인도네시아는 전 세계에서 여섯 번째로 많은 탄소 배출국으로, 2023년 기준 약 729 MtCO₂를 배출하며 아세안 국가 중 가장 높은 배출량을 기록하고 있다(Global Carbon Atlas). 이러한 탄소 배출은 주로 화석연료 사용과 산림 벌채로 인해 발생한다. 인도네시아 정부 는 파리기후협정에 따라 2030년까지 온실가스 배출을 29% 감축하는 목표를 설정했으며, 이를 달성하기 위해 다양한 저탄소 기술 도입 이 필수적이다. 특히, 도로 건설 분야에서는 탄소 저감과 시공 효율성을 동시에 향상시킬 수 있는 중온 아스팔트(Warm Mix Asphalt) 기술이 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 인도네시아에 적합한 중온 아스팔트 기술의 적용 가능성을 평가하기 위해, 국내 골재와 중온첨가제를 사용하여 인도 네시아 현지 바인더(IN 6070, 침입도 60-70)와 국내 아스팔트 바인더(PG64-22, 침입도 60-80)를 각각 비교 분석하였다. 인도네시아 시방 기준에 따라 배합설계를 수행하였으며, 합성입도는 인도네시아 시방기준과 유사한 입도(WC-2)를 적용하였다. 또한 현지 바인더와 국내 바인더를 비교하여 성능 차이를 분석하고, 중온첨가제를 사용한 경우와 그렇지 않은 경우의 혼합물 특성도 평가하였다. 아스팔트 바인더 시험 결과, 인도네시아 바인더는 국내 바인더와 유사하였으며, 중온첨가제를 적용한 경우 점도가 모두 낮아지는 경 향을 보였다. 혼합물 시험 결과(국내 골재 사용) 두 바인더 모두 유사한 성능을 나타냈으며, 중온첨가제를 사용한 경우 가열 아스팔트 대비 약 30℃ 낮은 온도에서도 공극률이 유사하였고, 품질 기준을 모두 만족하였다. 향후 인도네시아의 골재와 바인더에 국내 중온첨 가제를 적용한 시험 결과가 본 연구와 유사하게 나타난다면, 국내 중온첨가제를 인도네시아 도로 건설에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 판단 된다.

PURPOSES : This study analyzed the amount of fuel consumption and atmospheric emissions by type of asphalt concrete mixtures. METHODS : Asphalt concrete mixture was produced directly at the plant, fuel consumption was measured compared to daily production, and atmospheric emissions emitted during the production process were measured. Hot and warm asphalt mixtures were produced, and analyses were conducted according to weather conditions and production volume. RESULTS : The fuel use per ton was confirmed to reduce energy by approximately 23.5% in WMA compared to HMA due to differences in the production temperature during the production of asphalt mixtures. Additionally, HMA production yielded 1.6 times higher atmospheric emissions for CO2 and 3.8 times higher for NOx than that for WMA, indicating that CO2 and NOx emissions tended to increase as fuel consumption increased. CONCLUSIONS : When producing asphalt mixtures, the production temperature, production volume, atmospheric conditions, and site conditions have a significant impact on fuel usage and atmospheric emissions.

