Additive manufacturing makes it possible to improve the mechanical properties of alloys through segregation engineering of specific alloying elements into the dislocation cell structure. In this study, we investigated the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of CoNi-based medium-entropy alloys (MEAs), including the refractory alloying element Mo with a large atomic radius, manufactured via laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF). In an analysis of the printability depending on the processing parameters, we achieved a high compressive yield strength up to 653 MPa in L-PBF for (CoNi)85Mo15 MEAs. However, severe residual stress remained at high-angle grain boundaries, and a brittle μ phase was precipitated at Mo-segregated dislocation cells. These resulted in hot-cracking behaviors in (CoNi)85Mo15 MEAs during L-PBF. These findings highlight the need for further research to adjust the Mo content and processing techniques to mitigate cracking behaviors in L-PBF-manufactured (CoNi)85Mo15 MEAs.

This study investigated the optimal process conditions and mechanical properties of Cu-10Sn alloys produced by the powder bed fusion (PBF) method. The optimal PBF conditions were explored by producing samples with various laser scanning speeds and laser power. It was found that under optimized conditions, samples with a density close to the theoretical density could be fabricated using PBF without any serious defects. The microstructure and mechanical properties of samples produced under optimized conditions were investigated and compared with a commercial alloy produced by the conventional method. The hardness, maximum tensile strength, and elongation of the samples were significantly higher than those of the commercially available cast alloy with the same chemical composition. Based on these results, it is expected to be possible to use the PBF technique to manufacture Cu-10Sn products with complex 3D shapes that could not be made using the conventional manufacturing method.

본 연구는 로파이 걸과 포트나이트의 협업 사례를 통해 게임과 음악 IP 융합의 비즈니스 모델을 분석했다. 비즈니스 모델 캔버스를 활용한 질적 사례 분석 방법을 사용했으며, 공식 발표 자료, 뉴스 기사, 업계 보 고서 등의 2차 자료를 분석했다. 연구 결과, '가치 제안' 면에서 로파이 걸 세계관의 게임 내 구현과 실시간 음악 스트리밍의 결합으로 독특한 경험을 제공했다. '채널 전략'으로는 게임 플랫폼, 유튜브 등 멀티채널 접근을 활용했다. '고객 관계' 측면에서는 게임 내 커뮤니티 형성과 실시 간 소통을 통해 사용자 참여를 극대화했다. '수익원'은 게임 내 아이템 판매, 음악 스트리밍 수익 등으로 다각화했다. '핵심 자원'으로는 로파이 걸 IP, 포트나이트 게임 엔진 등이 활용되었고, '핵심 활동'으로는 게임 업데이트, 음악 큐레이션 등이 수행되었다. '핵심 파트너십'은 음악 아티 스트, 스트리밍 플랫폼 등과 이루어졌으며, '비용 구조'는 게임 개발, 음 악 라이센싱, 마케팅 비용 등으로 구성되었다. 또한, 크로스 미디어 전략 의 주요 특징은 음악과 게임을 융합하는 미디어 간 경계 허물기, 2D에서 3D를 연결하는 IP의 확장을 통한 재해석 그리고 멀티 플랫폼 전략 등이 확인되었다. 본 연구 결과를 통해, 디지털 엔터테인먼트 산업의 크로스 미디어 전략의 IP 확장, 사용자 경험 혁신, 다각화된 수익 모델은 새로운 비즈니스 기회를 제시하며, 정책적 대안으로 크로스 미디어 협업 지원 체계 마련, IP 활용 창작자 지원 등의 투자 정책 수립 등이 필요하다.

In order to predict the process window of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) for printing metallic components, the calculation of volumetric energy density (VED) has been widely calculated for controlling process parameters. However, because it is assumed that the process parameters contribute equally to heat input, the VED still has limitation for predicting the process window of LPBF-processed materials. In this study, an explainable machine learning (xML) approach was adopted to predict and understand the contribution of each process parameter to defect evolution in Ti alloys in the LPBF process. Various ML models were trained, and the Shapley additive explanation method was adopted to quantify the importance of each process parameter. This study can offer effective guidelines for fine-tuning process parameters to fabricate high-quality products using LPBF.

