“Mu mi” is a type of fragrant tree. Also known as honey fragrance, wood fragrance and other names in ancient books. And there are four major regions in the growth area of “Mu mi”. It often used in conjunction with “sandalwood”, and has significant importance in Buddhist activities. However, upon examination of Chinese Buddhist scriptures, it was found that the writing of “mi (櫁)” has various forms of variant script. This article integrates relevant variant texts in Buddhist scriptures, examining the use of characters in Buddhist scriptures from three perspectives: diachronic, synchronic, and edition. It explores the use of characters for the name of the “mu mi” tree and the relationships between various variant texts.

With increasing globalization and the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions, electrochemical water splitting has emerged as a crucial technology for clean energy production. In this study, we report the successful synthesis of 0.1 % Fe-doped NiS2 via a one-step hydrothermal method. The incorporation of Fe into the NiS2 matrix significantly enhances its electrochemical performance, as evidenced by a remarkable reduction in overpotential, to 180 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2, compared to 250 mV for undoped NiS2. Additionally, the Fe-doped NiS2 exhibits a reduced Tafel slope, high double layer capacitance, and lower charge transfer resistance than undoped NiS2, indicating improved reaction kinetics for oxygen evolution. These improvements are attributed to the enhanced conductivity and catalytic activity imparted by Fe doping, which facilitates more efficient charge transfer and reaction processes at the electrode surface. The results suggest that Fe-doped NiS2 is a highly promising and robust candidate for applications in electrochemical energy conversion. Moreover, the doping strategy employed here offers a valuable approach for tailoring the properties of other metal sulfides and chalcogenides, paving the way for the design of next generation electrocatalysts that can drive large-scale energy conversion processes with minimal energy loss.

독일은 지난 1995년 공동체 또는 사회적으로 제공되는 형태의 삶을 보장하고자 사회보험 방식에 수발보험 을 도입하여 2025년 현재 30년의 시간을 맞이하였다. 수발보험 시행 20년 이후 소위 수발강화법 (Pflegestarkungsgesetz I, II, III)을 통해 발생되는 문제점들을 나름 해결해 왔기에, 본 연구는 독일의 공적 수발보험 개혁에 초점을 맞추고 수발보험의 형성 역사와 발전에 대한 개요를 인구 변천과정에서 살펴보면 서 다양한 수발급여와 등급판정 및 수발인력의 고용관계 상황을 파악해 보았다. 특히 2023년 최신 수발보 험 개혁을 비판적 시각에서 분석하여 독일의 경험을 통한 우리의 개혁과제를 제시해 보았다.

Yuan yin (元因) used to be a common Chinese word, but it was replaced by yuan yin (原因), but we still don’t know the exact evolution of the word. This paper concludes that yuan yin (元因) was first used in the Tang Dynasty and was widely used in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The word yuan yin (原因) was first used in the late Song and early Yuan dynasties, and gradually replaced yuan yin (元因) in the Ming dynasty, and then completely replaced it in the Qing dynasty. The original, fundamental meaning of yuan (原) is more intuitive and clearer than that of yuan (元), which is the root cause of the replacement of yuan yin (元因), and the most popular theory of “avoiding the fear of the Yuan Dynasty” is wrong. Yan yin (言因) is yuan yin (元因) of the loanwords, regional strong, only circulated in the southern region, especially common in Fujian, we can rely on the use of Yan yin (言因) to partially help determine the place of publication of the work.

