본 연구에서는 스웨덴의 신예 작가 요나스 요나슨이 2009년에 발표한 문학작품 『창문 넘어 도망친 100세 노인』을 중심으로 삶의 비극성을 긍 정적으로 재조명하고 전환시키기 위한 온작품읽기 과정을 통해 노년기 삶의 의미를 강화시킬 수 있는 미래시간조망과 희망의 직·간접적 사례를 탐구하고자 하였다. 이 작품은 알란 칼손이란 100세 노인을 세계사의 여 러 현장에 등장시키고 작가 특유의 개그 요소와 묵직하지 않은 문체로 서술해내면서 알란만의 '될 대로 될 것이다'라는 마인드와 새로운 삶의 시점을 풀어낸 소설이다. 텍스트 사례를 분석한 결과, 미래시간조망과 희 망은 노년기 삶의 의미를 강화시켜 줄 수 있는 중요요인으로 작용할 가능 성이 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 근거로 노년기 삶의 의미 에 대한 보호요인으로서 미래시간조망과 희망을 확장할 수 있는 방안을 논의하였다.

This paper evaluates the use of Factor Analysis (FA) in English education research in Korea and suggests improvements in methodology. A detailed coding protocol was used to review 179 FA cases from 12 major English education journals (2014-2023). The review identified several key issues, including small sample sizes and lenient criteria for sample size selection, insufficient reporting on data appropriateness and normality, confusion between principal component analysis and FA, overreliance on the Eigenvalue > 1 criterion for determining the number of factors, inappropriate factor rotation methods, inconsistency between factor rotation and extraction methods, inadequate reporting on factor loadings and cross loadings criteria, and excessive reliance on SPSS as a statistical tool for FA. This study provides specific guidelines for applying FA appropriately and reporting results accurately.

This study investigates the role of the NAC transcription factor ANAC032 in regulating abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent stress responses and its involvement in sugar signaling pathways. Arabidopsis seedlings with overexpressed or knock-out ANAC032 were examined for their sensitivity to ABA, glucose, and fluridone to elucidate the functional role of ANAC032 in ABA and high glucose-mediated growth retardation. Our results showed that ANAC032 negatively regulates ABA responses, as ANAC-overexpressing plants exhibited higher ABA sensitivity, while anac032 mutants were less sensitive. Under high glucose conditions, anac032 mutants demonstrated hyposensitivity, with germination rates higher than wild-type and ANAC032-overexpressing plants. Additionally, yeast two-hybrid screening identified three NAC proteins, ANAC020, ANAC064, and ANAC074, interact with ANAC032. These findings highlight ANAC032’s role in stress signaling pathways and its potential interactions with other NAC proteins, contributing to a better understanding of transcriptional regulation in plant stress responses and possibly expanding to forage crop development.

Ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs) are important plant transcription factors (TFs) that regulate plant responses against various abiotic stresses. However, little information of ERF genes involved in abiotic stress is available in petunia (Petunia ×hybrida). In this study, a petunia ERF gene, PhERF039, was cloned and functional analysis was performed. The quantitative PCR analysis revealed that PhERF039 was induced at the early stage of water deficit stress. Under-expression of PhERF039 (UE) exhibited rosette growth habit, higher number of branches, and delayed flowering compared to the wild type (WT). The UE petunia was evaluated under various volumetric water contents (θ): 0.25, 0.15, 0.10, or 0.05 m3·m-3 using an automated irrigation system. Transgenic plants did not delay plant wilting, but the θ for UE reached to the set point later than that for WT. A lower stomatal conductance was observed in UE than WT under all treatments. These results suggested that PhERF039 could be involved in plant responses under water deficit by regulating stomatal movements as well as branching pattern and flower development.

Background: Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) is essential for various biological processes, including fetal Leydig cell differentiation. The PDGFRαEGFP mouse model, which expresses an eGFP fusion gene under the native Pdgfrα promoter, serves as a valuable resource for exploring PDGFRα’s expression and function in vivo. This study investigates PDGFRα expression in adult testicular cells using PDGFRαEGFP mouse model. Methods: Genotyping PCR and gel electrophoresis were used to confirm the zygosity of PDGFRαEGFP mice. Histological examination and fluorescence imaging were used to identify PDGFRα expression within testicular tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis assessed the co-expression of PDGFRα with c-Kit, ANO-1, and TASK-1 in testicular cells. Results: Genotyping confirmed the heterozygous status of the mice, which is crucial for studies due to the embryonic lethal phenotype observed in homozygotes. Histological and fluorescence imaging revealed that PDGFRα+ cells were primarily located in the interstitial spaces of the testis, specifically within Leydig cells and peritubular myoid cells (PMCs). Immunohistochemical results showed PDGFRα co-localization with c-Kit and ANO-1 in Leydig cells and a complete co-localization with TASK-1 in both Leydig cells and PMCs. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate specific expression of PDGFRα in Leydig cells and PMCs in adult testicular tissue. The co-expression of PDGFRα with c-Kit, ANO-1, and TASK-1 suggests complex regulatory mechanisms, possibly influencing testicular function and broader physiological processes.