PURPOSES : This study compared the performance evaluation of a hot mix asphalt (HMA) and asphalt mixture of a warm-antistrip agent. METHODS : A mix design applying Korean standards was conducted to evaluate the performance evaluation. Thereafter, the quality standard evaluation of the asphalt mixture produced was conducted, and if all quality standards were satisfied, a performance evaluation was conducted. Types of performance evaluation included the Hamburg wheel tracking test and dynamic modulus test. RESULTS : As a result of the Hamburg wheel tracking test, the asphalt mixture with a warm-antistrip agent obtained a lower sedimentation value at 10000 times and 20000 times. This result is considered to have higher plastic deformation resistance of the asphalt mixture with a Warm-antistrip agent than HMA. The U.S. Department of Transportation stipulates that plastic deformation resistance is excellent if the asphalt mixture does not exceed 20,000 times the precipitate of 20 mm. Therefore, we confirmed that the plastic deformation resistance of the asphalt mixture with a warm-antistrip agent was excellent. Additionally, the master curve was analyzed by synthesizing the results of the dynamic modulus test. When analyzing the low load cycle at the bottom left of the master curve, the dynamic modulus value of the master curve was higher in the asphalt mixture with a warm-antistrip agent than in the HMA. In addition, when analyzing the high load cycle part, the dynamic modulus of the HMA was measured to be higher than that of the asphalt mixture with a warm-antistrip agent. Accordingly, the resistance to fatigue cracking of the asphalt mixture with a warm-antistrip agent was considered superior to that of the HMA. CONCLUSIONS : As a result, we confirmed that the asphalt mixture with a warm-antistrip agent that satisfies the Korean quality standards had better plastic deformation and fatigue resistance for all performance evaluation tests conducted in this study than the HMA. However, since the Hamburg wheel tracking test did not significantly differ in the amount of sedimentation in the performance evaluation tests and the mixture using one additive was compared with HMA, studies on the effects of various additives containing warm-antistrip agents are required.

The warm recycling technology has been increasingly used in many countries due to the environmental and financial benefits. In this study, the rheological and fatigue performance evolutions of warm-mix recycled asphalt materials during the secondary service period were evaluated in two scales, mixture and fine aggregate matrix (FAM). A laboratory simulation method was proposed to produce warm-mix recycled asphalt binders with various long-term aging levels for the mixture and FAM tests. The dynamic shear rheometer temperature and frequency sweep test and time sweep test were conducted to characterize the rheological and fatigue behavior of FAMs, respectively. The rheological and fatigue properties of asphalt mixtures were measured by the dynamic modulus test and semi-circular bending test, respectively. Effects of aging levels and recycling plans on different pavement performance were investigated. Performance correlations between the mixture and FAM were finally investigated by the statistical method. It is found that the secondary long-term aging causes the continuous increase in the stiffness and decrease in the viscoelasticity level in each material scale, indicating the improvement of the rutting resistance and the reduction of the fatigue resistance. The warm mix asphalt technology plays a positive role in the fatigue performance with a loss of the rutting resistance. Using the styrene butadiene rubber latex can improve different pavement performance within the whole time-temperature domain. Good performance correlations between the mixture and FAM are developed, indicating that the FAM may be the critical material scale for evaluating the rheological and fatigue performance of warm-mix recycled asphalt pavements.

Modified asphalt pavements are needed to resolve pavement distress problems like rutting, pot-hole and warm asphalt pavements are needed to solve energy saving, reduction of noxious gasses emission and early traffic opening. To present these two characteristics, we developed polymer-modified warm-mix asphalt binder and mixtures and evaluated their performance by optimizing polymer-modified warm-mix additive. As results, physical properties and rheological characteristics of polymer-modified warm-mix asphalt binder are similar to normal modified binder. And we confirmed that polymer-modified warm-mix asphalt mixtures satisfied quality standard of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.

PURPOSES: The main distress of asphalt pavements in monsoon climate regions are caused by water damage and plastic deformation due to repeated rain season and increased heavy vehicle traffic volume. In this study, the mechanical properties of polymer-modified warm mix asphalt (PWMA) materials are evaluated to use in monsoon climate regions such as Indonesia. METHODS: Comprehensive laboratory tests are conducted to evaluate moisture resistance and permanent deformation resistance for three different asphalt mixtures such as the Indonesian conventional hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixture, the polymer-modified asphalt mixture, and the polymer-modified warm mix asphalt (PWMA) mixture. Dynamic immersion test and indirect tensile strength ratio test are performed to evaluate moisture resistance. The wheel tracking test is performed to evaluate rutting resistance. Additionally, the Hamburg wheel tracking test is performed to evaluate rutting and moisture resistances simultaneously. RESULTS: The dynamic immersion test results indicate that the PWMA mixture shows the highest resistance to moisture. The indirect tensile strength ratio test indicates that TSR values of PWMA mixture, Indonesian PMA mixture, and Indonesian HMA mixture show 87.2%, 84.1%, and 67.9%, respectively. The wheel tracking test results indicate that the PWMA mixture is found to be more resistant to plastic deformation than the Indonesian PMA. The dynamic stability values are 2,739 times/mm and 3,150 times/mm, respectively. Moreover, the Hamburg wheel tracking test results indicate that PWMA mixture is more resistant to plastic deformation than Indonesian PMA and HMA mixtures. CONCLUSIONS: Based on limited laboratory test results, it is concluded that rutting resistance and moisture susceptibility of the PWMA mixture is superior to Indonesian HMA and Indonesian PMA mixtures. It is postulated that PWMA mixture would be suitable for climate and traffic conditions in Indonesia.

