ATP luminescence measurements (using Relative Light Units, RLU) has been used to assess the levels of bacterial contamination on the surfaces of various materials. However, not much is known about their suitability in assessing bacterial contamination on paper surfaces. This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using ATP luminometers in measuring levels of bacteria contamination on paper surfaces. The three ATP luminometers studied were Clean-Q, smart PD-30, and 3M™ Clean-Trace™ LM1 manufactured by different companies. There were some differences in RLU results among the three ATP luminometers when they were tested with different concentrations of Micrococcus luteus cell suspension. 106 - 107 cells were required in order to effectively detect Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Micrococcus luteus on the surfaces of A4 printing sheets (100 cm2) when using the three ATP luminometers. The sizes and physical properties of surface areas varied slightly among the swabs used for the three ATP luminometers. Concentration-specific measurements (RLU) of M. luteus taken from the surfaces of six kinds of paper (fine print paper, medium print paper, ground paper, newsprint paper, practice paper, tracing paper) were possible using the smart PD-30 and LM1 ATP luminometers. ATP detection values of M. luteus varied among the six types of paper. The highest ATP detection values were found on the surfaces of tracing paper. If the RLU value is recorded at the level of 1000, this could indicate a very high bacterial contamination level of 105 to 106 CFU/4 cm2.

To obtain information on the indoor air quality of un-disinfected libraries used for paper records preservation, temperature, humidity, and bacterial concentration and species were investigated at five un-disinfected libraries from May to September in 2019 in the National Archives, Seoul (Nara Repository), Korea. Temperature and humidity of all the five un-disinfected libraries were well maintained at 18-22oC and 40-55% in compliance with the National Archives Paper Records Preservation Environment Standard. Bacterial concentration ranged from 2 CFU/m3 up to 280 CFU/m3 which were lower than the Korean indoor air quality standard value. A total of 68 bacterial species belonging to 33 genera were identified from indoor air of the five un-disinfected libraries. Among the 33 genera, Bacillus, Micrococcus, and Staphylococcus were the major genera. Only Micrococcus yunnanensis, Roseomonas mucosa, and Moraxella osloensis were commonly found among the five un-disinfected libraries. Bacterial species producing colonies with color on TSA media were present. Among the 68 species, Bacillus circulans and B. megaterium known to produce cellulases were found. There were also 17 species which have harmful effect on human health. The results of this study indicate that continuous monitoring of air borne bacteria is necessary in the un-disinfected libraries used for paper records preservation.

2016년과 2017년 서천, 장흥, 부여, 여주에 소재하는 표고 재배사에서 진균성 병원균을 모니터링 하는 과정에서 Acrodontium crateriforme, Naganishia friedmannii, Pestalotiopsis trachicarpicola, Penicillium wollemiicola, Trichoderma thailandicum 등 5 종의 국내 미기록 진균을 재배사내 실내 공기, 버섯 파리, 버섯 배지재료 등에서 분리하였다. 이들 진균은 PDA 배양하여 생장시키면서 형태적 특성 조사하고 26S rDNA, 28S rDNA, β-TUB 유전자, TEF 유전자 등을 PCR 기술로 증폭하고 그 염기서열 분석을 수행하여 동정하였다. 본 논문에서는 이들의 분류학적 위치와 위해성에 대해 보고하고자 한다.

In this study, the physicochemical characteristics and fluoride adsorption capacity of the bone char pyrolyzed at different temperatures; 200℃, 300℃, 350℃, 400℃, 500℃, 600℃, and 700℃ were investigated. Analytical studies of the synthesized bone char including; SEM-EDS, XRD, BET and FT-IR, showed the presence of hydroxyapatite(HAP), which is the main substance that adsorbs fluoride from aqueous solutions containing high fluoride concentrations. Bone char pyrolyzed from 350∼700℃ specifically revealed that, the lower the temperature, the higher the fluoride adsorption capacity and vice versa. The loss of the fluoride adsorption function of HAP (OH- band in the FTIR analysis) was interpreted as the main reason behind this inverse correlation between temperature and fluoride adsorption. Bone char produced at 350°C hence exhibited a fluoride adsorption capacity of 10.56 mgF/g, resulting in significantly higher adsorption compared to previous studies.