본 연구는 성인 학습자의 대학동아리 활동 만족도와 지속 요인이 학업 스트레스 간 관계에서 자아존중감의 매개효과를 검증하여, 성인 학습자의 동아리활동과 학교생활에 더욱 만족할 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 대구·경북 지역 25세 이상 성인학습자 250명을 대상으로 2020년 9월 25 일부터 2020년 11월 24일까지 직접 방문 및 구글을 활용한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 회수된 설문지는 215부로 이중 불성실한 응답을 한 4부의 설 문지는 제외하고 총 211부를 최종분석에 활용하였다. 분석 결과, 성인 학 습자의 대학동아리 활동 만족도는 자아존중감과 학업 스트레스에 영향을 미 치지 않은 것으로 확인되었다. 다만 성인 학습자의 동아리 활동 지속 요인 은 자아존중감, 학업 스트레스에 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 그리고 성 인학습자의 대학동아리 활동 지속 요인이 학업 스트레스 간 관계에서 자아 존중감의 완전 매개효과를 검증하였다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통해 대학동아 리 활동이 성인 학습자의 자아존중감을 향상 시키고 학업 스트레스를 완화 함을 시사한다.

PURPOSES : The study aims to establish a comprehensive life cycle assessment model for bridges in South Korea considering domestic carbon emission factors. The main aims are to evaluate the carbon emission of bridge construction, focusing on the Seong-ri Bridge as a case study, and to improve national environmental policies and management strategies. METHODS : We utilized the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, adhering to standards set by ISO, to categorize each phase of the bridge's life cycle. The process involved selecting the bridge type based on the compilation of a detailed analysis range. The analysis covered various stages from raw material supply (A1-A3) to construction (A4-A5) and maintenance (B2-B5), excluding certain stages due to data unavailability. Carbon emission factors were then applied to quantify emissions at each stage. RESULTS : The findings indicate that the raw material production phase (A1-A3) contributes to approximately 96% of the total carbon emissions, highlighting its significant impact. We report detailed calculations of emissions using domestically developed emission factors for materials such as steel and concrete and establish a carbon emission per unit length measure for comparative analysis with other infrastructure. CONCLUSIONS : We leveraged LCA ISO standards to analyze each stage of the Seong-ri bridge, calculating its carbon emissions based on domestic factors for CO2, CH4, and N2O. By tailoring the study to Korea-specific emission factors, we develop a greenhouse gas model closely aligned with the nation’s environmental conditions. The results contribute to improving environmental impact assessments and strategically aiding national policy and management decisions.

격납건물은 원자력 발전소의 중대 사고 발생시 방사성 물질의 외부 방출을 막는 심층 방어 체계 중 마지막 방벽이다. 중대사고 발생시 격납건물 내부에선 노심 융해와 수소 발생으로 인한 내압 상승과 증기 폭발로 인한 구조적 손상이 일어나며, 이에 대한 구조적 건전성을 평가하기 위해 격납건물에 대 한 극한 내압 성능 평가를 실시한다. 극한 내압 성능 평가 방법 중 확률론적 평가시 현실적인 제약으 로 인해 고신뢰도 유한요소해석 모델을 이용하며 이때에 불확실성 인자들의 확률 분포 특성을 고려한 데이터 셋을 샘플링 기법을 이용하여 구성한 후 비선형 해석을 실시한다. 도출된 비선형 해석 결과는 취약도 곡선을 도출에 사용되며, 취약도 곡선을 이용하여 확률론적인 평가가 실시된다. 샘플링 기법에 따라 적절한 표본 크기가 아닌 데이터셋을 구성하게 되면 통계적 불확실성으로 인한 취약성 분석의 오차가 증대된다. 하지만 유한요소해석시 발생하는 막대한 계산 비용으로 인하여 기존의 방식은 적절 한 샘플링 크기 선정 및 부적절한 샘플링 크기 선정으로 인한 확률론적인 성능평가에 대한 영향에 대 한 정량화 및 평가를 제한적으로 수행하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 격납건물의 재료적 특성 및 내압 으로 인한 변위 데이터를 기반으로 생성한 인공신경망 모델을 통해 유한요소 해석에 대한 대리모델을 생성한다. 이후 생성한 대리모델을 기반으로 일반적인 불확실성 분포 샘플링에 사용되는 Monte Carlo method, latin hypercube sampling, Sobol sequence을 이용하여 표본 크기에 따른 격납건물 확률론적 인 극한내압성능 평가에 대한 영향을 정량화 및 평가를 실시하겠다. 이를 통해 제한적으로 탐색되었던 불확실성 공간에 대하여, 그 통계적 불확실성 및 전방위적인 탐색이 가능해 질것으로 기대한다.