PURPOSES : This research was a laboratory study for evaluating the Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) mixture added developed rejuvenator for warm mix recycling. Waste asphalt mixtures occupy about 18.2% of construction wastes in Korea. Moreover, most rejuvenators were imported from Europe or the U.S. Therefore, improving usage of RAP with a developed rejuvenator material provides environmental protection at a reduced cost. METHODS : The specimen used for this experiment was performed by only using RAP. A suitable rejuvenator for Target PG was then added. In addition, a conventional rejuvenator was selected to compare performance and specimens introduced with the same procedure as the developed rejuvenator was prepared. In order to evaluate rutting resistance and water susceptibility, we conducted a deformation strength test, a tensile strength ratio test, and a dynamic immersion test with the prepared mixtures. RESULTS: Laboratory test results indicated that both the developed additive and conventional additive improved performance of the recycled asphalt mixtures compared to mixtures without the rejuvenator. In addition, the deformation strength test and TSR test results satisfied standards for domestic recycling asphalt mixtures. The dynamic immersion test showed that the developed rejuvenator has superior scaling resistance than the conventional rejuvenator. CONCLUSIONS : In terms of rutting resistance and moisture susceptibility, the warm mix recycled asphalt mixtures with the developed rejuvenator appeared to effectively recovered performance.

PURPOSES : The main purposes of this study are to examine the influences of polyethylene wax-based WMA additive on the optimum asphalt content of warm-recycled asphalt mixture based on the Marshall mix design and to evaluate performance of warm-recycled asphalt mixture containing 30% RAP with polyethylene wax-based WMA additive. METHODS: Physical and rheological properties of the residual asphalt were evaluated in terms of penetration, softening point, ductility and performance grade (PG) in order to examine the effects of polyethylene wax-based WMA additive on the residual asphalt. Also, To evaluate performance characteristics of the warm-recycled asphalt mixtures using polyethylene wax-based WMA additive along with a control hot-recycled asphalt mixture, indirect tensile strength test, modified Lottman test, dynamic immersion test, wheel tracking test and dynamic modulus test were conduced in the laboratory. RESULTS : Based on the limited laboratory test results, polyethylene wax-based WMA additive is effective to decrease mixing and compacting temperatures without compromising the volumetric characteristics of warm-recycled asphalt mixtures compared to hot-recycled asphalt mixture. Also, it doesn't affect the optimum asphalt content on recycled-asphalt mixture. All performance test results show that the performance of warm-recycled asphalt mixture using polyethylene wax-based WMA additive is similar to that of a control hot-recycled asphalt mixture. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the performance of warm-recycled asphalt mixture using polyethylene wax-based WMA additive is comparable to hot-recycled asphalt mixture.