Chinese traditional music is a representation of the intellectual accomplishments of the Chinese people and holds significant cultural and artistic attributes. To effectively showcase it to the general audience, it is necessary to implement visual design techniques that concentrate on the innovative progression of Chinese traditional music. This paper analyses the practical significance of visual design in the context of Chinese traditional music, using the unique characteristics of this music as a starting point. The paper maintains a clear structure with logical progression, ensuring a logical flow of information with causal connections between statements. Technical term abbreviations are explained when first used, and precise subject-specific vocabulary is employed where appropriate. The language used is formal and free from grammatical errors, while the text adheres to a consistent footnote style, format, and citation. Biased language is avoided, with positions on subjects made clear through hedging. Finally, conventional academic sections are included and titles are factual, unambiguous, and occasionally employ freer wording for interest. In addition, it examines the visual representation of Chinese traditional music. Building on this groundwork, the paper delves into a case study concentrating on “Four Seasons Scenery” to embark on a research journey and practical exploration of the visual design of Chinese traditional music. Through a combination of scholarly inquiry and practical application, the aspiration is that this pursuit may offer new perspectives and methodologies for the perpetuation and innovation of Chinese traditional music.

The emergence of ferrous-medium entropy alloys (FeMEAs) with excellent tensile properties represents a potential direction for designing alloys based on metastable engineering. In this study, an FeMEA is successfully fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), a metal additive manufacturing technology. Tensile tests are conducted on the LPBF-processed FeMEA at room temperature and cryogenic temperatures (77 K). At 77 K, the LPBF-processed FeMEA exhibits high yield strength and excellent ultimate tensile strength through active deformation-induced martensitic transformation. Furthermore, due to the low stability of the face-centered cubic (FCC) phase of the LPBFprocessed FeMEA based on nano-scale solute heterogeneity, stress-induced martensitic transformation occurs, accompanied by the appearance of a yield point phenomenon during cryogenic tensile deformation. This study elucidates the origin of the yield point phenomenon and deformation behavior of the FeMEA at 77 K.

Previous studies have shown that proline mutations in the heptad repeat region stabilize the coronavirus spike (S) protein in a pre-fusion state. To understand the impact of proline substitutions on the fusogenicity of the S protein, we engineered the swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) S protein with two proline substitutions (S-PP) and examined its fusogenicity using dual-split-protein based cell-cell fusion assay. Unlike the wild-type S (S-WT), S-PP rarely formed syncytia. Additionally, protein expression of S-PP was impaired compared to S-WT, as previously reported. Our results indicate that pre-fusion stabilized S protein is unable to induce membrane fusion and provide a better understanding of SADS-CoV S and vaccine antigen design.

In this study, machine learning models are proposed to predict the Vickers hardness of AlSi10Mg alloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). A total of 113 utilizable datasets were collected from the literature. The hyperparameters of the machine-learning models were adjusted to select an accurate predictive model. The random forest regression (RFR) model showed the best performance compared to support vector regression, artificial neural networks, and k-nearest neighbors. The variable importance and prediction mechanisms of the RFR were discussed by Shapley additive explanation (SHAP). Aging time had the greatest influence on the Vickers hardness, followed by solution time, solution temperature, layer thickness, scan speed, power, aging temperature, average particle size, and hatching distance. Detailed prediction mechanisms for RFR are analyzed using SHAP dependence plots.

The Ti-6Al-4V lattice structure is widely used in the aerospace industry owing to its high specific strength, specific stiffness, and energy absorption. The quality, performance, and surface roughness of the additively manufactured parts are significantly dependent on various process parameters. Therefore, it is important to study process parameter optimization for relative density and surface roughness control. Here, the part density and surface roughness are examined according to the hatching space, laser power, and scan rotation during laser-powder bed fusion (LPBF), and the optimal process parameters for LPBF are investigated. It has high density and low surface roughness in the specific process parameter ranges of hatching space (0.06–0.12 mm), laser power (225–325 W), and scan rotation (15°). In addition, to investigate the compressive behavior of the lattice structure, a finite element analysis is performed based on the homogenization method. Finite element analysis using the homogenization method indicates that the number of elements decreases from 437,710 to 27 and the analysis time decreases from 3,360 to 9 s. In addition, to verify the reliability of this method, stress–strain data from the compression test and analysis are compared.