노란달걀버섯은(Amanita javanica) 국내에서 산림법으 로 보호받고 있는 식용 가능한 외생균근성 버섯이나, 중요한 산림자원으로서 활용하기 위한 기초적인 특성 연구에 대한 자료는 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 국내 채집 야생버섯 자실체로부터 분리한 노란달걀버섯 NIFoS 1267 균주를 이용하여 PDA 배지 상에서 물리적 요인(온도, pH, 광)과 화학적인 요인(염분, 중금속, 농약)에 따른 균사생장 특성을 조사하였다. 최적의 물리적 환경은 온도가 30oC, pH가 5-6, 암조건으로 배양이었을 때 노란달걀 버섯 균주의 균사생장이 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 화학적 요인으로서 염분은 2.0% 농도 조건까지 버섯균주의 균사 생장이 가능하였다. 50 ppm 농도의 중금속 이온 환경에서 비소(As) 이온은 노란달걀버섯 균주의 균사생장에 영향을 주지 않았으나 카드뮴(Cd)와 납(Pb) 이온은 균사 생장이 불가능하게 하였다. 국내 산림에 사용되고 있는 2가지 농약의 경우, Abamectin 첨가 배지에서는 노란달걀 버섯 균주의 균사 생장에 영향이 없었으나 Acetamiprid, Emamectin benzoate, Thiacloprid가 첨가된 배지 환경에서는 균사 생장이 모두 다 저해 되었다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 상업적 생산을 위한 새로운 자원으로서 노란달걀버섯의 인공재배 연구에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

The conformational characteristics and performance of the horse breed should be evaluated to establish the breeding goals for a riding horse breed. Halla horses are cross-bred from Thoroughbred horses and Jeju ponies. Halla horses have been bred for speed as racing horses in Jeju Island in South Korea. However, some horses have also been used for riding purposes. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of Halla horses for riding purposes, which can be used as a guideline to define the breeding goals of Halla horses. Therefore, we evaluated the athletic performance of Halla horses by analyzing 3-year records of dressage (from S-3 Class to F Class) and show-jumping competitions (from S-2 Class to G Class) held in South Korea. We also examined the conformational characteristics of 15 Halla horses and compared them with those of 15 Thoroughbred and 15 Warmblood horses. In the results of dressage competitions over 3 years, Halla horses were awarded in D Class dressage only. In contrast, in the show-jumping competition, Halla horses were awarded in the D, E, F, and G classes. Overall, most body parts measured were smaller than those of Thoroughbred and Warmblood horses. When the rate of body parts per the average height of each breed was compared, Halla horses showed a higher rate of head length, head perimeter, and lumbar back length and croup length. In contrast, Halla horses had a shorter neck length. Based on the results of horse competition and conformation analysis, it is concluded that Halla horses are suitable for youth show-jumping competitions and have the potential to be representative riding horses in South Korea.

기후 변화에 따른 표고 재배사내 온도와 습도의 변화추이를 알아보기 위하여 5년 동안 봄, 여름, 가을 기간에 걸쳐 국내 49곳의 표고버섯 재배사에서 온도와 습도를 측정 분석하였다. 톱밥배지 재배사의 5년간 평균 온도와 습도는 24.7℃와 60.5%이었다. 원목 재배사의 5년간 평균 온도는 24.4℃, 평균 습도는 60.0%로 나타났다. 여름철 기간 중 온도 평균은 원목재배사의 경우는 2016년 29.8℃, 2017년 29.1℃, 2018년 33.3℃이었으며 톱밥배지 재배사의 경우는 2016년 26.8℃, 2017년 20.4℃, 2018년 24.2℃이었다. 조사 기간 중 30℃가 넘는 고온으로 측정된 재배사는 봄철에 1곳, 여름철에 5곳이었으며 원목 재배사가 5곳을 차지하였다. 원목재배에서 온도가 20℃를 넘지 않는 재배사는 4곳으로 모두 가을에 조사된 온도였다. 본 연구 조사는 기후변화에 대비해 표고 재배사의 경우 원목 재배사 관리에 우선적으로 대비해야 함을 시사하였다.

To obtain basic data on bioaerosols in the indoor environments of houses located adjacent to Gwangyang Iron Works, the concentration and diversity of indoor air molds were comparatively investigated in 33 houses in September of 2016 and 2017, respectively. In areas both adjacent to and nonadjacent to Gwangyang Iron Works, house temperature and humidity ranged from 24~28oC and 47~57%, respectively. Airborne mold concentration was higher in the houses located nonadjacent than in the ones adjacent to the iron works. Interestingly, the level of airborne mold concentration exceeded 500 CFU/m3 in all houses nonadjacent to the iron works. A total of 12 mold species including five pathogenic species were indentified from the investigation. Among the five pathogenic species, the causal agents of otomycosis, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, and A. niger were present. Overall, Cladosporium cladosporioides was the dominant species. This is the first report on the concentration and diversity of airborne mold in houses located adjacent and nonadjacent to Gwangyang bay industrial complex in Korea.

