In this study, we investigate the opportunity of using waste tire char as a cathode material for lithium-ion primary batteries (LPBs). The char obtained by carbonizing waste tires was washed with acid and thermally fluorinated to produce CFX. The structural and chemical properties of the char and CFX were analyzed to evaluate the effect of thermal fluorination. The carbon structure of the char was increasingly converted to CFX structure as the fluorination temperature increased. In addition, the manufactured CFX- based LPBs were evaluated through electrochemical analysis. The discharge capacity of the CFX reached a maximum of 800 mAh/g, which is comparable to that of CFX- based LPBs manufactured from other carbon sources. On the basis of these results, the use of waste tire char-based CFX as a cathode material for LPBs is presented as a new opportunity in the field of waste tire recycling.

In this study, the physicochemical characteristics and fluoride adsorption capacity of the bone char pyrolyzed at different temperatures; 200℃, 300℃, 350℃, 400℃, 500℃, 600℃, and 700℃ were investigated. Analytical studies of the synthesized bone char including; SEM-EDS, XRD, BET and FT-IR, showed the presence of hydroxyapatite(HAP), which is the main substance that adsorbs fluoride from aqueous solutions containing high fluoride concentrations. Bone char pyrolyzed from 350∼700℃ specifically revealed that, the lower the temperature, the higher the fluoride adsorption capacity and vice versa. The loss of the fluoride adsorption function of HAP (OH- band in the FTIR analysis) was interpreted as the main reason behind this inverse correlation between temperature and fluoride adsorption. Bone char produced at 350°C hence exhibited a fluoride adsorption capacity of 10.56 mgF/g, resulting in significantly higher adsorption compared to previous studies.

Empty fruit bunch (EFB) char was used to remove NOx and odorous substances. The physicochemical properties of the EFB chars were altered by steam or KOH treatments. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and porosity were measured to determine the properties of the modified EFB chars. The deNOx and adsorption test for hydrogen sulphide and acetaldehyde were performed to determine the feasibility of the modified EFB chars. The KOH-treated EFB (KEFB) char revealed higher deNOx efficiency than with commercial activated carbon. The Cu-impregnated EFB char also had high deNOx efficiency at temperatures higher than 150°C. The KEFB char showed the highest hydrogen sulphide and acetaldehyde adsorption ability, followed by the steam-treated EFB char and untreated EFB char. Moreover, the product prepared by sulfonation of EFB char showed excellent performance for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate for biodiesel production.

We assessed the effects of combining bio-char with straw residue mulching on the loss of soil soluble nutrients and citrus yield in sloping land. The two-year study showed that straw residue mulching (ST) and bio-char application combined with straw residue (ST+BC) can significantly reduce soil soluble nutrient loss when compared with the control treatment (CK). The comparative volume of the soil surface runoff after each of the treatments was as follows: CK > ST > ST + BC. Compared with the CK, the runoff volume of the ST was reduced by 13.6 % and 8.5 % in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Compared with the CK, combining bio-char with the ST application reduced the loss of soluble nitrogen and improved the soil total nitrogen content reaching a significant level in 2015. It dramatically increased the soil organic matter content over the two year period (36.3% in 2014, 50.6% in 2015) as well as the carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) (16.6% in 2014 and 39.3% in 2015). Straw mulching combined with bio-char showed a trend for increasing the citrus yield.

Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) produced using municipal solid waste was pyrolyzed to produce RDF char. For the first time, the RDF char was used to remove aqueous copper, a representative heavy metal water pollutant. Activation of the RDF char using steam and KOH treatments was performed to change the specific surface area, pore volume, and the metal cation quantity of the char. N2 sorption, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the char. The optimum pH for copper removal was shown to be 5.5, and the steam-treated char displayed the best copper removal capability. Ion exchange between copper ions and alkali/alkaline metal cations was the most important mechanism of copper removal by RDF char, followed by adsorption on functional groups existing on the char surface. The copper adsorption behavior was represented well by a pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum copper removal capacity was determined to be 38.17 mg/g, which is larger than those of other low-cost char adsorbents reported previously.

