With social media spreading and social media influencers (SMIs) becoming popular and monetising their content, research on how they become entrepreneurs and the enterprising characteristics of SMIs remains limited. Due to this, the study examines through the use of case studies the evolution of hobbyist SMIs into professional entrepreneurs.

벤처기업은 경쟁력 강화를 위한 내부 역량 구축에는 자원과 인력이 부족하기 때문에 공동연구, 네트워킹 등 외부와의 협력이 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서 는 벤처기업의 산학협력 경험이 조직학습역량과 혁신성과에 미치는 영향에 대하여 살펴보고 자 하였다. 지속적으로 확대되고 있는 정부 R&D 투자가 벤처기업과 대학의 협력을 촉진함 으로써 조직학습역량을 강화하고 혁신성과를 창출하는 메커니즘을 실증 분석하였으며 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 벤처기업의 산학협력 경험은 조직학습역량을 강화시키는 것으로 나타났다. 벤처기업은 대학과의 협력 및 자원 활용을 통해 내부 역량 강화에 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 실증분석 한 것이다. 둘째, 벤처기업의 조직학습역량은 혁신성과에 유의한 영향 을 미쳤다. 조직학습역량이 높은 조직은 새로운 아이디어를 발굴하고 공유하는 문화를 가지 게 됨으로써 기업의 혁신성과 창출에도 긍정적인 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 벤처기업 창업자의 배태조직(incubator organization)에 따른 산학협력과 조직학습역량을 분 석한 결과 중소(벤처)기업 및 개인 경험 기반의 창업 그룹이 대학과의 협력을 통해 조직학습 역량과 혁신성과 창출에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 중소(벤처)기업과 개인 기반의 창업자는 대기업, 대학 및 연구소 창업자에 비해 상대적으로 더 높은 기술역량을 보 유한 대학과 협력함으로써 기업의 조직학습역량 강화에 도움을 받은 것으로 볼 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 정부는 벤처기업의 R&D 성과를 극대화하기 위해 대학과 협력 유도하는 정책이 필요할 것이다. 물론 벤처기업과 대학에 나눠주기식 지원이 혁신성과를 저해하고 있다는 비 판도 존재하지만 정부 투자는 기술 축적, 고급인력 양성, 혁신 네트워크 강화 등 무형자원 확 충에 중요한 역할을 한다. 그렇기에 정부는 벤처기업의 성장을 위한 투자 전략성 강화를 위 해 정부의 권한을 적절하게 활용해야 할 것이다.

This qualitative research aims to explore the challenges faced by rural youth entrepreneurs in conducting digital marketing. Digital marketing activities carried out by them are still limited in social media and e-commerce applications. The challenges are fraud, internet infrastructure, delivery services, the development of digital technology adaptation and work-life balance.

An increasing number of women are becoming empowered with changing cultural dynamics, gender equality, education and technology. The use of Internet and social media platforms by businesses at various stages is on the rise. Despite its benefits, women entrepreneurs in developing countries are less inclined towards using the online mediums for their business in comparison to men. This study observes activities where women entrepreneurs use online mediums for business purposes, understands challenges faced in doing so, reasons behind such challenges and how do they deal with them. Qualitative research is conducted via semi-structured interviews with women entrepreneurs at India. Findings indicate that there are commonly prevalent issues faced by Indian women entrepreneurs while using online mediums. As a way out, they either choose to shy away from digital mediums or seek external help. They are more comfortable using digital mediums where the communication and onus is one way, there is limited need to trust the other person or there is less possibility of receiving damaging comments in public. For interactive activities, women refrain from using online mediums. Financial, social and cultural factors also play a role in keeping women entrepreneurs behind from using online mediums for their business.

This is a summary of a comparative study of the national policies to foster the agri-food industry implemented by the leading countries of the industry before and after the COVID-19-induced global economic crisis. By comparing the policies of each country, we discovered that key leading countries of the agri-food industry had given up or suspended one-on-one, face-to-face support programs that they had maintained for years, and have started providing financial assistance to companies or self-employed people in relative industries. Korea should implement such decisive policies for the Korean agri-food industry to tackle this unprecedented economic shrink and maintain the competitiveness of the industry. Considering the scale and speed of the spreading of the pandemic, the new policies should be implemented swiftly and boldly.

