Fluorescent bacteria were isolated from sporocarps that browned into various mushrooms during survey at places of the production in Korea. We examined the pathogenicity, biodiversity, and genetic characteristics of the 19 strains identified as Pseudomonas tolaasii by sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and White Line Assay. The results emphasize the importance of rpoB gene system, fatty acid profiles, specific and sensitive PCR assays, and lipopeptide detection for the identification of P. tolaasii. As a result of these various analyses, 17 strains (CHM03~CHM19) were identified as P. tolaasii. The phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that all strains were clustered closest to P. tolaasii lineage, two strains (CHM01, CHM02) were not identified as P. tolaasii and have completely different genetic characteristics as a result of fatty acids profile, specific and sensitive PCR, lipopetide detection, rpoB sequence and REP-PCR analysis. Pathogenicity tests showed 17 strains produce severe brown discolouration symptoms to button mushrooms and watersoaking of sporophore tissue within three days after inoculation. But two strains did not produce discolouration symptoms. Therefore, these two strains will be further investigated for correct species identification by different biological and molecular characteristics.

The fungus Alternaria alternata, responsible for causing brown to black spotting on numerous fruits and vegetables globally, was identified in 2022 as the causative pathogen of brown spot disease in potatoes in Korea. In pursuing potential inhibitors against A. alternata growth, we evaluated 15 mushroom culture filtrates: eight from Trametes spp. and seven from Polyporus spp., known for their antibacterial and anticancer properties. Antifungal activity was assessed by exposing each filtrate to A. alternata on a paper disc. Four filtrates displayed inhibitory action against the fungus, albeit with mild effects. Our findings highlight the potential of Trametes and Polyporus fungi as emerging antifungal candidates, offering promise in preventing potato brown spots.

The rapid development of biotechnology has increased the importance of microorganisms or their genetic information. Thus, the Nagoya Protocol on access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization was established, and countries are working to secure industrially and academically useful bioresources to deal with the agreement. In the case of Korea, because 67% of bioresources are imported from abroad, we are required to secure domestic bioresources as well. The number of isolated foodborne illness-causing microorganisms is predicted to invrease based on the incresing number of outbreaks of foodborne illness each year. Consequently, appropriate long-term preservation methods are necessary to secure the isolated microorganisms for the purpose of research and resourcification. Therefore, the long-term preservation methods for bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa were investigated in this study, from domestic and international bioresource banks, and the functions of the cryoprotectants were reviewed and discussed. This review should be informative in the preservation of microorganisms and contribute to the development of biotechnology.

Alternaria alternata는 전세계적으로 상추(Lactuca sativa L.)에 점무늬병(Alternaria leaf spot)을 일으켜 작물의 수량을 감소시키고 품질을 저해하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 하지만 우리나라에서 상추 점무늬병에 대한 공식적인 보고가 없고 방제를 위한 약제도 등록되지 않았다. 본 실험에서는 강원도 지역의 로메인상추 재배지를 조사하고 점무늬병에 걸린 로메인상추로부터 병원균을 분리하였다. 18S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS)와 RNA polymerase II subunit 2(RPB2)영역의 DNA 염기서열을 분석하여 분리한 병원균이 A. alternata임을 확인하였고, 로메인상추에 병원균을 재접종하여 해당 병원균이 점무늬병의 원인 병원균임을 확인하였다. A. alternata의 화학적 방제를 위해 mancozeb, boscalid, benomyl, difenoconazole, azoxystrobin, fludioxonil 성분의 살균제를 선발하여 항균효과를 확인하였다. 확인 결과 10 μg/ml의 농도에서 fludioxonil이 약 98%의 균사생장 억제효과를 보여주어 가장 높은 효과를 나타내었으며, difenoconazole, boscalid, azoxystrobin, benomyl, mancozeb가 10μg/ml 의 농도에서 각각 약 85%, 58%, 42%, 12%, 7% 순으로 균사생장 억제효과를 보여주었다. 본 연구는 국내에서 최초로 상추 점무늬병과 그 원인균을 보고한다.

