, while 227 are candidates for new Mira variables identified from the WISE data. We establish period-magnitude and period-color relations in both visual and infrared bands for the known Miras and the newly identified candidates from WISE data. We anticipate that these relations will serve as valuable references for studying carbon stars in other galaxies, including the Milky Way.

This study explored factors affecting variability in second language (L2) learning motivation among Korean university students and how they appraised their L2 learning experience. In this study, 85 undergraduate students majoring in English or English education from three universities in Seoul, South Korea, reflected on their past English learning experience. They drew a motigraph and wrote a retrospective reflection essay covering their English learning that spanned over ten years. Researchers divided participants into two groups: a high variability (HV) group and a low variability (LV) group. Data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. Findings suggest thncontextual factors such as the learning method, atmosphere, and situation were main (de)motivational factors for the HV group. In contrast, the LV group was (de)motivated by intrapersonal factors, including the learning context appraisal. These results imply that visualizing long and short-term goals and positive appraisal of the L2 learning experience can help L2 learners maintain a stable pattern in L2 learning motivation.

일반적으로 전기 패널은 용접이나 앵커링을 통해 기초에 설치된다. 콘크리트 기초-앵커 시스템에서 고려해야 할 열화 요인에 는 콘크리트 기초의 균열이 포함된다. 콘크리트 균열은 전기 패널의 앵커에 영향을 미치는 열화 현상 중 하나로 간주될 수 있다. 또한 독립반 및 열반된 전기 패널의 동적 특성은 상당히 다를 수 있다. 그러나 많은 연구자들이 하나의 전기 캐비닛 시편으로 진동대실험을 수행하였다. 따라서 열반 구성을 고려하여 동적 특성을 평가할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 0.5 mm 및 1.0 mm 균열 폭을 고려하여 콘크리트 기초-앵커 시스템을 설계하였다. 콘크리트 기초-앵커 시스템을 진동대에 고정하고 1∼3개의 열반으로 구성된 단순화된 캐비 닛 모델을 설치하였다. 열반 수와 콘크리트 균열을 매개변수로 고려하여 진동대에 의한 공진주파수 검색 실험을 수행했으며 각 실험편 의 공진 주파수를 비교하였다.

본 연구에서는 한국의 겨울철 강수량이 음()과 양(+)의 극값으로 각각 관측된 2021/2022년과 2023/2024년 사 례를 중심으로, 북극 성층권부터 열대 태평양까지 이어지는 전구 규모 대기 변동이 동아시아 대륙-북서 태평양을 거쳐 중국 동부-황해-한국 지역 대류권 하층 강수 발생 메커니즘에 어떻게 작용하는지를 규명하였다. 1991-2024년 동안 한국 겨울철 강수량은 연평균 0.55±0.80 mm yr1 , 강수일수는 0.04±0.08 day yr1로 증가하였으나, 2021/2022년에는 74.9 mm, 2023/2024년에는 +150.1 mm의 극단적 아노말리가 발생했다. 2021/2022년 겨울에는 북극 성층권 냉각으로 강한 극소용 돌이가 발달해 중위도 대류권 상층이 온난해졌으나, 티벳 고원의 눈 덮임으로 형성된 한랭 고기압이 중국 동부-황해-한 국에 북서풍을 강화하고 수증기 발산을 유도함으로써 강수량이 크게 줄었다. 반면 2023/2024년 겨울에는 성층권 돌연 승온과 엘니뇨가 겹쳐, 서태평양-남동아시아 해역 해수면 온도가 양(+) 편차를 보이는 가운데 온난 고기압이 대류권 하 층 남서풍을 강화해 수증기 수렴과 구름 생성을 촉진하여 극단적인 강수량 증가로 이어졌다. 결국 북극-열대 태평양 간 그리고 동아시아 대륙-북서 태평양 간 외부 요인이 내부 요인들과 복합적으로 작용해 한국 겨울철 강수량 극값 변동을 유발함이 확인되었으며, 이는 겨울 몬순 기후 예측 및 이해에 중요한 단서를 제공한다.

This study examined the feeding behavior and growth performance of 31 Hanwoo steers (10 months old; 278 ± 36.13 kg) within a precision livestock farming system using Roughage Intake Control (RIC) units for real-time data collection. Feeding behavior traits were derived from RIC database data using R software, with subsequent analysis conducted using SAS software. The results indicated that the steers visited the feed stations every 31.12 ± 11.99 minutes, averaging 11 ± 3.37 visits/day. Each feeding session lasted an average of 5.90 ± 1.55 minutes, resulting in a feed intake rate of 77.98 ± 22.53 g/min. Mean daily feed intake was 4.76 ± 1.36 kg, and body weight increased consistently, reaching an average of 412 ± 43.44 kg, with an average daily gain (ADG) of 1.26 ± 0.38 kg. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong relationship between daily feed intake and visit duration (r² = 0.621; p < 0.01) and an inverse correlation between daily feed intake and feed intake duration (r² = −0.445; p < 0.05), indicating behavioral adaptation. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring feeding behavior traits concerning growth performance, enhancing our understanding of individual animal behavior and its implications for productivity while emphasizing the role of advanced technologies in optimizing feed utilization in confined livestock systems.