Although the Ti–6Al–4V alloy has been used in the aircraft industry owing to its excellent mechanical properties and low density, the low formability of the alloy hinders broadening its applications. Recently, laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) has become a novel process for overcoming the limitations of the alloy (i.e., low formability), owing to the high degree of design freedom for the geometry of products having outstanding performance used in hightech applications. In this study, to investigate the effect of bulk shape on the microstructure and mechanical properties of L-PBFed Ti-6Al-4V alloys, two types of samples are fabricated using L-PBF: thick and thin samples. The thick sample exhibits lower strength and higher ductility than the thin sample owing to the larger grain size and lower residual dislocation density of the thick sample because of the heat input during the L-PBF process.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein mediates virus entry by binding to the host cell receptor, human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), and catalyzing virus–host membrane fusion. The S protein also mediates cell–cell fusion, potentially allowing the virus to spread virion-independently. Here, we compared the fusogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variant S proteins using a cell–cell fusion assay. In cells overexpressing hACE2, cell–cell fusion ability of all tested SARS-CoV-2 variants was similar to that of the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain. However, in cells with endogenous hACE2, SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially the Delta variant, stimulated significantly greater cell–cell fusion than the original strain. Our results showed that the Delta variant S protein is highly fusogenic and can spread rapidly by utilizing small amounts of hACE2.

아토피 피부염(Atopic dermatitis, AD)은 주로 5세 이전에 발병하여 심한 가려움을 동반하는 만성 염증성 피부질환이다. 본 연구의 목적은 NC/Nga 마우스를 AD 유사 증상에 대한 405 nm+ 850 nm LED 광선 치료의 효과를 조사하는 것이다. 마우스는 Normal (Vehicle), 아토피성 피부염 유발군 (CON), 405 nm+ 850 nm LED 광선 치료군 (LED)으로 나누어 난괴법을 이용하여 무작위 배치하여 실험을 진행 하였다. LED 실험군은 하루 10분씩 405 nm+ 850 nm 파장의 LED 치료를 7일 간 실시하였다. LED 광선 치료 연구는 Dermatics 점수의 개선을 측정하고 피부염으로 인한 표피조직 두께 감소를 관찰하였다. LED 광선 요법으로 인한 혈청 IL-1β의 현저한 감소와 경피 수분 손실 및 혈청 IgE 농도 결과를 바탕으로 LED 광선 치료는 아토피 유발 생쥐의 정상적인 피부 상태 회복에 도움을 주었다. 본 연구 결과는 아토피 피부염 마우스 모델에서 적외선 영역의 광선과 blue light 영역의 광선의 동시 조사치료가 아토피 피부염 치료에 뛰어난 효능을 가지며, 두 파장의 LED의 동시 사용 가능성에 대하여 시사하였다.

Gamma Reality Inc. (GRI) provides real-time, mobile 3D radiation mapping, data fusion, and visualization technologies for applications ranging from nuclear power and decommissioning to emergency response. The GRI-LAMP is a compact, multi-sensor system weighing about 10 lbs (4.5 kg). LAMP is fully mobile, provides 360 degree imaging (only limited by physical access to objects/area), and streams the 3D map fused with radiation data in real-time to the control tablet for immediate results that can quickly inform the user of potential hazards in the area or direct the user to the specific location where efforts should be focused. GRI systems are also remotely deployable on robotic platforms and are used on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAS), unmanned ground vehicles (UGV), as well as on manned vehicles and in handheld configurations. This deployment flexibility coupled with real-time data maximizes dose reduction opportunities and further enables dynamic operational planning, which can help reduce the costs of managing and maintaining operational nuclear power plants, as well as decontaminating, or decommissioning nuclear facilities. Applications include, but are not limited to, conducting regular radiation surveys, hotspot localization, shielding verification, radioactive waste shipment surveys, contamination mapping, and dose measurement. GRI’s solutions enable faster, safer, and more efficient radiation detection, mapping, and visualization of source terms and contamination. Commercially available LAMP versions include gamma-ray imaging, dual neutron and gamma mapping, and non-imaging gamma-ray mapping options.

