The effect of physical and chemical treatments to reduce staphylococcal phages was investigated. To determine impact of physical treatment on viability of phages, two staphylococcal phages (SAP84 and SAP89) were treated with multiple heat (55oC and 60oC) and pH (pH4, 7, 10) conditions. Viability of SAP 84 was dramatically reduced at 60C and SAP 89 was completely inactivated at 60C within 25 min. Overall, the two phages were stable under all the pH conditions tested except for the SAP 89 at pH 10. Treatments, a 10% FAS (Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate) solution and various density of ethanol and sodium hypochlorite were used to reduce the two phages. SAP 84 was unstable in 50% and 70% ethanol. However, SAP 84 and SAP 89 showed high tolerance after exposure to 100 ppm of sodium hypochlorite which is known as an effective sterilizer. As soon as the two phages were treated with 10% FAS, which is used as a virucidal agent, they were inactivated and did not form any plaque. The result of this study provides additional evidence that staphylococcal phages can be controlled by various physicochemical treatments.

Four chemical treatments with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), copper sulfate (CuSO4), potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and chlorine (Cl2) were applied to the effluent pond water of a hybrid striped bass saltwater recirculating aquaculture system to compare their oxidation power. Four chemicals were applied at concentrations of 0 (control), 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/l. An additional concentration of 40 mg/l was included in the chlorine treatment. Water samples from four hybrid striped bass ponds were tested with KMnO4 and Cl2. H2O2 did not reduce any of BOD, COD and chlorophyll-a, and copper sulfate was only effective on chlorophyll-a for the effluent pond. Removal efficiencies for chlorophyll-a by copper sulfate were 19.2%, 37.5%, 54.2% and 74.1% dose-dependently. Potassium permanganate effectively removed the BOD, COD and chlorophyll-a. The COD removal rates in four fish ponds varied from 15.9% to 31.6% at the concentration of 10 mg/l. Interestingly, Cl2 did not reduce the BOD and COD at all, but the BOD and COD instead increased drastically with increasing the Cl2 concentration. The pond water with the highest initial BOD and COD values among the fish ponds tested increased by 350% in the BOD and 150% in the COD at 20 mg/l. Furthermore, Cl2 did not significantly reduce any types of solid matter in this study, while KMnO4 seemed to reduce some extent volatile dissolved solid in the fish pond.

We attempted to control the maturation promoting factors (MPF) activity and nuclear remodeling of somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) bovine embryos. Bovine ear skin fibroblasts were fused to enucleated oocytes treated with either 5 mM caffeine for 2.5 h or 0.5 mM vanadate for 0.5 h and activated. The nuclear remodeling type of the reconstituted embryos was evaluated 1.5 h after activation. MPF activity was assessed in enucleated and chemical treated oocytes before the injection of a donor cell. Effect of chemicals on the embryonic development was evaluated with parthenogenetic embryos. MPF activity increased significantly by caffeine treatment, but decreased by vanadate treatment (p<0.05). Caffeine or vanadate had no deleterious effect on the parthenogenetic embryo development. In caffeine treated group, premature chromosome condensation (PCC) was occurred in 72.2% of NT embryos (p<0.05). In contrast, vanadate induced the formation of a pronucleus-like structure (PN) in a high frequency (68.9%, p<0.05) without PCC (NPCC). Blastocyst development of NT embryos increased by treating with caffeine (30.3%), whereas decreased by treating with vanadate (11.4%) compared to control (22.1%, p<0.05). The results indicate that caffeine or vanadate can control of MPF activity and remodeling type of NT embryos, resulting in the increased or decreased in vitro development.

The biodeterioration with blue-green algae has been studied since 1997 up to 2000 in the tomb of King Mooryong in Kongiu, Korea. Biodeterioration in the tomb initially started from the formation of micro-organismic biofilm that had been suggested to make

This study was conducted to examine of rice straw after chemical treatments and ensiling on its feeding value, in situ studies using a rumen fistulated Korean cow and nylon bag technique. NaOH treatment greatly improved the degradation the Dry matter and