This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of odor-causing substances in Yeosu national industrial complex, which is designated as an “Odor management Area,” in 2019 and the surrounding area. The sampling sites were divided into three areas: five sites within the industrial complex (Management area), one site within the borders of the complex (Boundary area), and two sites within residential areas (Affected area) affected by odors. The odor compounds were collected from March to September at dawn, daytime, and night. The analytical items were meteorological data, complex odor, legally-designated 22 odor compounds and other VOCs. Complex odor was exceeded on the limit three occasions at two sites in the management area. Ammonia, two types of sulfides, three types of aldehydes, and five VOCs were detected to be within the emission standards. Ammonia was the most frequently detected compounds. Aldehydes and sulfur compounds made a relatively high contribution to the level of odors. Therefore, aldehydes and sulfur compounds should be reduced first in order to prevent odors from occurring.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents varieties of questions concerning not only international law, but also the domestic laws of states affected by this global pandemic. One of legal issues amid COVID-19 pandemic is the state immunity principle. There have been many lawsuits against foreign state challenging the state immunity principle amid the COVID-19 pandemic. In Thailand, the Chiangmai Provincial Court (court) addressed in its judgment that it did not have jurisdiction to adjudicate the compensation for COVID-19 pandemic’s damages dispute between Thai restaurant owner and the United States (US). Notwithstanding surrounding controversies over COVID-19 pandemic, the court considered the motion denied. The main implication of the judgment is that Thailand accepted state immunity principle under customary international law. This research briefly explains the sovereign immunity doctrine relating to this case, summarizes the facts and analyses the potential ramifications of this judgement under international law.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) usually develops in patients with an individual or family history of allergic diseases, and is characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation seen specially in childhood, association with IgE hyperproduction and precipitation by environmental factors. and wished to examine closely effect that Polygonum multiflorum isolated PM-E and PM-70M orally adminstration used to atopy dermatitis disease patient get in atopy eruption control experimentally. Atopic dermatitis is a chronically relapsing inflammatory skin disease. Animal models induced by relevant allergens play a very important role in the elucidation of the disease. This study was investigated the anti-allergic effect of PM-E and PM-70M on BMAC induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. We summerized as the follow. PM-E and PM-70M significantly reduced the skin number of total cell number, CD4+ and CD11b+/Gr-1 cell compared with positive control and decreased the invasion of CD4+ cell in dorsal skin tissue compared with positive control group by using immunohistochemical staining and chemokine such as eotaxin and CCR3 compared with positive control group. PM-E and PM-70M markedly suppressed invasion and edema of leukocytes and mast cell in dorsal skin. Taken together, these findings suggested that PM-E and PM-70M has an anti-allergic activity and this might be useful for the clinical application to treat allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis.

미세방울 디지털 PCR(Droplet digital PCR, ddPCR) 법은 정량 PCR 법과 같이 형광물질을 사용하여 정량분석이 가능하다는 점은 유사하지만, PCR 반응액을 만든 후 이 반응액을 바로 PCR에 사용하지 않고 수 만 개의 동일한 크기의 미세방울(droplet)로 구획(partitioning)한 후에 PCR 반응을 수행하는 점이 기존의 PCR 법과 가장 큰 차이라고 볼 수 있다. 이렇게 구획된 나노리터 크기의 미세방울 중에서 형광신호가 검출되는 미세방울과 검출되지 않은 미세방울의 수를 계수하여 프아송 분포(Poisson distribution) 계산에 적용하면 표준검량선 없이 목적 유전자의 절대정량 분석이 가능하다. 곤충이 매개하는 질병 바이러스의 경우 소량의 바이러스 감염 여부를 확인하기 위해서 다수의 곤충 유전자를 확인해야 하는데, 이와 같이 미세방울 형태의 ddPCR을 이용하면 기존 Real-time PCR 법에 비해 극소량의 목적 유전자를 높은 민감도로 검출할 수 있으며, PCR 저해요소(inhibitor)에도 큰 영향을 받지 않는다는 장점이 있다. 또한 미세방울 방식의 디지털 PCR을 이용하면 다중 PCR 분석이 가능하여 1개의 시료에서 다양한 질병매개 바이러스를 검출할 수 있다.

The Korean aquaculture industry was generally began in the 1970s and has gradually increased. Now, the number of households is about 7,068 and the scale of an aquaculture farm is about 248,014 ha; the value of all production in the industry is estimated to be about 1602.2 billion won. The aquaculture industry is very valuable and important for future food resources. However, the aquaculture industry was damaged by several marine ecological disturbance causing organisms. The Ascdiella aspersa colonized on the shell of scallop and then scallops were detached from rope. The patterns of damage in the aquacultures were observed in Tongyeong (oyster), Geojedo (oyster), and Gangneung (sea squirt) in June, 2017, as well as in Tongyeong (oyster) in November, 2017 by SCUBA divers. The species Halichondria bowerbanki, Bugula neritina, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Balanus amphitrite, Ascidiella aspersa, Ciona intestinalis, Didemnum sp, Styela plicata in Tongyeong, M. galloprovincialis, A. aspersa, C. intestinalis, D. vexillum, S. plicata in Geojedo, and M. galloprovincialis in Gangneung were all usually found in their farms. The marine ecological disturbance causing organisms gave rise to a reduced number of aquaculture products.