Acrylonitrile (AN)-acrylamide (AM) copolymers were prepared by nitric acidic hydrolysis of homopolyacrylonitrile. The acrylamino group increased as a function of hydrolysis time, while crystallinity decreased. Differential scanning calorimetry and a thermal gravimetric analysis indicated that the acylamino introduced by acidic hydrolysis effectively enhanced the cyclization reaction at low temperature due to the change of the cyclization reaction mechanism. Char-yield of AN-AM copolymers also gradually increased with increasing hydrolysis time. The maximum char-yield was 49.48% when hydrolized at 23°C in 65% nitric acid solution for 18 h, which was 30% higher than that of non-acidic hydrolysis of homopolyacrylonitrile. Simulation of the practical process also showed an increase of char yields, where the char yields were 55.43% and 62.60% for homopolyacrylonitrile and copolyacrylonitrile, respectively, with a hydrolysis time of 13 h.

This study was designed to adopt two estrus synchronization protocols in zebu and crossbred heifers and their effects on pregnancy rate after timed artificial insemination (TAI). A number of 120 cyclic heifers were allotted for two different treatment groups and one control group. Heifers under protocol A were injected with GnRH at first day followed by a single dose of at Day 11 and injection of GnRH at the day of AI; and heifers belonged to protocol B were treated with GnRH, two injections at 11 days apart and injection of GnRH at AI. AI was done at fixed time (within 72~96 hours after injection) in both protocols and pregnancy was confirmed by rectal palpation on 80~120 days of post AI. In control group; local heifers were conceived higher (30%) proportion than that of crossbred heifers (25%; p<0.05). In protocol A, the local breed were conceived higher (38.9%) proportion compared with crossbred (25%; p<0.05). In protocol B, local breed heifers were conceived higher (38.9%) proportion compared with crossbred heifers (33.3%; p<0.05). The overall pregnancy rate in protocol A and protocol B was 33.3% and 36.6%, respectively. The proportion of pregnancy rate of local heifers (38.9%; Protocol A) was significant (p<0.05) in comparison with local heifers (30%) in control group (p<0.05). The overall pregnancy rate between pooled control group (28.3%) and treatment group (35%) was significantly (p<0.05) differ from each other's. Results of present study concluded that estrus synchronization followed by fixed time AI could be applied for higher pregnancy rate in zebu and crossbred heifers.

With the development of the Korean economy, the number of arson fire has been radically increased and become a huge problem and issue in Korea Society for last several decades. This study is to establish the fire life safety strategy regarding the arson fire through performing the computer simulation based on fire scenarios with researching domestic fire statistics and cutting edge techniques and methods for fire characteristics and fire dynamic. In addition, to design the fire life safety strategy depending on the arson fire pattern, the flow and characteristics of fire flames and smoke is analyzed by the computer modeling.

It is well known that the porosity and adsorption capacity in a carbon depends on the nature of precursor, pyrolysis and activation conditions and the ash content. The studies on carbon prepared from the dry and wet babbool wood were under taken to ascertain the effect of initial state of precursor on the development of porosity in the resulting activated carbon. The characterization and adsorption studies carried out shows the presence of mainly mesoporosity in the carbon prepared from dry wood while more of microporosity was observed in the activated carbon prepared from wet wood. The results on porosity in both the cases have been compared and correlated with their processing conditions.

A series of activated carbons were prepared from coconut shells and coal-tar pitch binder by physical activation with steam in this study. The effect of variable processes such as activation temperature, activation time and ratio of mixing was investigated for optimizing those preparation parameters. The activation processes were carried out continuously. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K on pellet-shaped activated carbons show the same trend of Type I by IUPAC classification. The average pore sizes were about 19-21a. The specific surface areas (SBET) of pellet typed ACs increased with increasing the activation temperature and time. Specific surface area of AC treated for 90 min at temperature 900℃ was 1082 m2/g. The methylene blue numbers continuously increased with increasing the activation temperature and time. On the other hand, iodine numbers highly increased till activation time of 60 min, but the rate of increase of iodine numbers decreased after that time. This indicates that new micropores were created and the existing micropores turned into mesopores and macropores because of increased reactivity of carbon surface and H2O.