The potential risk of heavy metals and residual pesticides in imported sawdust media inoculated with oak mushroom cultures is a concern for safe mushroom production in Korea. To obtain preliminary data for a sound analysis of this risk, this study was undertaken to analyze the presence of heavy metals and residual pesticides in the oak mushroom media imported from six different regions in China, between 2013 and 2015. Lead, arsenic, chrome, mercury, and cadmium were analyzed; arsenic, chrome, and mercury were not detected. Lead was detected in the imported oak mushroom media from Jinlin, Shandong, Liaoning, and Tianjin. The detection level of lead ranged from 1.7 to 3.2 mg/kg. Cadmium was detected at a level of 0.028 to 0.037 mg/kg in the media from Shandong and Liaoning. No residual pesticides were detected in any of the samples.

최근 강풍으로 인한 시설물 피해가 증가함에 따라 구조물 설계 시 설계풍속을 반영하고 있으며, 설계풍속 산정 시 기상청에서 제공하고 있는 연최대풍속 년도별 풍속 자료를 활용한다. 하지만 기상청에서 제공하고 있는 연최대풍속은 지형이나 지표면조도에 의해 할증되거나 감소된 관측풍속 중 최댓값을 제공하고 있어 실제 기본풍속 조건에서의 연최대풍속과는 상이하기 때문에 기상청에서 제공하는 연최대풍속을 활용하여 통계적 빈도분석을 수행할 경우 풍속이 과소 또는 과대평가 될 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 40 년치 이상의 관측자료가 있는 전국 60개 지점의 기상관측소의 일최대풍속을 지형 및 지표면 조도에 따라 기본풍속 조건으로 보정하고 보정된 일최대풍속 중 연최대풍속을 선별하여 빈도분석을 통해 재현기간 풍속을 산정하였으며, 보정하기 전의 일최대풍속을 이용하여 연최대풍속을 선별한뒤 선별된 연최대풍속을 보정하여 산정된 재현기간풍속과 비교·분석하였다. 분석 결과 100년 재현기간 풍속 기준으로 최대 4.2m/s 차이를 보였으며, 평균적으로 약 0.33m/s의 차이를 보였다.

To gather information on the indoor air quality of the greenhouses used for edible oakwood mushroom cultivation, temperature, humidity, and bacterial concentration and species were investigated in 2015 and 2016 in 21 mushroom greenhouses located in ten different regions in Korea. Temperature and humidity of all the mushroom greenhouses ranged from 16.2 to 30.8°C and from 28.2 to 85.6%, respectively. Bacterial concentration exceeded the Korean indoor air quality standard value (800 cfu/m3) in 15 of the 21 mushroom greenhouses. A total of 33 genera and 76 species were identified in the indoor air of the mushroom greenhouses investigated. Of the identified bacteria, 10 genera and 15 species including Acidovorax oryzae, Bacillus infantis, B. licheniformis, Cellulosimicrobium funkei, Ewingella Americana, Exiguobacterium sibiricum, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Pseudomonas fulva, Raoultella terrigena, Staphylococcus cohnii, S. haemolyticus, S. saprophyticus, S. sciuri, and Streptomyces sindenensis are among those known to have a harmful effect on human health. These bacteria have been reported to cause sepsis, skin infection, bloodstream infection, bacteremia, spondylitis, peritonitis, acute meningitis, endocarditis and urinary tract infection. The results of this study indicate that continuous hygiene management of indoor air is necessary in the greenhouses used for oakwood mushroom cultivation.