아스팔트 혼합물을 중온에서 생산하여 다짐할 수 있는 중온 아스팔트 기술이 개발되었다. 중온 아스팔트 기술은 유해가스를 줄일 수 있어 친환경적 아스팔트 포장 기술로 인정받고 있으며 전 세계적으로 그 사용량이 점점 증가하고 있다. 최근, 국내에서도 순수 국산화 기술로 중온 아스팔트 혼합물용 첨가제를 개발하여 이에 대한 품질평가와 중온 아스팔트 혼합물에 대한 성능평가를 수행하고 있다. 2008년도부터 다수의 신설 국도 구간에 자체 개발한 중온 아스팔트 첨가제를 사용하여 생산한 중온 아스팔트 혼합물을 이용하여 시험포장을 성공적으로 완료하였다. 2010년 대전지방국도관리청 산하 신설 국도포장의 중간층에 두 종류에 중온화 첨가제(일반 중온화 첨가제(WMA), 폴리머 개질 중온화 첨가제(WMA-P))를 사용한 두 종류에 중온 아스팔트 혼합물과 한 종류에 가열 아스팔트 혼합물을 각각 생산하여 시험포장을 완료하였으며 시함포장에 사용한 혼합물을 사용하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 현장 아스팔트 플랜트에서 생산된 두 종류의 중온 아스팔트 혼합물(WMA, WMA-P)과 일반 가열 아스팔트 혼합물(HMA)을 각각 채취하였으며 실내에서 실제 도로에서 발생하는 차량하중과 환경을 모사할 수 있는 소형 포장 가속시험기(MMLS3)를 사용하여 아스팔트 혼합물의 소성변형 저항성과 수분민감도를 비교 평가하였다. 소형 포장 가속 시험결과 현장 아스팔트 플랜트에서 생산한 중온 아스팔트 혼합물은 가열 아스팔트 혼합물보다 우수한 소성변형저항성과 수분민감도를 보여 주었다. 순수 국산화 기술로 중온 아스팔트 혼합물용 첨가제는 가열 아스팔트 혼합물 보다 낮은 온도에서 중온 아스팔트 혼합물을 생산하고 다짐하는데 효과적인 것으로 평가되었다.

본 논문은 준고온 첨가제가 혼입된 3 종류(일반아스팔트, SBS 및 SMA)의 아스팔트 혼합물 다짐도 변화에 대한 시험 결과이다. 다짐 특성을 조사 분석하기 위하여 다짐 시간 변화와 준고온 첨가제 함량 변화에 의한 다짐도 측정을 실시하였으며, 다짐 온도를 일반시료에 비하여 30℃ 및 50℃를 낮추어 밀도를 비교하였다. 선회 다짐 장비를 사용하여 다짐 횟수 변화에 따른 다짐밀도의 변화를 측정하였다. 다짐시간 경과와 다짐도의 관계는 3 종류의 준고온 첨가제를 일반 아스팔트에 첨가하여 다짐시간 변화와 첨가제 함량 변화에 따른 다짐도를 측정하였다. 온도 저감에 따른 다짐도 비교는 일반 아스팔트 혼합물, 고분자 개질 아스팔트 및 SMA 혼합물 3 종류의 혼합물을 사용하여 시험을 실시하였다. 준고온 아스팔트 혼합물은 다짐온도 저감으로 인하여 일반시료 아스팔트 혼합물과 밀도의 차이가 발생하지 않아서 다짐도가 안정된 상태를 나타냈다. 한편, 혼합물의 종류 및 준고온 첨가제의 종류에 따라 밀도의 차이, 다짐도 변화의 추이 변화가 발견되어 이들 두 인자 사이에 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

최근에 135℃℃ 이하의 온도에서 생산되는 중온형 아스팔트 혼합물의 새로운 생산 기술이 전세계적으로 개발되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 가열 아스팔트보다 낮은 온도에서 아스팔트를 효과적으로 골재에 분산시켜 코팅할 수 있는 폼드 아스팔트 기술을 이용하여 중온형 아스팔트 혼합물을 생산하였으며, 최근 개발된 새로운 Simple Performance Testing 장비를 이용하여 다양한 온도와 하중조건 하에서 중온형 폼드 아스팔트 혼합물의 공용성 특성을 평가하였다. 중온형 폼드 아스팔트 혼합물은 FG 64-22의 아스팔트를 거품상태로 만들어 중온으로 가열된 골재에 뿌려서 제조하였으며, 중온형 아스팔트 혼합물은 중온의 골재에 FG 64-22의 아스팔트를 액상 상태로 첨가하여 제조하였다. 중온형 폼드 아스팔트 혼합물은 중온형 아스팔트 혼합물보다 높은 동탄성계수와 Flow Number를 나타내었다. 따라서, 100℃로 가열된 골재를 사용하여 생산된 중온형 폼드 아스팔트 혼합물은 중온형 아스팔트 혼합물에 비하여 피로균열 및 소성변형 저항에 우수한 것으로 평가되었다.