In this paper, in order to study the relationship between the safety culture of highway management agencies and disaster reduction activities (BCMS), a measurement tool was identified through previous research on safety culture, and the validity of the measurement tool was confirmed through exploratory factor analysis. I want to check. The subjects of the study were workers belonging to disaster reduction activity management system certification organizations among highway management organizations. The highway management agencies are the Korea Expressway Corporation, which manages the functional continuity of national highways nationwide, and 8 of the 21 private road agencies that manage the functional continuity of the highways. The safety culture measurement tool is an indicator that measures safety culture factors, and is reorganized by the researcher based on survey items from previous studies, with management/manager safety values and attitudes, safety communication, safety education and training, and safety regulations/ management system as subfactors. A total of 24 questions were comprised of the survey tool. As a result of the study, the result of exploratory factor analysis was that the safety culture scale was extracted into four factors based on theoretical grounds, and the total cumulative variance was 80.360%. When checking the questions for each factor, it was found that all the questions loaded on the factor that was originally intended to be measured. Factor 1 is management, factor 2 is safety, and factor 3 is communication., Factor 4 was named education. Number of questions: 4 management questions, 3 safety questions, communication It consisted of 4 questions and 2 education questions.

of hazardous risk factors, risk estimation and determination steps by reflecting the trend of overseas risk assessment. METHODS : In deriving, estimating and determining risk factors, comparing the procedures presented by the ILO with the domestic guidline to find out the differences in procedural. and, According to the domestic manual, after setting the criteria for determining a deterministic perspective, analyze the risk assessment data of a specific domestic company and three overseas risk assessment research data to analyze the differences in methodology domestic and abroad. RESULTS : Within the country, there is a possibility that a deterministic view may be applied to all stages of procedure, and certain corporate data to the risk estimation and determination stage. In the case of overseas, the trend of applying deterministic perspectives to the risk determination stage was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS : Present the need for a standard model for improving deterministic methods in the other two stages, excluding risk determination in the domestic evaluation procedure.

건축물에 가해지는 풍하중을 평가하는 방법은 과거로부터 많은 발전을 이루었다. 그 중 비교적 간단한 방법인 가스트하중계 수법이 있다. 정적풍하중에 동적계수를 곱하여 등가정적풍하중을 평가하는 방법으로 여러나라 기준에서 사용되고 있다. 동적계수는 가 스트영향계수(Gust Effect Factor:DGEF)와 가스트하중계수가(Gust Loading Factor:MGLF)가 사용된다. DGEF는 변위 기반으로서 이론 적인 가정을 통해 산출할 수 있는 반면 그 과정이 다소 복잡하고, MGLF는 모멘트를 기반으로 하며 풍동실험으로 전도모멘트를 측정 하여 산정할 수 있지만 기초자료를 구축하는 것에 많은 시간과 노력이 소요된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 MGLF 산정 시 필요한 풍방향 평균풍력계수C F, 평균전도모멘트계수C M, 변동전도모멘트계수 C M 가 다양한 형상비( ), 변장비(D/B), 지표면조도구분(α)에 따 라 변화하는 경향을 비교 분석하였다. 이를 통해 풍방향 평균풍력계수 C F, 평균전도모멘트 관련 계수 C g, 변동전도모멘트 관련 계수 C g 의 경험식을 제안하여 MGLF 산정에 대한 기초자료를 제시하였다.

To develop a functional probiotic that inhibits gingipain, a major virulence factor of Porphyromonas gingivlais (P. gingivalis), we screened over 30 probiotic strains for their ability to inhibit gingipian activity. We investigated the inhibition of expression of gingipain genes kgp, rgpA, and rgpB as well as gingipain activity, using freeze dried cell-free supernatants of Weisiella cibaria SPM402 (WC402) and Lactobacillus paracasei SMP412 (LP412), both of which demonstrated antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis. Thus, it was verified that kgp expression was reduced by approximately 0.71±0.02 folds and rgpB expression was reduced by approximately 0.71±0.14 folds at a concentration of WC402 10 mg/mL. Meanwhile, at the same concentration of 10 mg/mL of LP412, kgp expression was reduced by approximately 0.19±0.08 folds, rgpA expression was reduced by approximately 0.09±0.02 folds, and rgpB expression was reduced by approximately 0.24±0.03 folds. At a concentration of 10 mg/mL, Kgp activity was inhibited by approximately 78.65±3.58% (cell associated gingipain, CAG), 82.45±1.22% (cell-free gingipain, CFG) by WC402 and 80.71±2.11% (CAG), and 85.81±0.05% (CFG) by LP412 respectively. Rgp activity was also effectively inhibited by approximately 78.6±1.01% (CAG), 86.78±0.47% (CFG) and 82.93±1.26% (CAG), 88.81±0.36% (CFG) by WC402 and LP412 respectively. Based on these results, W. cibaria SPM402 and L. paracasei SPM412 can be regarded as functional probiotics with the ability to inhibit gingipain activity and exhibit antibacterial effects against P. gingivalis.

