A study on the decolorization method of salt-fermented anchovy sauce using activated carbon was carried out. The anchovy sauce filtered with a diatomaceous membrane after heating at 85℃ for 20 min was reacted with 3.0% (w/w) activated carbon with pH 4.5 at 55℃ for 2 hr. The color difference value and turbidity related to the decolorizing effect showed excellent improvement results with a difference of 23% and 88%, respectively. The overall taste and color preference of decolorized anchovy sauce were significantly increased in shrimp sauce by 0.4-0.5 points (p<0.05). In order to minimize the precipitation of amino acid during storage, 1% silicon dioxide or gelatin was mixed and filtered after the activated carbon reaction. Turbidity, as index of sedimentation, was improved by 15% at 30℃ for 2 weeks. The recycle system with activated carbon coated membrane filter reduced the processing time and cost on decolorization of anchovy sauce. When the concentrated anchovy sauce was recirculated, the amount of total protein as an indicator of taste compounds was increased by 125%, which is 1.8% compared to the conventional 0.8%, indicating that it is highly useful as a liquid seasoning.

흑목이 버섯의 자실체로부터 열수추출에 의해 얻은 조다당 분획물은 흑갈색 색소를 함유하였으므로 활성탄에 의한 탈색공정이 검토된 바 있다. 하지만 활성탄에 흡착된 색소 성분의 회수 및 활성탄의 재사용이 필요하였으므로 용매추출법을 이용한 용출 실험을 실시하였다. 증류수, 중성용매(3종) 및 알칼리 용매(4종) 등 8종 용매에 의한 1단 침출 실험 결과, 색소성분의 용해성은 1 M KOH 용액이 가장 우수하였다. 이러한 최적 용매인 1M KOH 용액을 이용하여 용액의 부피 및 시간에 따른 용출효과를 조사한 결과, 용액의 부피는 활성탄 1 g당 45 mL에서 최적의 용출량을 보였으며, 10분 이내에 빠르게 용출평형에 도달하였고, 용출공정의 용출속도는 2차 속도식으로 나타낼 수 있었다. 또, 25oC에서 1 M KOH 용액에 의한 다단침출의 실험 결과, 7단계 침출에서 최종 용출효율은 88.9%이었다. 그러나 온도가 증가할수록 용출효율이 급격히 높아져 95oC에서는 단일용출만으로 82.6%의 용출효율을 보였다. 한편, 용출 후의 재사용된 활성탄의 흡착효율(75.3%)은 신선한 활성탄(78.5%)과 거의 비슷하였고, 다당 정제율도 거의 비슷하여(1.21-1.25배) 재생 가능함을 보였다. 따라서, 흑목이 버섯의 흑갈색 성분의 탈색 후 흡착된 활성탄으로부터 용매추출을 이용한 효율적인 색소성분의 회수 및 활성탄 재생 공정의 가능성이 확인되었다.

본 연구에서는 서리태 발효추출물의 모발보호효과를 확인하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 화학적 산화를 통해 손상된 모발을 준비한 뒤 서리태 발효추출물을 처리하였을 때 모발의 형태학적 특성, 인장강도, 구성성분의 변화를 분석하여 비교하였다. 그 결과 모발에 산화제를 처리하였을 때, 표피의 큐티클 층이 손상되고 모발의 인 장강도가 14.32 ± 0.83 g/cm2에서 12.32 ± 0.79 g/cm2로 감소되었음을 확인하였다. FT-IR 분석결과 산화 제를 처리한 모발은 버진 헤어에 비하여 1,077, 1,041, 801 cm-1에 해당하는 피크가 증가하였으며, 이를 통해 케라틴 단백질 간의 이황화 결합에 필수적인 시스테인이 산화되는 것을 확인하였다. 반면, 손상된 모발에 서리태 발효추출물을 처리한 경우에는 표피의 큐티클 층의 틈이 메워지고, 인장강도가 14.27 ± 0.96 g/cm2로 회복되 었으며, 모발의 성분 중 시스테인의 산화물 비율이 감소하는 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과들을 통해 발효 서 리태 추출물은 산화제에 의해 손상된 모발의 보호 소재로 연구될 가치가 있는 것으로 기대된다.

In this study, the reductive decolorization of three acid and basic dyes using modified zero-valent iron (i.e., acid-washed iron (Aw/Fe) and palladium coated iron (Pd/Fe)) at various pH conditions (pH 3 5) was experimentally investigated and the decolorization characteristics were evaluated by analyzing the absorbance spectra and reaction kinetics. In the case of acid dyes such as methyl orange and eriochrome black T, color removal efficiencies increased as initial pH of the dye solution decreased. However, the color removal of methylene blue, a basic dye, was not affected much by the initial pH and more than 70% of color was removed within 10 min. During the decolorization reaction, the absorbance of methyl orange (λmax = 464 nm) and eriochrome black T (λmax = 528 nm) decreased in the visible range but increased in the UV range. The absorbance of methylene blue (λmax = 664 nm) also decreased gradually in the visible range. Pseudo-zero order, pseudo-first order, and pseudo-second order kinetic models were used to analyze the reaction kinetics. The pseudo-second order kinetic model was found to be the best with good correlation. The decolorization reaction rate constants (k2) of methylene blue were relatively higher than those of methyl orange and eriochrome black T. The reaction rate constants of methyl orange and eriochrome black T increased with a decrease in the initial pH.