본 연구목적은 문화산업 창업자의 능력이 창업의지에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위한 것이다. 작자의 의도는 문화산업 창업자의 능력 발 전과 함께 창업의지를 높이는데 가치 있는 건의를 제공하고 있다. 본 연구는 중국 강서성의 문화산업계 창업자를 대상으로 설문조사 를 실시하여 얻은 결과로 창업자의 특성을 평가하였고, 주로 사용된 요소는 성취경향, 혁신경향, 진취경향, 모험적경향이다. 자기 효능감 의 구성 요소는 자기 효능감, 자아조절 효능, 임무 난이도 구별 능력 과 사회적 효능감이다. 분석방법은 주파수분석, 서술성 통계 분석, 신뢰성분석, 관련성분석과 다원성 귀납분석이다. 모든 통계 분석은 현저성수준 p<0.05에서 검증하고 SPS19 프로그램을 사용하여 분석 하였다. 본 논문의 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 문화산업 창업자의 능력 이 자기효능감에 적극적인 영향을 미친다. 둘째, 문화산업 창업자의 능력이 창업의지에도 적극적인 영향을 미친다. 셋째, 문화산업 창업 자의 능력은 창업의지에도 적극적인 영향을 미친다. 연구결과의 기초 하에, 작자는 문화산업의 발전을 위하여 업계와 정부에 건의를 다음 과 같이 제출한다. 첫째, 문화산업계 창업자의 자기효능감을 높이기 위해서 모든 창업자들은 훈련을 통하여 자신의 특성을 개선해야 한 다. 자신감, 자아조절효능, 임무 난이도 분별능력과 사회자기효능감으 로 구성된 창업자의 능력 제고교육을 제정할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 일 련의 조치를 통하여 문화산업 창업자의 교육을 증가시켜 5가지 특성 의 경향을 높이여 자신의 창업의지를 높인다. 셋째, 각종 교육훈련과 문화산업정책을 통해 문화산업 창업자의 늘력을 제고시켜 높은 창업 의지의 유지를 보장한다.

To be successful in today’s globalized, increasingly digitalized and homogenized luxury business, small independent niche players need to show a great deal of creativity, flexibility and a good sense for the actual tastes and preferences of their globally dispersed clientele. By looking at innovative entrepreneurs and beyond the famous players in the global luxury market, this study – building upon and expanding earlier research of the authors – explores the main strategies enabling independent luxury niche companies to successfully position and effectively differentiate themselves from their larger and financially more powerful competitors. The study examines and further refines the strategy types identified in earlier research and further explores the business model configurations and the specific success factors of independent niche luxury players in a global market dominated by the ever-growing “luxury goliaths”.

By adopting transactional social commerce functions from mobile apps, individuals can sell products and services directly to friends on their contact list. This drives micro entrepreneurs with fewer than ten employees and less than a €2million annual balance (European Union Law, 2013) to become key drivers for economic growth (Paoloni & Dumay, 2011). In particular, individuals aged 18-34 become inspired by images on social networks for clothing and fashion products. Hence, fashion products are popular business items for micro-entrepreneurs. Despite potential benefits for social commerce, micro-fashion entrepreneurs in many countries are still unaware of apps’ use in social commerce to sell products, and to create and manage social capital for their business. This exploratory research aimed to investigate how micro-fashion entrepreneurs adopt transactional-focused social commerce and utilize social capital embedded in network ties for their marketing and sales, based on innovation diffusion and social capital theory. Research questions included: (1) How do micro-fashion entrepreneurs adopt social commerce? (2) How does social capital in network ties contribute to marketing and sales in social commerce? To answer these research questions, qualitative data from phone interviews with 16 micro-fashion entrepreneurs selling fashion products through WeChat in China were analyzed, adopting a thematic analysis. Data indicated micro-fashion entrepreneurs have positive attitudes, based on their experience and knowledge of WeChat. They adopt social commerce to (1) sell products in a new way, (2) connect with customers, and (3) reduce financial risk, while an innovative channel for entrepreneurship. Also, operating a business through WeChat required less time commitment compared with brick and mortar, and online stores, because accessing services like WeChat have payment systems, share images and messages. Free calls and messages are already available. The interview data demonstrated micro-entrepreneurs have an advantage when adopting social network ties in WeChat and implementing social capital embedded in marketing sales networks. Structural, relational, and cognitive capital contribute to micro-entrepreneurs’ marketing and sales interactively. An individual could access target customers, based on networks already established social media platforms and facilitate entrepreneurs’ adoption of social commerce. Also, since trust, shared goals, and languages exist on these network ties, there exists an increase for entrepreneurs’ accessibility to use social commerce to initiate their business, while decreasing business operating expenses, promoting products, and building relationships with customers. In addition, relational capital built by interactions with each customer brings cognitive capital to promote products and strong network ties.