암모니아성 질소는 생활하수, 축산폐수, 산업폐수 등의 점오염원과 화학적 비료 남용에 의한 유출 등의 비점오염원으로부터 수계로 방류되어 부영양화 등의 수질 오염을 유발할 수 있다. 생활하수 등에서 암모니아성 질소를 제거하기 위해 생물학적 처리공정이 주로 적용되고 있으나 운영상의 어려움, 비점오염원 저감의 어려움으로 인하여 대체방안이 요구된다. 바이오차를 흡착제로 활용하는 방안은 적용이 간단하며 효율적으로 수중 암모니아를 제거하는 방안으로 주목받고 있다. 선행 연구에서는 대부분 암모니아성 질소 흡착을 NH4+ 양이온 흡착으로 설명하고 있으나 수중의 암모니아성 질소는 pH에 따라 NH4+와 NH3(aq)로 분배될 수 있어 적용 조건에 따라 두 화학종이 모두 흡착에 참여할 가능성이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 화학종 분배를 함께 고려하는 것의 필요성을 검증하고자 하였다. 바이오차는 발생량이 많은 농업부산물인 볏짚을 300, 400, 500, 600℃ 네 가지 최고온도로 열분해하여 얻었다. 암모니아성 질소 용액은 NH4Cl을 이용하여 준비하였다. 이후 20℃에서 바이오차 투여량 5 g/L 조건으로 초기농도 10 ~ 500 mg/L 용액에 대하여 등온흡착실험을 진행하였다. 흡착반응속도실험은 20℃에서 투여량 5 g/L 조건으로 초기농도 50 mg/L에서 진행하였다. 바이오차 투여 이후 pH는 NH4+의 pKa인 9.25 부근까지 증가하여 NH3(aq)가 액상에 존재할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 등온흡착곡선은 BET 모형에 의해 설명되었기에 응축에 의한 다층 흡착이 진행되는 것을 확인하였다. NH4+만이 흡착에 참여할 경우 쿨롱 반발력에 의해 응축이 일어날 수 없다. NH3(aq)가 흡착에 참여한다면 극성 분자의 쌍극자모멘트 또는 약한 수소결합으로 부터 응축에 의한 다층 흡착을 설명할 수 있다. 반응속도 실험결과 300℃에서 제조한 바이오차에 의한 암모니아성 질소 흡착은 유사 1차 반응속도 모형으로부터 설명할 수 있어 NH4+ 흡착이 주요한 것으로 생각된다. 300℃보다 높은 온도에서 제조한 바이오차의 경우 Elovich’s Equation이 암모니아성 질소의 흡착반응속도를 더 잘 설명하여 흡착 메커니즘을 NH4+ 흡착으로 설명할 수 없었다. Elovich’s Equation은 분자 상 물질의 화학적 흡착을 설명하는 모형이므로 NH3(aq)이 흡착에 참여하는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 바이오차에 의한 암모니아성 질소 흡착은 NH4+ 이온의 흡착뿐만 아니라 NH3(aq)의 흡착도 함께 고려해야 함을 확인하였다.

Bottom ash char, which is released and collected from a solid refuse fuel (SRF) gasification pilot plant, has been used as a feed material for one more step of the gasification process. This char contains higher unburned materials than the bottom ash collected from incineration plants. This could have sufficient potential for application to gasification technology. The lab-scale gasification experimental process consists of a downdraft gasifier, a cyclone, a scrubber, and a filtering system for the analysis of syngas. To find the optimal conditions and to decrease loss on ignition, the air equivalent ratio (ER) was adjusted from 0.1 to 0.5. The results of this experiment showed that 0.2 ER was the optimal condition, with 32.41% of cold gas efficiency and 40.41% of carbon conversion ratio. However, compared to the general gasification process, this efficiency and conversion ratio still seem to be low since the feedstock was the leftovers of the gasification process with a lower amount of volatile carbonaceous components. Furthermore, with increasing ER, the loss on ignition of the bottom ash in this experiment decreases due to the enhancement of the oxidation reaction. On average, it decreased by up to about 20% compared to the feedstock.

앞으로 다가올 자원고갈 사회를 대비하기 위한 국내 정책으로 폐기물의 발생을 억제하고 발생된 폐기물을 적정하게 재활용, 회수, 처리하는 자원순환사회의 형성을 목표로 하고 있으며, 폐기물로부터 에너지를 회수하는 방안에 관한 연구가 적극적으로 진행되고 있다. 폐기물의 에너지화 기술 중에서 폐기물 가스화 공정은 폐기물의 열적처리 공정 중 하나로서 H2와 CO로 이루어진 합성가스를 생산하는 기술로 단순소각을 통한 열에너지의 회수가 아닌 청정연료로의 전환을 통해 고부가가치 에너지원으로 활용이 가능하다는 장점이 있어 높은 관심을 받고 있다. 그러나 가스화 공정에 의해 배출되는 바닥재는 공정특성상 소각공정을 통해 배출되는 바닥재에 비해 미연분 수치가 높게 나타난다. 이러한 미연분 함량은 폐기물관리법 시행규칙에서 강열감량 수치로 규정하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 비성형 SRF(Solid Refuse Fuel)를 활용한 Pilot scale 가스화 공정을 통해 배출된 바닥재의 재활용 방안을 마련하기 위해 강열감량 및 기초특성분석을 진행하였다. 재활용 방안으로 Lab scale의 고정층 가스화 공정을 적용하였다. 바닥재는 800 ℃에서 분당 10g씩 투입되었으며, 공기비 조건에 변화를 주어 생성된 합성가스의 특성분석을 진행하여 바닥재의 에너지회수 가능성을 알아보았다. 또한, 최종으로 배출된 바닥재의 감열감량을 측정하여 최적 감량조건을 도출하였다.