The feasibility study of the application of the photoelectrocatalytic and electrolytic/UV decolorization of Rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated in the photoelectrocatalytic and electrolytic/UV process with TiO₂ photoelectrode and DSA (dimensionally stable anode) electrode. Three types of TiO₂ photoelectrode were used. Thermal oxidation electrode (Th-TiO₂) was made by oxidation of titanium metal sheet; sol-gel electrode (SG-TiO₂) and powder electrode (P-TiO₂) were made by coating and then heating a layer of titania sol-gel and slurry TiO₂ on titanium sheet. DSA electrodes were Ti and Ru/Ti electrode. The relative performance for RhB decolorization of each of the photoelectrodes and DSA electrodes is: Ru/Ti > Ti > SG-TiO₂ > Th-TiO₂. It was observed that photoelectrocatalytic decolorization of RhB is similar to the sum of the photocatalytic and electrolytic decolorization. Therefore the synergetic effect was not showed in pthotoelectrocatalytic reaction. Na₂SO₄ and NaCl showed different decolirization effect between pthotoelectrocatalytic and electrolytic/UV reaction. In the presence of the NaCl, RhB decolorization of Ru/Ti DSA electrode was higher than that of the other photoelectrode and Ti electrode. Optimum current, NaCl dosage and UV lamp power of the electrolytic/UV process (using Ru/Ti electrode) were 0.75 A, 0.5 g/L and 16 W, respectively.

For the RhB removal from the wastewater, electrochemical method was adapted to this study. Three dimensionally stable anode (Pt, Ir and Ru) and graphite and Ru cathode were used. In order to identify decolorization, the effects of electrode, current density, electrolyte and air flow rate were investigated. The effects of electrode material, current, electrolyte concentration and air flow rate were investigated on the decolorization of RhB. Electro-Fenton's reaction was evaluated by added Fe2+ and H2O2 generated by the graphite cathode. Performance for RhB decolorization of the four electrode systems lay in: Ru-graphite > Ru-Ru > Ir-graphite > Pt-graphite. A complete color removal was obtained for RhB (30 mg/L) at the end of 30 min of electrolysis under optimum operations of 2 g/L NaCl concentration and 2 A current. Fe2+ addition increased initial reaction and decreased final RhB concentration. However the effect was not high.

The electro-chemical decolorization of Rhodamine B (RhB) in water has been carried out by electro Fenton-like process. The effect of distance, material and shape of electrode, NaCl concentration, current, electric power, H2O2 and pH have been studied. The results obtained that decrease of RhB concentration of Fe(+)-Fe(-) electrode system was higher than that of other electrode system. The decrease of RhB concentration was not affected electrode distance and shape. Decolorization of electro Fenton-like reaction, which was added H2O2 onto the electrolysis using electrode was higher than electrolysis. Addition of NaCl decreased the electric consumption. The lower pH is, the faster initial reaction rate and reaction termination time observed.

The photocatalytic decolorization of Rhodamine B (RhB) was studied using packed-bed reactor and immobilized TiO2/UV System. The 20 W UV-A, UV-B and UV-C lamps were employed as the light source. The effect of shape and surface polishing extent of reflector, distance between the reactor and reflector, reactor material were investigated. The results showed that the order of the initial reaction constant with reflector shape was round > polygon > W > rhombus. The optimum distance between the reactor and reflector was 2 cm. The initial reaction constant of quartz reactor was 1.46 times higher than that of the PVDF reactor.

The photocatalytic decolorization of Rhodamine B (RhB) was studied using immobilized TiO2 and fluidized bed reactor. Immobilized TiO2(length: 1～2 mm, width: 1～3 mm, thickness: 0.5～2 mm) onto silicone sealant was employed as the photocatalyst and a 30 W germicidal lamp was used as the light source and the reactor volume was 4.8 L. The effects of parameters such as the amounts of photocatalyst, initial concentration, initial pH, superficial velocity, H2O2 and anion additives. (NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, CO32-) The results showed that the optimum dosage of the immobilized TiO2 were 87.0 g/L. Initial removal rate of RhB of the immobilized TiO2 was 1.5 times higher than that of the powder TiO2 because of the adsorption onto the surface of immobilized TiO2. In the conditions of acidic pH, initial reaction rate was increased slowly and reaction time was shorted. The effect of anion type on the reaction rate was not much.

The photocatalytic oxidation of Rhodamine B (RhB) was studied using immobilized TiO2 and fluidized bed reactor. Immobilized TiO2 onto GF/C was employed as the photocatalyst and a 30 W germicidal lamp was used as the light source and the reactor volume was 4.8 L. The effects of parameters such as the amounts of photocatalyst, initial concentration, initial pH, air flow rate and anion additives (NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, CO32-) competing for reaction. The results showed that the optimum dosage of the immobilized TiO2 was 40.0 g/L. Initial removal rate of immobilized TiO2 was expressed Langmuir - Hinshelwood equation.

Decolorization of congo red, rhodamine B was investigated by the white rot fungus Irpex lacteus which has biodegrading capability of various recalcitrants. White rot fungus Irpex lacteus is immobilized by PVA-freezing method. An immobilized Irpex lacteus decolorizes 91% of congo red in 8 days under culture with glucose 2%(initial conc.). It also showed 70% of decolorization at 3 days in the state of putting MnSO4 1mM. But, rhodamine B has no significant differences about decolorization among different mixture ratio of Irpex lacteus with PVA, concentration of carbon, nitrogen and manganese sulfate.