Zaoye (造業) has appeared in the documents of pre-Qin Dynasty, indicating the establishment of a career. The extensive spread of Chinese-translated Buddhist scriptures gives Ye (業) a specific Buddhist connotation, which refers to the corresponding results produced by various thoughts and behaviors. Ye (業) is associated with Nie (孽) after biased towards evil karma. The thesis examines the semantic and usage frequencies of Zaoye (造業), Zaonie (造孽), Zaonie (遭孽), Zaoye (遭業), Zuoye (作業) and Zuonie (作孽) in historial documents and dialect materials, arguing that the phonetic and semantic proximity of the morphemes readily results in semantic blending among these words. Zaoye (造業) in Southwestern Mandarin expresses pity. Zaonie (造孽) in Southwestern Mandarin, Xiang, Gan and Hakka dialect expresses pity. Zaonie (遭孽) in Jianghuai dialect and Southwestern Mandarin also expresses pity. Zaoye (遭業) in Beijing dialect expresses pity. Zuonie (作孽) in Jianghuai and Wu dialect expresses pity. Based on the literal semantics of the word Zaoye (造業), it is not possibe to deduce why the word can express pity. The thesis suggests that Zaoye (造業) expresses pity because it is confused with word Zaonie (遭孽). Zaonie (遭孽) means suffering from bad things, which leads to the meaning of pity. Due to the phonetic similarity and semantic overlap between Zaoye (造業) and Zaonie (遭孽), Southwest Mandarin dialect areas use the simple character form Zaoye (造業) to express pity.

This article takes the semantic symbol “走” in “Shuowen Jiezi” as the research object. Firstly, starting from the combination relationship of the semantic symbol “走”, it analyzes and summarizes the actual semantic categories of the semantic symbol “走” in constructing characters, providing a context for extracting the semantic function of “走”. Starting from the aggregation relationship of the semantic symbol “走”, the distribution of the actual semantic classes of the six semantic symbol parameters in the “足” group was compared, and the synchronous and diachronic substitution phenomena of the semantic symbol “走” and the semantic symbols “止”, “辵” , “彳”, “行”, and “足” were examined. The following conclusion can be drawn: In Shuowen Jiezi, the construction of “走” is rich, with “running” as the most typical and advantageous construction. the semantic symbol “走” has the most action semantic characters, while the ability to construct characters for the five major components of “running,” “jumping,” “falling forward,” “walking” and “foot movements” decreases in order. The ability of “走” to construct state and object meanings is weak, and it is often replaced by its variant characters. In the process of historical evolution, the number of preserved characters with the semantic symbol “走” has gradually decreased, and their semantic functions have become increasingly singular. Finally, explore the internal and external factors of language that influence the formation and historical evolution direction of the semantic symbol “走” From a cognitive perspective, the prototype status of the basic construction meaning “run” in the semantic symbol “走” construction meaning category determines the number and historical stability advantage of its constituent characters. In the systematization of Chinese characters, the three factors of “the tendency of semantic symbol construction”, “the mode of semantic symbol construction”, and “whether the function of semantic symbol construction is powerful or not” have led to the semantic symbols “走” in ancient times, resulting in a tendency to “run” through a layer of associative parameters to express action semantic Chinese characters.

In recent years, the search on fabrication of highly efficient, stable, and cost-effective alternative to Pt for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has led to the development of new catalysts. In this study, we investigated the electrocatalytic HER activity of the Toray carbon substrate by creating defect sites in its graphitic layer through ultrasonication and anodization process. A series of Toray carbon substrates with active sites are prepared by modifying its surface through ultrasonication, anodization, and ultrasonication followed by anodization procedures at different time periods. The anodization process significantly enhances the surface wettability, consequently resulting in a substantial increase in proton flux at the reaction sites. As an implication, the overpotential for HER is notably reduced for the Toray carbon (TC-3U-10A), subjected to 3 min of ultrasonification followed by 10 min of anodization, which exhibits a significantly lower Tafel slope value of 60 mV/dec. Furthermore, the reactivity of the anodized surface for HER is significantly elevated, especially at higher concentrations of sulfuric acid, owing to the enhanced wettability of the substrate. The lowest Tafel slope value recorded in this study stands at 60 mV/dec underscoring the substantial improvements achieved in catalytic efficiency of the defect-rich carbon materials. These findings hold promise for the advancement of electrocatalytic applications of carbon materials and may have significant implications for various technological and industrial processes.