선택적 촉매환원법(Selective Catalytic Reduction, SCR)에서는 V2O5 주로 계열 촉매가 주로 상용되어 있으며 높은 NOX 저감효율의 장점을 지님에도 불구하고 300~400℃의 좁은 활성범위를 가지고 있는 단점이 있다. 이를 보완하기 위해 최근 저온 SCR촉매에 관한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있으며, 대표적인 카본류 중에서 비교적 가격이 저렴한 산업 및 농업 부산물을 열분해시켜 형성된 바이오매스 Char를 촉매로 활용하는 방안에 관한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 연소공정에서 주로 발생되는 대기오염물질 중 대표적인 물질인 질소산화물(NOX)의 SCR공정에서 반응특성을 고찰하기 위해 Lab-scale 규모의 실험 장치를 구현하였다. 실험에 사용된 음식물 열분해-Char는 600℃ 4시간동안 열분해 후 SCR공정에서 촉매로 활용하여 전이금속담지유무, 온도, 수분유무 등의 실험 조건을 변화시켜 NOX를 효율적으로 처리할 수 있는 조건을 도출하였다. 대상시료의 물리․화학적 특성을 파악하기 위해 공업분석, 원소분석을 수행하였으며, 제조한 촉매의 특성은 질소 흡․탈착법, SEM, ICP, EDX 등을 이용하여 분석하였다. 실험에 사용된 Char의 비표면적은 400 m²/g 이상으로 활성화 전 비표면적보다 100배 이상 증가함을 나타냈다. 실험결과에 따라 전이금속인 Cu를 담지하였을 경우, 담지하지 않은 경우보다 높은 저감효율을 나타냈다. NO의 저감효율은 최고 효율을 보이는 350~400℃ 부근의 영역에서 60% 이상의 저감효율을 보였고 그 이후부터 온도가 증가할수록 감소되는 경향을 나타냈다. 수분을 투입하였을 경우 모든 온도 영역에서 NO 저감효율에 악영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었으며, 최적 효율대비 약 20%의 차이를 나타내었다. 이는 수분과 NH3와의 경장흡착으로 인해 촉매표면에 NO와 반응에 필요한 NH3의 흡착종이 부족하므로 촉매 표면의 활성저하를 일으키기 때문으로 사료된다.

매립지에서 발생하는 매립가스는 악취를 발생시켜 주변지역 대기환경을 저해하고 있다. 매립가스의 주성분은 온실가스인 이산화탄소(CO2)와 메탄가스(CH4)로 구성되어 있어, 바이오에너지와 같은 대체에너지 생산 기술 등의 연구에 활용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 가스화 공정에서 발생하는 RDF char를 이용하여 CO2/CH4 개질 반응을 통해 생성되는 합성가스의 주성분인 CO, H2의 생성 특성에 대해 연구하였다. 1023∼1173K의 온도에서 CH4/CO2 ratio는 1.3으로 고정하여 혼합된 CO2와 CH4를 RDF char와 반응시켜 생성되는 H2와 CO의 변화를 측정하였다. 실험 결과에는 반응 온도가 1123K일 때 SUS bed의 CO2 전환율은 3.2%로 나타났으며, 반면 RDF char에서의 CO2 전환율은 81.7%로 나타났다. 이러한 실험결과로 RDF char는 CO2 개질반응에 촉매 역할을 하는 것으로 판단된다. 반응 후 RDF char 성분 분석 결과에 따라 함량이 높은 CaO는 반응전과 후 비슷한 결과를 나타났고 CO2 전환에 영향을 주지 않아 촉매 역할을 하는 Fe2O3나 TiO2에 의한 것으로 판단된다. 산소가 없는 경우에 RDF char에 의한 CO2와 CH4 개질 반응은 온도 증가에 따라 CO2 전환율은 45.3%(1023K)에서 83.16%(1173K)로 증가하였고 CH4 전환율은 10.2%(1023K)에서 27.0%(1173K)로 증가하였다. 또한 산소가 있는 경우는 산소 없는 경우보다 CH4 전환율은 1173K에서 27.0%에서 41.1%로 증가하고 발생가스의 H2 비율은 15.8%에서 22.3%로 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 RDF char에 의해 메탄과 이산화탄소 개질 반응에 Reforming reaction과 Reverse WG shift reaction, Boudouard reaction, Reverse WG shift reaction에 의한 영향을 받는 것으로 판단된다.