“A Concise History of International Law in China-Conflicts, Fusion, and Development” presents a panoramic view of international law in China. The book historically reviews the origin and development of international law in China, discusses China’s contribution to the theory and institutional innovation of contemporary international law, and looks forward to the future of international law in China and the world. More concretely, this book pays attention to the development history of China’s international law scholarship; closely follows the latest trends in China’s international law research; and guides further research. A careful review of the book will provide the readers with a panoramic view of the history of China’s international law. It is not only an important treatise on the history of international law in China but also an indispensable reference for theoretical and practical circles with bibliography.

Powder flowability is critical in additive manufacturing processes, especially for laser powder bed fusion. Many powder features, such as powder size distribution, particle shape, surface roughness, and chemical composition, simultaneously affect the flow properties of a powder; however, the individual effect of each factor on powder flowability has not been comprehensively evaluated. In this study, the impact of particle shape (sphericity) on the rheological properties of Ti-6Al-4V powder is quantified using an FT4 powder rheometer. Dynamic image analysis is conducted on plasma-atomized (PA) and gas-atomized (GA) powders to evaluate their particle sphericity. PA and GA powders exhibit negligible differences in compressibility and permeability tests, but GA powder shows more cohesive behavior, especially in a dynamic state, because lower particle sphericity facilitates interaction between particles during the powder flow. These results provide guidelines for the manufacturing of advanced metal powders with excellent powder flowability for laser powder bed fusion.

In the powder bed fusion (PBF) process, a 3D shape is formed by the continuous stacking of very fine powder layers using computer-aided design (CAD) modeling data, following which laser irradiation can be used to fuse the layers forming the desired product. In this method, the main process parameters for manufacturing the desired 3D products are laser power, laser speed, powder form, powder size, laminated thickness, and laser diameter. Stainless steel (STS) 316L exhibits excellent strength at high temperatures, and is also corrosion resistant. Due to this, it is widely used in various additive manufacturing processes, and in the production of corrosion-resistant components with complicated shapes. In this study, rectangular specimens have been manufactured using STS 316L powder via the PBF process. Further, the effect of heat treatment at 800 °C on the microstructure and hardness has been investigated.

사회기반 시설물의 노후화에 대응해 이상 징후를 파악하고 유지보수를 위한 최적의 의사결정을 내리기 위해선 디지털 기반 SOC 시설물 유지관리 시스템의 개발이 필수적인데, 디지털 SOC 시스템은 장기간 구조물 계측을 위한 IoT 센서 시스템과 축적 데이터 처 리를 위한 클라우드 컴퓨팅 기술을 요구한다. 본 연구에서는 구조물의 다물리량을 장기간 측정할 수 있는 IoT센서와 클라우드 컴퓨팅 을 위한 서버 시스템을 개발하였다. 개발 IoT센서는 총 3축 가속도 및 3채널의 변형률 측정이 가능하고 24비트의 높은 해상도로 정밀 한 데이터 수집을 수행한다. 또한 저전력 LTE-CAT M1 통신을 통해 데이터를 실시간으로 서버에 전송하여 별도의 중계기가 필요 없 는 장점이 있다. 개발된 클라우드 서버는 센서로부터 다물리량 데이터를 수신하고 가속도, 변형률 기반 변위 융합 알고리즘을 내장하 여 센서에서의 연산 없이 고성능 연산을 수행한다. 제안 방법의 검증은 2개소의 실제 교량에서 변위계와의 계측 결과 비교, 장기간 운 영 테스트를 통해 이뤄졌다.