본 연구는 자율주행상황에서 주관적인 운전 준비도를 객관적으로 측정할 수 있는 심리⋅생리적 지표를 확인하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 51명의 연구대상자가 참여하였고, 설문을 통해 운전 경험, 태도, 운전부하, 상황인식 등을 평가 하였다. 자율주행 중 차량 제어권을 인계받아야 하는 시나리오 동안 심전도를 측정하여 심박변이도 지표를 추출하였 고, 주행 종료 후 연구대상자는 자신의 상태를 평가하였다. 분석 결과, 운전 준비도는 정신적 부하와 부적 상관, 상황 인식과 상황 이해도와는 정적 상관을 보였다. 또한, 심박변이도 지표인 제곱 평균 근간 심박 간격 차이(Root Mean Square of Successive Differences, RMSSD)와 50ms 이상의 연속적인 RR 간격의 차이 비율(proportion derived NN50 by the total number of NN interval, pNN50)과의 유의한 정적 상관관계가 확인되었다. 운전 준비도 수준에 따라 상⋅중⋅하로 나누어 분석한 결과, 높은 운전 준비도 집단은 정신적 부하가 낮고 상황인식 및 상황에 대한 이해 도가 유의하게 높았으며, 자율주행 구간에서 pNN50이 높은 경향이 있었다. 마지막으로 상황인식과 RMSSD가 운전 준비도의 주요 예측 지표로 확인되었다. 이는 운전 준비도가 낮은 운전자는 자율신경 각성이 높고, 높은 운전자는 부교감신경계의 활성화로 인해 심리적, 생리적으로 안정된 상태임을 의미한다. 본 연구는 운전자의 주관적인 운전 준비도를 예측하기 위한 운전자의 심리 및 생리 지표를 확인하였고, 이는 운전자의 운전 준비 상태를 모니터링하는 기술에 적용되어 사고 예방에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

This study investigates the thermal expansion characteristics of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB) based solid propellants, focusing on batch-to-batch variability and accelerated aging effects. Coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE) measurements were conducted using thermomechanical analyzer(TMA) on samples from different manufacturing batches and specimens aged at various temperatures for different durations. Results indicate variations in CTE values between batches, highlighting the significance of manufacturing process control. Accelerated aging experiments reveal minimal systematic changes in CTE, suggesting stability of thermal expansion properties under short-term thermal stress. The overall distribution of CTE values shows concentration within a specific range, indicating consistency in thermal expansion characteristics. These findings provide insights into the thermal behavior of HTPB-based solid propellants, contributing to improved missile design and lifecycle prediction models.

본 연구의 목적은 쌀소득보전직불제가 농가소득 변동성에 미친 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 분석에는 2013~2017년 '농가경제조사'와 '농축산물 생산비 조사'에서 추출한 375개 농가 패널 자료가 사용되었다. 분석방법은 변동계수 비교, 분산분해분석, 그리고 로버스터 회귀모형을 이용하였다. 직불금 여부에 따른 농가소득 변동성 차이를 분석한 결과, 직불금은 농가소득의 변동성을 유의하게 감소시킨 것으로 확인되었다. 분산분해분석을 통해 농업소득의 분산은 총수입(변동직불금 제외)의 분산으로 75%, 농업비용의 분산으로 19.8%, 변동직불금의 분산으로 6.0% 설명될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 회귀분석 결과 쌀재배면적이 클수록 소득안정화 효과는 커지는 것으로 나타났다.

PURPOSES : The variability of hot bin aggregate weighing was evaluated through analysis of production data from three domestic asphalt batch plants. METHODS : Years of HMA production data that includes 94,362 batches from three HMA plants are analyzed for the study. Through the evaluation, the influencing factors of hot bin aggregate measurement variability were analyzed. RESULTS : The variability of hot bin aggregate weighing was found to vary greatly depending on the plant, and it was also found that the variability maintains a certain level regardless weighing amount in each hot bin. Also mixture type turns out to be the one of the major influencing factor that SMA showed the smallest variation in hot bin aggregate weighing, which imply the variability could be reduced by strengthening quality management effort. In addition, hot bin gate driving method did not show any significant effect on the variability while 2nd hot bin showed highest variability. CONCLUSIONS : Based on this analysis, problems with the current hot bin aggregate measurement standards were identified, and alternative criteria that could be improved were proposed.