본 연구는 심리적 임파워먼트가 정서적 몰입에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 다층 모형을 구축하였다. 개인 수준의 커리어 지향성, 조직 수준의 수직적·수평적 지원 분위기, 그리고 기업 특성과 같은 다층적 요인이 심리적 임파워먼트와 정서적 몰입 간의 관계에서 상황조건으로 작용하는지를 분석하였다. 35 개 기업에 속한 879 명의 표본을 활용하여 다층 선형모형(HLM)을 적용한 결과, 조직의 수직적 지원 분위기는 심리적 임파워먼트와 정서적 몰입 간의 긍정적 관계를 강화하는 반면, 수평적 지원 분위기는 해당 관계를 약화시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 중국 본토 기업과 외자기업을 비교한 결과, 수직적 및 수평적 지원 분위기의 영향은 외자기업보다 본토 기업에서 더욱 강하게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 심리적 임파워먼트의 효과가 기업 매락에 따라 상이하게 나타날 수 있음을 보여주며, 조직 관리에 있어 다층적 상황조건을 고려한 접근의 중요성을 시사한다.

This study examines Kule-based reactive expressions, which remain relatively underdescribed in Korean as a Foreign Language (KFL) education. It adopts a mixed methodology combining spoken corpus analysis, a Discourse Completion Task (DCT) administered to KFL learners, and a survey of native-speaking KFL teachers. The corpus analysis reveals that some frequent expressions are absent from or only marginally addressed in existing works, raising questions about current lexicographic practices. The DCT results show inconsistent learner responses, indicating limited awareness of distinctions among these expressions and a strong reliance on implicit auditory input. Teacher survey data further point to the absence of a shared pedagogical framework regarding instructional timing and methods. Overall, the findings suggest that despite their key role in managing reactions in spoken Korean interaction, Kule-based formulas remain peripheral in KFL classrooms. This research therefore highlights the need for context-sensitive descriptions, multimodal teaching and learning materials, and empirically grounded pedagogical resources.

본 연구는 인공지능(AI) 기반 말하기 연습이 외국어로서의 한국어 (KFL) 학습자의 말하기 불안감과 정서적 발달에 미치는 영향을 분석함으 로써, AI 도구가 학습자의 정서적 요인에 미치는 교육적 의미를 탐색하 였다. 양적·질적 혼합연구 방법을 사용하여 설문조사 결과와 심층 인터 뷰 자료를 종합적으로 분석하였다. 통계분석 결과, 전반적으로 말하기 불 안이 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 한 문항에서 만 확인되었다. 그러나, 질적 분석에서는 인터뷰에 참가한 모든 학습자가 AI와의 상호작용을 통해 말하기에 대한 자신감과 편안함이 향상되었다고 보고하였으며, 이는 AI 기반 연습 환경이 학습자에게 심리적 안정감과 언어 사용의 부담 완화라는 긍정적 경험을 제공했음을 보여준다. AI 기 반 말하기 연습은 완전한 의사소통 능력의 습득을 대체하기보다는, 학습 자가 인간과의 실제 상호작용으로 나아가기 위한 초기 단계의 스캐폴드 역할을 수행하는 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 연구의 한계로는 소규모 표본, 짧은 개입 기간, 그리고 연구 결과의 일반화 가능성 제한이 있다.

In nineteenth-century Joseon Korea, large-scale panoramic paintings vividly depicting royal palaces newly appeared. Yet, in the absence of surviving records, their precise purpose and function remain uncertain. This study examines the historical process that led to their emergence, situating them within the broader trajectory of Joseon architectural representation. Previous scholarship has treated palace paintings through separate art-historical and architectural approaches. This study instead emphasizes the transformation of practical architectural diagrams, produced since the early Joseon period for functional purposes, and traces their evolution into pictorial and panoramic paintings in the nineteenth century. Originally serving as design plans and simplified records of structures, architectural diagrams in the late Joseon period began to incorporate techniques from cartography and painting. This shift gave rise to forms such as Ganga-do (detailed architectural drawings with extensive information) and perspectival diagrams pursuing realism and spatial depth, which ultimately culminated in panoramic palace views. Palace paintings of late Joseon court were thus hybrid works, neither purely pictorial nor strictly technical. Produced by court painters under royal commission, they embodied both functional and aesthetic purposes, representing a distinctive synthesis of architectural knowledge and visual artistry in late Joseon Korea.