감자썩이선충(Ditylenchus destructor)에 의해 폐포(廢圃)된 강원도 철원지역(鐵原地域) 인삼포(人蔘圃)에 훈증제(熏蒸劑) 및 비훈증제(非熏蒸劑) 약제(藥劑)를 처리하고 인삼(人蔘)을 식부(植付)한 후, 재배기간중(栽培期間中)에 ethoprop, aldicarb, carbofuran, phenamiphos, triazophos, oxamyl 등(等)을 인삼(人蔘) 2년근시(年根時)와 3년근시(年根時)에 한달 간격으로 각각(各各) 2회(回)와 3회(回)씩 처리(處理)하였다. 예정지(豫定地)에 cylon, ethoprop 및 triazophos 처리구(處理區)는 1984년 인삼(人蔘) 3년근시(年根時) 선충의 밀도(密度)는 무처리구(無處理區), formalin 훈증구(熏蒸區) 및 carbofuran 처리구(處理區)보다 상대적으로 낮았으며 3년(年), 4년근(年根)의 출아율(出芽率)과 3년근(年根)의 병발생억제(病發生柳制)에 효과가 있었다. cylon 훈증후(熏蒸後) 재배기간중(栽培期間中) 약제처리(藥劑處理)는 cylon 단독 처리포장(處理圃場)에 비해 선충의 밀도(密度)감소와 출아율(出芽率) 및 병발생억제(病發生柳制)에는 효과가 크지 않았으나 채굴시 4년근(年根)의 잔존율(殘存率) 및 인삼근(人蔘根) 수량(收量)에는 차이를 안정할 수 있었다. 칸당(當) 1kg 이상의 인삼근(人蔘根) 수량(收量)은 cylon 처리후(處理後) 재배기간중(栽培期間中) aldicarb 또는 ethoprop 처리구(處理區)와 예정지(豫定地)부터 ethoprop을 처리(處理)한 포장(圃場)에서 얻을 수 있었다. 인삼생육(人蔘生育)과 선충밀도와의 상관은 조사당시 뿐만 아니라 조사시기(調査時期)를 전후로 하여 유의성(有意性)있는 상관을 보여 토양중(土壤中) 감자썩이 선충이 인삼(人蔘)의 생육(生育)에 직접적으로 영향을 주는 것으로 생각된다.TEX>의 부근에서 최대치를 보이며 농도가 높을수록 더 높은 pH에서 최대치가 나타났다. 염의 농도에 따라 알칼리 쪽에서의 감소 양상이 달라졌다. 3. 저(低) 이온 처리에서 phytate의 용해도는 pH 7.0 이상에서 이온의 농도별로 별차이 없이 낮았고 농도가 증가됨에 따라서 더 낮은 pH에서 최대치를 보였다. 단백질의 용해도는 pH 11.5에서 보면 이온 농도에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과에서 증류수 또는 수용액을 용매로 하여 pH 11.5에서 단백질을 추출하고 pH 5.0에서 침전시킬 때 평지종실단백질로부터 Phytate를 제거하는 효과가 가장 좋다는 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서 장수자의 대부분(87.3%)이 매일 또는 때때로 동물성 단백질을 섭취하고 있었음을 알 수 있었다. 4. 장수자(長壽者)의 과거(過去)와 현재(現在)의 중요 식품(食品)의 섭취상태(攝取狀態)를 주(週) 회(回)이상 섭취(攝取)로 비교(比較)하여 보면 육류(肉類), 어류(魚類), 난류(卵類) 및 두유제품(豆類製品)은 50.4%, 67.5%, 우유(牛乳) 및 유제품(乳製品)은 26.6%, 51.5%, 야채류(野菜類)는89.9%, 81.0%, 지방질(脂肪質) 식품(食品)은 58.9%, 64.0%, 해초류(海醮類)는 57.0%, 62.9%를 각각 섭취하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.다. 이들 장수자(長壽者)의 은퇴 후 취미(趣味) 및 오락활동(娛樂活動)의 내용(內容)을 보면 TV 시청(視聽)(79.2%), 손자(孫子)와의 대화(對話)(54.2%), 집안에서 잔손질(35.4%), 신앙생활(信仰生活)(25.0%)의 순이다.aHCO3추출(抽出))이 유의성(有

땅콩 기생선충의 종류(種類) 및 그 방제법(防除法)을 구명(究明)코자 1980년(年)부터 1981년(年)까지 2개년(個年)에 걸쳐 실시(實施)된 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 땅콩 기생선충으로는 Aphelenchoides besseyi, Aphelenchus avenae, Criconemoides informis, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidgyne hapla, Psilenchus hilarulus, Pratylenchus minyus, Tylenchus sp. 등(等) 9 종(種)이 동정(同定)되었다. 2. 약제처리(藥劑處理)에 따른 선충의 계절적(季節的) 변화(變化)는 처리(處理) 90일후(日後)에는 밀도(密度)가 낮았다가 170일후(日後)인 수확기(收穫期)에는 다시 증가(增加)되는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈으며 당근뿌리흑선충(Meloidogyne hapla)의 밀도(密度)는 수확기(收穫期)에 있어서도 훈증제(薰蒸劑)인 Telone C-17 처리구(處理區)는 무처리구(無處理區)에 비(比)하여 현저(顯著)히 감소(減少)되었으며 1%의 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되었다. 3 초장(草長), 분기수(分技數), 건물중(建物重)은 Telone C-17 처리구(處理區)가 가장 높았으며 그다음 Mocap 10G, Carbofuran 3 G. 등(等)의 순(順)이었다. 4. 수량(收量)에 있어서는 Telone C-17 처리구(處理區)가 무처리구(無處理區)에 비(比)하여 고령(高靈)에서는 73% 선산(善山)에서는 60%가 증수(增收)되어 가장 효과(效果)가 좋았고 다음이 Mocap 10G. Carbofuran 3G. 등(等)의 순(順)으로 나타났다.