The amount of food waste is generated every year in Korea. Despite food waste contain a large amount of valuable organic resources, The rate of recycling is low because of high moisture contents and sodium. It proposed a solution to the problem is the Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology. The Bio-char is produced by HTC allows to increase the recycling uses. The agents of heavy metal adsorption are mainly used with lime and activated carbon. However, these have difficulties such as low economical feasibility and solubility. This study focused on the application of the adsorbent. It is expected to have advantages in heavy metal waste water like Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) or industrial effluent. In this study, the adsorption capacity of bio-char was measured with the conditions of the time and the amount of bio-char inputs to remove in the artificial AMD. Artificial waste water 10 ppm and 100 ppm was prepared using Cu, Pb, Cd, As, and analyzed a batch-test to find the optimum condition. The experimental results showed The optimal blending ratios with activated bio-char and contaminated water were 1 : 20 for high concentration (100 ppm), 1 : 100 for low concentration (10 ppm). As the results, the absorption efficiency of the heavy metals, shows more than 99% except for arsenic.

한 해 한국의 음식물 폐기물 발생량은 2012년 기준 13,209 ton/day 이며, 이는 전체 생활폐기물 발생량의 약 27%에 해당한다. 이처럼 다량으로 발생하는 음식물 폐기물은 유용한 유기성 자원을 다량 함유함에도 불구하고 재활용이 저조하다. 때문에 음식물 폐기물을 bio-char로 탄화시켜 활용성을 높이는 연구가 전 세계에서 수년전부터 진행 중이다. 문헌고찰을 통해 열수가압탄화반응으로 생성된 bio-char가 중금속 흡착이 가능하다는 것을 확인 하였다. 따라서 광산배수와 같은 고농도의 중금속 오염수 처리에 bio-char를 활용하여 중금속 흡착･침전 여부를 확인해 보고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는, 인공오염수를 제작하여 일정량의 bio-char를 일정시간 교반시켜 투입 전 / 후 농도 차이로 흡착율을 확인하고, 최적의 조건을 찾고자 하였다. 인공오염수는 Accustandard 사의 Reference Standard 를 사용하여 만들었고, 광산배수의 평균 오염농도에 맞추기 위해 증류수와의 희석으로 50ppm, 100ppm, 150ppm 으로 조성하였다. 중금속은 Cd, As, Hg, Pb, 6가 크롬을 분석하였고 한 비커에 복합적으로 혼합하였다. Bio-char 는 음식물폐기물 60kg을 2.2Mpa의 압력 하에 열수가압탄화반응을 통해 4시간동안 반응시켜 생성하였다. 그 후 bio-char의 미세기공을 증가시키기 위하여 KOH를 이용한 화학적 활성화를 시행하였다. 원 시료의 중금속 함량 분석, 교반 시간 별 중금속 제거율 분석, 교반속도 별 중금속 제거율 분석 등을 시행하였으며 인공오염수 및 처리수의 분석 평가는 pH, 중금속, 시안, 등의 항목을 분석하였다.

Experimental studies were carried out on surface area of char during pyrolysis of sewage sludge. To evaluate surface area of resultant char we use iodine number. Increase of iodine number shows that the surface area of char increases. The process parameters, temperature and holding time have significant effect on surface area of char. Increasing temperature above 400℃ surface area of char decreases while slightly increasing when holding time increases. In this study, the optimum conditions for high surface area of resultant char were found 400℃ and 30minutes, respectively.

In order to obtain the optimal design of a char removal cyclone, the effect of the vortex finder height and inlet shapeon its performance are numerically carried out. The pressure drop and collection efficiency are calculated for four differentcyclones with different vortex finder heights and inlet shapes. To validate the present numerical process, the calculatedpressure drops for two types of cyclones are compared with experimental results and the results show a good agreementbetween experimental and numerical results. From the results, increasing the height of the vortex finder, the collectionefficiency is increased. As for cyclone inlet shapes, the tangential one is characterized by lower efficiency compared withthe volute counterpart. The current result can be used for the design of cyclones with high collection efficiency, especiallyfor removing tiny char which is generated during fast pyrolysis process of waste biomass.