This integrative review examined 38 published articles on the topic of formative assessment conducted in South Korean EFL settings, from 2014 to 2023. Despite strong interests in using quality formative assessments that are aimed at improving English learners’ performance, no prior systematic analyses have been performed to date. To that end, this study draws on Wiliam and Thompson’s (2008) conception of the formative assessment five-strategy model, and Yan and Pastore’s (2022) Teacher Formative Assessment Practice Scale (TFAPS), as a guiding framework to examine the extent to which formative assessment research conducted in South Korean EFL classroom settings has enacted the five key strategies and thereby promoted learning and improved teaching. For all five key strategies, more studies showcased weak evidence of implementing each strategy, and that positive student learning was more likely to be seen in studies that fully, or nearly fully, implemented the key strategies. Recommendations for enhancing formative assessment teaching and research practice are provided at the end.

Motivated by the effort of diagnostic interventions for EFL learners in Korean educational contexts, this study aims to identify heterogeneous L2 reading skill profiles among students attending the same school. Subsequently, it investigates the impact of learners’ L2 learning backgrounds on heterogeneity of these reading skills. Using Latent Profile Analysis on 234 vocational high school students, we identified four distinct profiles: Profile 1, severely weak L2 readers with very low decoding and syntactic knowledge; Profile 2, moderately weak L2 readers; Profile 3, above-average L2 readers; and Profile 4, fairly well-developed L2 readers with good vocabulary breadth. Multinomial regression analysis revealed that profile membership was significantly predicted by positive past learning experiences, extra-curricular English reading, and motivational attitudes. These findings underscore the significant heterogeneity in L2 reading skills within the seemingly homogeneous EFL group and highlight the critical association with past and current educational experiences, emphasizing the importance of tailored interventions based on individual learning histories.

한국에서 2010년 즈음부터 “엄벌주의” 형사정책이 지속되고 있다는 주장은 더 이 상 새롭지 않다. 일반적으로 한국에서 “엄벌주의”로 사용되는 영어 “punitiveness”는 미국을 비롯한 ‘선진’ 민주주의 국가에서 1970년대 이후 등장한 형벌 전개를 설명하 는 역사적 단어다. 이는 규범화(normalization)를 핵심으로 하는 근대적 형벌성 (modern penality)이 여전히 존재하면서도, 이와 구분되는 과도한 처벌적, 침해적 성격의 형벌 동향을 설명하기 위한 용어다. 해외 이론을 참조의 틀로 활용해 현재 한국 형벌을 부분적으로 설명하려는 시도는 충분히 의미 있는 작업이 될 수 있다. 특히, 단순히 기존 이론들의 개념적 정의만을 취하는 것이 아니라, 그것들은 어떤 사회적/지적 맥락 속에 위치하며, 그 핵심 기제 및 특징은 무엇인지, 그리고 이들의 유사점과 차이점은 무엇인지 등을 충실히 이해한 다면 더욱 유용할 것이다. 이 논문의 목적은 다음과 같다: 1. “엄벌주의”와 “punitiveness”라는 두 용어를 간 략히 살펴본다; 2. 엄벌성(punitiveness)을 포함하여, 1970년대 이후의 형벌 전개를 설명한 해외 이론들은 구체적으로 어떤 현상을 말하고자 했던 것인지 다양한 논자들 의 핵심을 기술한다; 3. 동 시기 형벌을 설명한 대표 이론인 O’Malley의 뉴라이트 형 벌성(New-right penality)과 Pratt의 문명과 형벌(Civilization and punishment) 이론을 살펴본 후, 그 맥락 속에서 형벌 포퓰리즘 이론에 대해 논의한다.