본 시험은 침투성 살충제의 적송 근계주변 토중처리에 의한 솔잎혹파리의 방제효과를 검토하여 유교 살충제의 선발, 나아가 현행 근계주변 토중처리 방법을 성력적인 처리방법으로 개선하기 위하여 실시하였다. Aldicarb, Carbofuran, Disulfoton를 고시, 흉고직후 cm 당 5g(유효성분량)을 근계주변원형처리(6월 25일)하여 솔잎 혹파리의 방제효과를 검토하였다. 처리는 솥잎혹파리의 방제효과가 우수하였으나 Disyston 처리의 방제효과는 낮은 편이었다. 난, 무처리에서 건전엽률, 피해흔적엽율은 각각 인데 비하여 처리에서는 그들이 각각 이었고 처리에서는 각각 이었으며 처리에서는 각각 이었다. 처리방법 개선을 위한 시험에서는 공시, 균고직경 cm 당 5g(유교성분량)을 6월 2일에 점식구 처리 (Pit treatment), 방사상식고랑처리(Radical furrow treatment), 근계주변 원형식고랑처리(Circle furrow treatment)로 나누어 실시하였다. 점식구멍처리에서는 구멍수의 증가에 따라 충영엽율이 낮었으며 방사상식고랑처리는 고랑수에 따른 충영엽율에 현저한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그리고 현행 근계주변 원형식고랑처리는 점식 3구멍처리와 대등한 솔잎혹파리의 방제효과가 있었다. 결론으로 과 의 토중처리효과는 대등하여 의 대체 가능하다고 보며 의 점식 3구멍 처리방법을 도입함으로서 토중처리에 소요되는 노동력을 크게 절감할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This research was performed to develop seminal propagation method of Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. by conducting a rigorous germination study. Well-selected seeds were dry-stored at 4 ± 1.0℃ during the experiment. To study dormancy type, non-stored seeds were analyzed by embryo observation, germination test and detecting for any difficulties in seed coat to absorb moisture. Then to improve germination, seeds were submerged for 24 hours in a solution of varying concentrations containing one of plant growth regulators and minerals. According to research, fleshly matured seeds had an undifferentiated embryo and had a low germination rate below 5%. In addition, water submersion led to moisture absorption, embryo in the seeds grew and germinated so it was deemed morphophysiological dormant seeds. Percent germination (PG) and germination energy (GE) was greatly improved by soaking in plant growth regulators and minerals for 24 hours. Especially, 500 ㎎/L GA3 treatment resulted in the highest GE as 46.1%. KNO3 meaningfully improved PG (54.3∼57.7%) at 10∼20 mM but effect of minerals on germination acceleration as GE were negatively impacted in all concentrations.

Factors affecting germination of seeds in the forms of various environment and chemical compounds. The present study was aim to produced effective seed propagation method of Astilbe koreana (Kom.) Nakai which had expected high value for the cut flower, ornamental and pharmaceutical material. Seed width and length ranged 0.62, 2.22 ㎜, respectively, and weight of thousand seeds was 40.5 ㎎. As result of imbibition test, showed moisture content of fresh seed (2.57%) increased rapidly by water-soaking treatment under 24 hours, recording to maximum value of 29.8%, and expansion of the seed coat was observed. Seed germination was the best at 15℃ and light conditions (40.8%) among temperature and light conditions treated. Percent germination of seeds was improved under the low (15, 20℃) than high temperature (25, 30℃). In addition, the seed was not germinated at dark condition regardless of temperature. Seeds of A. koreana thus seemed that it had low temperature germinability conditions. To improve germination rate, seeds were submerged in various concentrations of growth regulators such as GA3 and kinetin, and minerals as KNO3 and KCl. As a results, KNO3 treatment, regardless of concentrations, promoted germination compared to control. Especially, percent of germination (77.8%), germination energy (96.1%), mean germination time (11.3 days) and T50 (6.5 days) were effectively improved by treatment of KNO3 20 mM.