ITC 337조 조사는 연방지방법원에서의 특허분쟁과 상이한 특면이 많다. ITC 관할은 대물관할이고 미국 전역에 효력이 미치지만 연방지방법원에서는 제한적인 대인관할권을 갖는다. 연방지방법원에서 소송적격을 갖추기 위해서는 단순히 특허 소유권과 피고에 의한 침해를 주장하는 것으로 충분하다. 그러나 ITC에서 소송적격을 갖추기 위해서는 다음과 같은 요건을 필요로 한다; 1) 수입행위 : 신청인은 피의 침해제품이 수입이 되고 있다는 것을 증명하여야 한다. 2) 국내산업: 국내산업 요건을 충족하기 위해서는 (a) 공장∙설비에 의미있는 투자 또는 (b) 의미있는 노동자의 고용 및 자본 투자 또는 (c) 엔지니어링, 연구개발, 라이선스 등의 지식재산권을 사용하기 위한 실질적인 투자를 갖추어야 한다. ITC는 연방지방법원은 권한이 없는 독자적으로 조사를 개시할 수 있는 권한을 가지고 있다. ITC에서의 조사절차는 연방지방법원 소송과 비교할 때 상대적으로 기간이 짧다. 이에 더하여, ITC 신청서는 ITC의 사실 청원 요건으로 인하여 연방지방법원의 소장과는 아주 다르다. ITC 절차는 침해 주장의 근거를 형성하는 구체적인 사실과 적합하도록 추정되는 불공정 행위의 실체를 필요로 한다. 따라서, 자신의 특허가 침해되고 있다고 믿고 있는 특허권자는 ITC 절차를 시작할 때 불공정 행위의 모든 요소를 커버할 수 있도록 충분한 근거를 주장하도록 요구되고 있다. 연방지방법원 사건에서는 연방민사소송법이 보다 광범위하고 아주 애매한 통고 청원을 허용하고 있다. ITC에서의 구제는 a) 당사자에 대한 한정배제명령, b) 임시한정배제명령(조사기간과 대통령 심사 기간), c) 총괄배제명령(당사자가 아니라도 해당자 모두), d) 중지/중단명령 그리고 e) 임시중지/ 중단명령 등이 있다. 상기와 같은 점을 고려할 때, ITC에서의 신청인과 피신청인은 연방지방법원과는 다른 전략을 개발하여야 한다. ITC에서의 신청인은 위에서 살펴본 구제 중 이용 가능한 구제를 적시하여야 한다. 또한 신청인은 자신이 구하고자 하는 구제명령을 얻기 위한 특정한 요건을 충족시켜야 한다. ITC가 최종적인 명령을 내린 후에도, 승소한 신청인은 구제의 성공적인 집행을 위하려 세관과 친밀한 전략적 관계를 유지하여야 하고 고객 정보를 제공하고 시장을 계속 감시하여야 한다. ITC 절차에서의 피신청인은 ITC 절차 요건에 의해 제공되는 방어를 활용할 수 있는데, 피신청인은 수입행위 부재, 국내산업의 부존재, 국내산업에 대한 손해의 부재 등을 주장할 수 있다. 피신청인은 또한 비침해, 무효, 집행 불가능 등의 특허법에 근거한 방어를 활용할 수 있다.

Human resource theories of becoming entrepreneurs or self-employed rather than finding employment are compared as applied to fit the occupational data of technological entrepreneurs and technology jobs. The human capital theory posits that technological e

기업가선택을 높이는 요인들 중 인적자본가설은 다양한 지식축적을 통해 기업가가 되고 이는 소득을 높인다고 주장하는 반면 기호가설은 다양한 활동에 대한 기호 때문에 기업가가 되지만 예상소득이 피고용 상태보다 저조할 것으로 본다. 기술기업의 경우 전문성에 대한 이득이 커서 이러한 효과들은 약화될 수 있다. 이민의 경우 고용차별압력에 의한 자영선택가능성도 증가할 수 있다. 의료를 제외한 과학기술직의 자영업을 기술기업가로 보고 이의 소득방정식을 미국 인구센서스 데이터에 대해 추정하여 기업가 이론중 인적자본 가설과 기호가설, 차별요소, 선택편이를 비교추정 하였다. 특히 미국 기술기업 내 비중이 커지고 있는 아시아인을 백인집단과 비교하여 소득을 분해 비교하였다. 기업가선택에 대한 인적자본가설이나 자기선택에 의한 경쟁적 가설보다는 떠돌이 가설의 가능성이 크게 보인다.