This study aimed to compare the effects of self-regulation, goal orientation, and speaking anxiety on speaking performance between metaverse and face-to-face contexts. We randomly assigned 253 Korean middle school students to either metaverse or face-toface groups for 12 weeks of English-speaking lessons. Before and after the experiment, students completed speaking tests and submitted a post-questionnaire. Structural equation modeling and multi-group analysis revealed that student attributes had a similar impact on speaking performance in both settings. Specifically, self-regulation and mastery goal orientation positively influenced speaking performance, while speaking anxiety had a negative effect, regardless of the context. Furthermore, self-regulation played a mediating role in reducing speaking anxiety in both settings. This implies that metaverse-mediated and face-to-face classes offer similar learning environments, where students can leverage their goal orientation and self-regulation skills to manage speaking anxiety. Ultimately, students can enhance their speaking performance by employing selfregulation strategies and nurturing a mastery goal orientation, irrespective of the learning context.

This research investigated how residential mobility affects consumers' trust in digital consumption environments (e.g., online shopping). Due to today's digitalization, consumers' trust in digital environments is treated as important. However, work has yet to be explored that the trust of digital environments can differ depending on residential mobility. This article highlights key findings from the relationship between residential mobility and trust in digital environments. Trust in digital environments may vary depending on residential mobility. As a result of the data analysis, the lower the residential mobility, the lower the trust in digital environments, while the higher the residential mobility, the higher the trust in digital environments.

세계기독교(World Christianity, 지구촌기독교) 논의는 20세기 후반 매스미디어, 통신, 교통의 빠른 발달로 전지구적인 기독교를 처음으로 인식하면서 시작되었다. 특별히 지난 30여 년간 많은 역사학 과 선교학자들 간의 통전적인 연구는 우리가 서구문명 중심적인 시각에 서 벗어나 지구전체의 차원에서 기독교를 바라보도록 근본적으로 도전 하였다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 세계기독교 현상의 핵심적인 신학적 특성을 글로벌(Global)과 로컬(Loca)의 합성어인 글로컬리티(Glocality)라 고 주장하고자 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 ‘세계기독교의 대두’ 현상에 대해서 간략하게 언급하고, 세계기독교가 탄생하게 된 사회문화적배경 (socio-cultural context)을 살펴보겠다. 다음으로 글로컬리티에 대 한 어원연구와 함께 앤드류 월스(Andrew Walls), 라민 사네(Lamin Sanneh), 뱅트 순드클러(Bengt Sundkler)와 같은 신학자들이 어떤 식으로 글로컬리티 이해를 발전시켰는지를 탐구할 것이다. 끝으로 글로컬리티가 왜 세계기독교를 이해하는데 중요한 특성이 되는지, 이것이 오늘날 각 지역의 기독교인들이 자신들의 전통을 더욱 풍부히 인식하게 만드는 결과가 되는지를 밝히도록 하겠다.

WAIS in South Korea and WEU Inc. in Philadelphia hosting the 22nd World Peace Island Forum: Remembering Jeju King Cherry Trees Bio-diplomacy (1943) in Washington D.C. and the first Korean Congress Democracy (1919) in Philadelphia which organized by the Korean Provisional Government from March 22 to 24, 2022. We want to propose cultural historic events which connect American and Korean society, such as the Trip to Faith and Liberty Hall that relate to the integration processes of Korean and American Democracy. Dean Max Friedman of American University calls the Jeju King cherry trees cultural event bio-diplomacy among world citizens. In addition, the Korean embassy evaluated the cherry tree event as a new kind of bio-diplomacy approach which paves the way for understanding different cultures in different countries. The aim of this paper is to share present contexts and meanings about both the first Korean Congress Democracy (1919) and Bio-diplomacy (1943). We had also the 2022 GAN Korea Jeju to Philadelphia Webinar Conference: Diversity as a New Diversity for Global Ageing Network in New Normal: Jeju Village Healing, PASSi Asian Culture, Japanese Indigenous Peace Culture, and Busan Smart Health Care approach.

Despite the popularity of the TOEIC in the Korean society for over 30 years, few studies have investigated the understanding and usage of TOEIC scores in the Korean context. This research gap needs to be filled to provide test users with useful information in the Korean context. Using an argument-based approach to validation, this study investigates the meanings and uses of the TOEIC scores in the Korean context, based on analyses of records publicly available at the YBM website (i.e., TOEIC administrator in Korea). One hundred ninety-four documents published between 2012 and 2017 were collected from the website and the data were analyzed by combining the content and the context analyses. Findings reveal that contextual factors affect the understanding and usage of scores by different TOEIC stakeholders. The document data reveal unintended meanings and uses of the scores.