This study was carried out in order to observe how the bay sediment would be changed with microbial treatments and a chemical oxidant like CaO2. The sediment during the treatments was analyzed in terms of pH, ORP, volatile organics content, COD, AVS, T-N, and T-P. With CaO2 treatment, pH was kept over 9.66 and ORP ranged from +4.70～+46.0, which meant an aerobic state meanwhile with the microbial treatment those were worse. In addition the chemical treatment showed better environmental index values than the microbial one: volatile organics content and COD values in the former were 12.9% and 37.9% while those in the latter were 4.5% and 18.7%, respectively. AVS and T-P were 71.1% and 100% versus 56.5% and 85.8%, respectively. However, the microbial treatment was better for T-N(66% higher). On the other hand, both treatment at a time enhanced all the environmental indices but COD meantime pH and ORP values were lower than with the chemical treatment only. Thus additional input of an oxygen generator like CaO2 could improve the environmental state of a bay sediment where the biological treatment is going on.

Bakanae disease, a typical seed-borne disease of rice, caused by Gibberella fujikuroi which affected rice quality and yields seriously throughout the country. The disease could be transmitted to other healthy plants in heading dates, and the environment-friendly agricultural practices could be one of the reasons for the outbreak of disease because of the chemical-free agriculture. Studies were conducted to investigate the effects of instrument devised to protect the bakanae disease. The newly developed device consists of aquarium heater and oxygen generator. The temperature of water remained stable as 32.6±0.9℃, and it was effectively applied to sterile seeds for high quality seedlings. In the field tests of infected seeds with bakanae disease, the ripened grain ratio decreased in the 30% infected seeds, and the yields of polished rice dropped as 28%. The secondary infection of bakanae disease was effectively prevented with 500 fold fludioxonil treatments just prior to the planting in the field.

Isoflavone is synthesized in several different organs such as root, leaf and developing and germinating seed. Isoflavone content reflects overall history of physiological event given to a plant during certain period of time. Amount of isoflavone in a orga

술패랭이에서 식물체의 개발가치를 증대시키기 위하여 화학돌연변이원을 처리하여 변이체를 유기하고 RAPD 분석을 통해 유기된 돌연변이체에 대한 분자유전학적인 변이를 조사한 실험결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 술패랭이의 종자를 이용하여 변이 식물체를 유도하는 방법으로 화학 돌연변이원인 sodium azide를 사용하는 것이 효과적이라는 것을 알 수 있었으며 적정농도는 0.2mM 정도이고 그 이상의 농도에서는 발아하지 않아 술패랭이에서 Sodium azide(NaN3)는 매우 toxic한 돌연변이원으로 추정 할 수 있었다. 2. Sodium azide (NaN3)처리시에는 자엽이 펼쳐지지 않았고 생장에 있어서도 초장과 엽장이 control 식물체보다 짧은 형태를 나타내었다. Sodium azide(NaN3) 0.1mM 처리한 종자로부터 자란 식물체 중에서 잎이 색깔발현에 있어서 키메라인 식물체가 형성되었다. 3. EMS를 처리한 경우 0.05%에서 급격한 발아저하를 보였으며 발아시 배축이 나선형으로 한번 꼬여서 신장하였고 Colchicine의 경우 모든 농도에서 발아율은 양호하였지만 정상식물체로 자라나지 못했고 뿌리의 말단부가 비후하여 끝 쪽에서부터 갈변하는 것이 관찰되었다. MNU처리 시에는 뿌리가 매우 길게 신장하고 두껍게 나타났으며 MNU의 경우 0.2mM의 처리부터 발아저해를 보여 1mM이상이 되면 발아하지 않았다. 4. Sodium azide처리에 의해 유도된 엽록소결핍 돌연변이에서 잎의 색깔의 차이에 따른 RAPD분석을 수행한 결과 4개의 Primer에서 총 12개의 변이 band가 나타났으며 엽록소 결핍 변이에 관계된 band의 수도는 2개로 나타나 DNA수준에서 변이가 확인 되었다. 5. 변이 band 중 무처리 식물체와 같은 녹색을 나타내는 부분에서는 band가 관찰되는 반면 잎에 횐색 또는 노란색의 줄무되가 있는 부분과 백화된 부분에서는 band가 관찰되지 않거나 이러한 엽록소 변이가 형태적으로 나타나는 부분에서 새롭게 형성되는 band를 확인함으로서 이러한 band가 잎의 녹색발현에 관여하는 유전자 좌라는 것을 알 수 있었다.