Aster glehni Franchet et Schmidt is a compositae plant and has been known as a native specie in Ulleung Island, Korea. It is officially recognized as a regional specialty that grows only in this region. In 2014, brown and dark spots were observed on aster leaves in a forest research field, Jinju, Korea. A causal agent was isolated from the disease symptomatic leaves and identified as fungus Alternaria solani. Fungal morphological characteristics and molecular identification with internal transcribed spacer sequences were synchronized as A. solani. The isolated fungi reproduced the same disease symptoms when the fungus was artificially inoculated on healthy aster leaves. This is the first report that A. solani caused leaf blight disease in Aster glehni in Korea.

Some Japonica rice plant varieties show the resistance to the whitebacked planthopper (S. furcifera) and the varieties produce ovicidal compound, benzyl benzoate, to kill their eggs lying in the rice plant. We have tried to elucidate the mechanism for inducing the production of the benzyl benzoate by the Japonica rice varieties. The active 80% MeOH/H2O extract was chromatographed on ODS open column and separated into 6 fractions; 100% H2O, 20% MeOH/H2O, 60% MeOH/H2O, 80% MeOH/H2O, 100% MeOH, 100% EtOH. Of these 6fractions, 100% MeOH and 100% EtOH fractions evidently induced benzyl benzoate at 43.95μg/g of fresh rice plant(frp) and 31.04μg/gfrp, respectively. The active compounds were submitted to analyses by using NMR and GC- and LC-MS inorder to elucidate the structure. We find elicitors to induce with S. furcifera. The elicitors are in the female of S. furcifera and the structures of elicitors are species of phospholipid and glycerol.

In Korea, the value of insect resources has been increased immensely and the insect industry is expected to increase up to 40 billion dollars by 2020. Among them, Korean horn beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma, is one of the strongest candidates for insect industry as medicinal purpose for various liver diseases and diabetes. In many local farms rearing larvae, a few bacterial and fungal pathogens causing disease of A. dichotoma larvae have been identified including Bacillus thuringiensis and Metarhizium anisopliae. For past few years, a disease seemingly due to viral infection has been reported for causing death of larvae en masse. The pathogen of this disease has not been identified so far. In Southeastern Asia, Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) is known to cause severe disease in coconut palm rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, and is used as a biological control agent to reduce the pest population. Here, we report for the first time that OrNV may have landed on Korea and may be the major pathogen for the diseased larvae of A. dichotoma. After peroral inoculation with the purified virus extracted from the hemolymph of diseased larvae, we confirmed that over 60% of infected larvae perished in six weeks. This viral disease spreads very fast in many farms nationwide throughout Korea. This threat not only makes economic loss of local farms rearing larvae, but also may disturb the ecosystem by transmitting to wild A. dichotoma.

In this paper, Our research focuses on the generic referring quantifiers "ju"&"fu" of the stone inscription.Compared with the stone inscription of Sui, Tang and five dynasties, we can describe the evolutional track of the quantifiers "ju"&"fu". The cases of "ju" existed in the Stone Inscription in Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties are rare, but it has a broad scope of application and type utility.Moreover, It can serve as both individual quantifiers and collective quantifiers. Because of this, it’s likely to lead to semantic ambiguity. Induced by the language mechanism, "ju" used as collective quantifiers, preferred to be replaced by "fu" since Sui, Tang and five dynasties.

We elucidate the mechanism for inducing the production of ovicidal benzyl benzoate by Japonica rice varieties to kill eggs of the whitebacked planthopper, Sogatellafurcifera(Horváth), lying in the rice plant. Even when subjected to physical damage by a needle or damage with water, the rice plant produced no benzyl benzoate. However, significant benzyl benzoate was produced when the plant was damaged with a methanol extract or homogenate of S.furcifera. The extract of the male did not induce the production of benzyl benzoate, but that of the female did. We concluded from these results that benzyl benzoate was induced by some elicitor(s) in the female of S.furcifera.

In 2008, leaf blight symptoms were observed on several Chinese chive farms in Sangju. The Pathogenicity of the isolate was confirmed by artificial inoculation, where the pathogen exhibited a strong pathogenicity toward healthy plants. Morphological classification identified the isolate as from the Fusarium genus. For further analysis, PCR and phylogenetic classification were performed with ITS region and 28S rRNA gene which are commonly used for fungal identification. However, the results provided a poor resolution. To solve this problem, we analyzed translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF-1α) gene. The analyzed results using TEF-1α gene indicated that the isolate was F. proliferatum. Therefore, it is assumed that TEF-1α gene is important when Fusarium sp. was identified using molecular classification method.