이 논문은 대한민국 국회 국민동의청원을 사례로 선정하여, 민주주의 기술 진화의 시민참여적 함의를 도출하고자 한다. 연구방법론은 양적·질 적 연구방법론을 적용하여 청원 플랫폼을 분석했다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 아 키텍처 분석에서 토론의 시각화(visualization)가 두드러졌다. 둘째, 국회 입법청원은 시민들이 참여하여 집합적인 의지로 법·제도 개선의 가능성 을 확인했다. 셋째, 국회 플랫폼은 「청원법」과 「국회법」이 개정되어 2021년 온라인과 오프라인의 하이브리드 청원으로 발전했다. 넷째, 청원 성립 79건 내용분석을 통해서 양적으로 증가하고, 질적으로 제도적 대안 을 모색이 증가하고 있음을 확인했다. 하지만 민주주의 기술의 단점도 확인했다. 국민동의청원과 같은 민주주의 기술은 설계와 운영이 중요하 다. 그리고 민주주의 기술의 적용에서 정보격차, 과대 대표 문제, 중복 참여, 탈집중화된 기술의 미사용 등 해결할 과제도 있음을 확인했다.

Graphene shows unique electron-transport properties owing to the density of its carriers near the Dirac point. The quantum capacitance (CQ) of graphene is an intrinsic property that has been investigated theoretically in many previous studies. However, the development of CQ theory is hindered by the limited availability of related experimental works. In this perspective, experimental works on the CQ of mechanically exfoliated graphene, graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and graphene mesosponge are briefly summarized. The impact of structural properties such as stacking layers, defects, and nitrogen doping on CQ was experimentally investigated. Furthermore, the applicability of CQ theory was extended to three-dimensional graphene frameworks. Future research on CVD-synthesized and three-dimensional graphene is expected to enhance our comprehension of the underlying nature of CQ.

The increasing integration of Chinese in education poses new challenges for countries, with Korea offering valuable insights due to its rich history and resources in Chinese education and domestic examinations. This paper employs a bibliometric perspective to systematically analyze research literature on Korean Domestic Chinese language examinations from 2000 to 2023, aiming to retrospectively and prospectively examine the past two decades of related studies. Through the distribution of publication frequencies, literature reviews, and the analysis of keyword frequencies, this study identifies the most frequently studied Korea’s domestic Chinese language examinations, main research domains, and developmental characteristics over time. It summarizes the limitations of existing research and proposes future directions, including the integration of technology with testing, the application of diversified research methodologies, and the expansion of international comparative studies. Despite the extensive history and variety of Chinese tests in Korea, the scope of actual domestic examination research is fragmented, with insufficiently diverse methodologies, perspectives, or depth, and an inadequate volume of literature, which results in a lack of systematic inquiry. This research aims to stimulate further scholarly attention to this field, and to offer reference points for the development, reform, and adjustment of Chinese examinations in Korea, China, and beyond.

Electrochemical water splitting presents an optimal approach for generating hydrogen ( H2), a highly promising alternative energy source. Nevertheless, the slow kinetics of the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the exorbitant cost, limited availability, and susceptibility to oxidation of noble metal-based electrocatalysts have compelled scientists to investigate cost-effective and efficient electrocatalysts. Bimetallic nanostructured materials have been demonstrated to exhibit improved catalytic performances for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, we report carbon aerogel (CA) decorated with different molar ratios of Fe and Ni with enhanced OER activity. Microwave irradiation was involved as a novel strategy during the synthesis process. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX spectra and EDAX mapping), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HR-TEM), and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) were used for physical characterizations of as-prepared material. Electrochemical potential towards OER was examined through cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The FeNi/CA with optimized molar ratios exhibits low overpotential 377 mV at 10 mAcm− 2, smaller Tafel slope (94.5 mV dec− 1), and high turnover frequency (1.09 s− 1 at 300 mV). Other electrocatalytic parameters were also calculated and compared with previously reported OER catalysts. Additionally, chronoamperometric studies confirmed excellent electrochemical stability, as the OER activity shows minimal change even after a stability test lasting 3600 s. Moreover, the bimetallic (Fe and Ni) carbon aerogel exhibits faster catalytic kinetics and higher conductivity than the monometallic (Fe), which was observed through EIS investigation. This research opens up possibilities for utilizing bi- or multi-metallic anchored carbon aerogel with high conductivities and exceptional electrocatalytic performances in electrochemical energy conversion.