  Entrepreneurship is considered as the main leadership creating enterprises and employment. However, in Korea empirical studies linking Korean entrepreneurial performances with her characteristics are rarely in existence. Current study focuses on Korean

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore the continuum of reasons and skills employed by tribal Indian women entrepreneurs to establish their successful businesses in terrorist affected areas. Research design, data and methodology: After an extensive literature review on women’s entrepreneurship and their situations in disturbed areas, a qualitative research method was applied, and researchers conducted well-structured personal interviews to collect data from fifty respondents selected by using random and convenience sampling. Results: This study has identified the range of reasons for the successes of tribal women entrepreneurs. These are strict compliance with tribal culture and restrictions imposed by different stakeholders and the establishment of social networks and support from local communities and with their indefatigable and indomitable perseverance to proffer basic sustenance for their families. Conclusions: A minimum sample was selected from the Andhra-Odisha Border (AOB) areas due to security concerns. The research depicts the tribal Indian women entrepreneurs' grit and remorseless nature in overcoming impediments from the socio-cultural, economic, political, and legal framework of the country. This research is a gallant effort taken up by the authors, which is the first of its kind to visit as well as to conduct primary research in disturbed areas like the Andhra-Odisha Border in India.

Entrepreneurship has become an important topic for governments to shape and influence the quantity and quality of entrepreneurship and improve policy toward the entrepreneurial economy. This study investigates the factors affecting the entrepreneurial decision of nascent entrepreneurs belonging to Generation Y in Vietnam. A mixed-method including both qualitative and quantitative methodologies was utilized. A focus group was carried out with 11 participants for exploring, reviewing, and testing content validity of constructs and measurement items. The conceptual model and hypotheses were developed using data collected by a questionnaire survey. The cross-sectional survey method was applied. A sample of 221 respondents was constituted, by both electronic and paper surveys with non-probability and convenience sampling techniques. SmartPLS 3 software was employed to analyze the data collected. The results show that nine factors were affecting the entrepreneurial decision of nascent entrepreneurs belonging to Generation Y in Vietnam, including entrepreneurial education, family background, entrepreneurial ecosystem, perceived behavioral control, social valuation, perceived opportunity, attitude, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention. The findings show the importance of entrepreneurial education, social value, and ecosystems. Therefore, in order to promote successful entrepreneurship, it is necessary to strengthen entrepreneurship education and have a strategy for the improvement of the entrepreneurship ecosystem.

The objective of this research is to study the confirmative components of strategic intuition capability and the study of causal influence between strategic intuition capability and firm performance of SMEs in Thailand. The consistency method, structural equation models and empirical data were used to test the influential factors on firm performance. Models were then proposed for the development of the strategic intuition capability of entrepreneurs in Thailand. The research sample consisted of 342 SME provincial champion entrepreneurs listed with Thailand’s Office of Small and Medium Enterprises. The research results reveal that the model of strategic intuition capability responded well to the empirical data. Additionally, a relationship was identified between firm performance and the causal influence of the strategic intuition capability of entrepreneurs. In accordance with the empirical data, the strategic intuition capability of entrepreneurs had a significant causal influence on firm performance (Chi-square = 35.71, df = 25, P-value = 0.07615, GFI = 0.98, AGFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.033, RMR = 0.027). Furthermore, with respect to the development of strategic intuition capability, the development of genuine wisdom based on systematic knowledge management achieved via conscious mental concentration may lead to the next stage of strategic intuition.

Purpose - This pilot study explores the gap between venture capitalists and young business graduates in Pakistan. Though the young graduates remain enthusiastic about choosing entrepreneurship as a profession, their success is subject to financial constraints. Research design, data, methodology - We administered a Likert-scale based questionnaire to 200 business graduates from June to July 2012, and interviewed ten venture capitalists from Islamabad and Lahore—two highly business oriented cities of Pakistan—to collect the data. The survey participation was on a voluntary basis without any financial sponsorship. Findings- There is a communication gap between the two parties (venture capitalists and business graduates), and a lack of trust in the entrepreneurial education and training offered in the educational institutions in Pakistan. The study, however, reveals the leading role of the Government in reducing this gap through certain measures. Conclusions - Some measures that can reduce the gap between venture capitalists and young graduates are: association of business schools with industry; financial institutions’initiatives to financially support the small and medium level projects of the economics and business students during their studies; establishment of placement bureaus in the business schools; and organization of regular open houses in the universities