When the parent radionuclide decays, the progeny radionuclide is produced. Accordingly, the dose contribution of the progeny radionuclide should be considered when assessing dose. For this purpose, European Commission (EC) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) provide weighting factors for dose coefficient. However, these weighting factors have a limitation that does not reflect the latest nuclide data. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the EC and IAEA methodology for derivation of weighting factor and used the latest nuclide data from ICRP 107 to derive weighting factors for dose coefficient. Weighting factor calculation is carried out through 1) selection of nuclide, 2) setting of evaluation period, and 3) derivation based on ICRP 107 radionuclide data. Firstly, in order to derive the weighting factor, we need to select the radionuclides whose dose contribution should be considered. If the half-life of progeny radionuclides sufficiently short compared to the parent radionuclide to achieve radioactive equilibrium, or if the dose coefficient is greater of similar to that of the parent radionuclide and cannot be ignored, the dose contribution of the progeny radionuclide should be considered. In order not to underestimate the dose contribution of progeny radionuclides, the weighting factors for the progeny nuclides are taken as the maximum activity ratio that the respective progeny radionuclides will reach during a time span of 100 years. Finally, the weighting factor can be derived by considering the radioactivity ratio and branch fraction. In order to calculate the weighting factor, decay data such as the half-life of the radionuclide, decay chain, and branch fraction are required. In this study, radionuclide data from ICRP 107 was used. As a result of the evaluation, for most radionuclides, the weighting factors were derived similarly to the existing EC and IAEA weighting factors. However, for some nuclides, the weighting factors were significantly different from EC and IAEA. This is judged to be a difference in the half-life and branch fraction of the radionuclide. For example, in the case of 95Zr, the weighting factor for 95mNb showed a 35.8% difference between this study and previous study. For ICRP 38, when 95Zr decays, the branch fraction for 95mNb is 6.98×10-3. In contrast, for ICRP 107, the branch fraction is 1.08×10-2, a difference of 54.7%. Therefore, the weighting factor for the dose coefficient based on ICRP 107 data may differ from existing studies depending on the half-life and decay information of the nuclide. This suggests the need for a weighting factor based on the latest nuclide data. The results of this study can be used as a basis for the consideration of dose contributions for progeny radionuclides in various dose assessments.

The domestic Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PWHR) nuclear power plant, Wolsong Unit 1, was permanently shut down on December 24, 2019. However, research on decommissioning has mainly focused on Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs), with a notable absence of both domestic and international experience in the decommissioning of PHWRs. If proper business management such as radiation safety and waste is not performed, it can lead to increased business risks and costs in decommissioning. Therefore, the assessment of waste volume and cost, which provide fundamental data for the nuclear decommissioning process, is a crucial technical requirement before initiating the actual decommissioning of Wolsong Unit 1. Decommissioning radiation-contaminated structures and facilities presents significant challenges due to high radiation levels, making it difficult for workers to access these areas. Therefore, technology development should precede decommissioning process assessments and safety evaluations, facilitating the derivation of optimal decommissioning procedures and ensuring worker safety while enhancing the efficiency of decommissioning operations. In this study, we have developed a program to estimate decommissioning waste amounts for PHWRs, building upon prior research on PWR decommissioning projects while accounting for the specific design characteristics of PHWRs. To evaluate the amount of radioactive waste generated during decommissioning, we considered the characteristics of radioactive waste, disposal methods, packaging container specifications, and the criteria for the transfer of radioactive waste to disposal operators. Based on the derived algorithm, we conducted a detailed design and implemented the program. The proposed program is based on 3D modeling of the decommissioning components and the calculation of the Work Difficulty Factor (WDF), which is used to determine the time weighting factors for each task. Program users can select the cutting and packaging conditions for decommissioning components, estimate waste amount based on the chosen decommissioning method, and calculate costs using time weighting factors. It can be applied not only to PHWRs, but also to PWRs and non-nuclear fields, providing a flexible tool for optimizing decommissioning process.