우수농산물 생산이 버섯 품목에도 확대가 진행되고 있는 실정에서 국내의 버섯 생산에 사용되고 있는 수입 버섯배지 재료의 안전성에 대한 자료를 얻고자 느타리와 양송이의 재배에 사용되는 수입 버섯배지 재료로 부터 영양요소, 중금속, 농약 등을 조사하였다. 2015년 수분, 조회분, 조단백, 조지방, 조섬유 등의 영양성분 을 조사한 결과 수분은 6.68%에서 59%로 재료의 종류에 따라 차이가 있었다. 조회분은 0.66 – 13.15% 조지 방은 0.62 – 7.29% 수준이었다. 조단백은 중국 면실박과 인도네시아 케이폭박이 28 – 37% 수준으로 다른 배지재료 2.8 – 8.7% 수준 보다 월등히 높았다. 조섬유 또한 6.9에서 50.8%까지 재료 간에 커다란 차이를 보였다. 2016년 조사 또한 각 배지 재료간에 영양성분의 함량 차이가 존재함을 볼 수 있었다. 흥미롭게도 2015년 도와 달리 중국 면실박은 조단백이 8.6% 수준으로 함량이 크게 떨어졌다. 이집트 비트펄프에서 48% 가장 높게 검출되었다. 중금속의 경우 2015년은 인도 면실피와 독일 피트모스에서 납이 2 - 3.7 ug/g, 수은은 캐나 다와 독일 피트모스, 파티스탄 밀짚에서 소량 0.01 - 0.02 ug/g, 니켈은 인도 면실피, 이집트 비트펄프, 파키 스탄 밀집에서 1.92 - 2.08 ug/g 수준으로 각각 검출되었다. 비소와 카드뮴은 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않았다. 구리는 캐나다 피트모스를 제외 하고는 다른 모든 시료에서 1.85 –28.26 ug/g 수준으로 검출되었다. 2016 년에는 인도 면실피와 캐나다 피트모스에서 납이 2.17 – 2.5 ug/g, 캐나다 피트모스에서 수은 0.02 ug/g, 이집 트 비트펄프, 호주 밀짚, 캐나다 피트모스 등에서 구리가 2.08 – 4.17 ug/g 수준으로 검출되었다. 비소, 니켈, 카드뮴은 모든 시료에서 불검출 되었다. 농약은 2015년의 경우 검출되지 않았으나 2016년의 경우 이집트산 비트펄프에서 imidacloprid가 0.0004mg/kg, thiamethoxam이 0.0001 mg/kg 가 각각 검출되었다. 본 연구에서는 수입된 버섯배지 재료의 출처와 년도에 따라 영양성분, 중금속, 농약 등의 함량이 달리 존재 한다는 것을 확인하였다.

A membrane module including grid was designed and introduced to MBR (membrane bio-reactor) for the purpose of better control of membrane fouling. It could be anticipated that the grid enhances the shear force of fluid-air mixture into the membrane surface by even-distributing the fluid-air to the membrane module. As MLSS concentration, packing density which is expressed in the ratio of the housing and the cross-sectional area of membrane fibers (Am/At) and air-flow rate were changed, membrane foulings were checked by monitoring fouling resistances. The total fouling resistance (Rc+Rf) without grid installation (i.e., control) was 2.13×1012 m-1 , whereas it was reduced to 1.69×1012 m-1 after the grid was installed. Regardless of the grid installation, the Rc+Rf increased as the packing density increased from 0.09 to 0.28, however, the increment of resistance for the grid installation was less than that of the control. Increase in the air flow rate did not always guarantee the reduction of fouling resistance, indicating that the higher air flow rate can partially de-flocculate the activated sludge flocs, which led to severer membrane fouling. Consequently, installation of grids inside the housing have brought a beneficial effect on membrane fouling and optimum air flow rate is important to keep the membrane lowering fouling.

Supplemental substrates for mushroom cultivation media are potent sources for fungal contamination of indoor environment in cultivation houses. The present study was performed to investigate the presence of harmful fungi in the supplemental materials (beet pulp, cotton seed meal, kapok meal, peat moss, wheat straw) imported from China, Egypt, Germany, Indonesia and Pakistan. Fungal concentration in the supplemental materials ranged from 1.3×102 to 1.8×103 cfu/g. A total of 11 genera and 21 species were identified. Two genera and two species were found in Germany peat moss. In Pakistan wheat straw, three genera and four species were detected. In Egypt beet pulp and China cotton seed meal, four genera and five species and seven genera and ten species were shown, respectively. Among the identified fungi, Acremonium sp., Aspergillus chevalieri, Cryptococcus adeliensis, Eurotium amstelodami, Paecilomyces variotii and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were known as human pathogens. This study provided evidence that pathogenic yeast and filamentous fungi are present in imported agricultural byproduct materials for mushroom cultivation.