This study investigates the repeated impact behavior and compression-after-impact (CAI) performance of triaxially braided carbon/glass fiber-reinforced polymer (C/GFRP) composite tubes. A two-stage experimental strategy was proposed to evaluate the synergistic effect of interlayer hybridization and axial yarn reinforcement on damage evolution and mechanical performance. In Stage I, six hybrid braided tubes with different carbon/glass stacking configurations—including pure carbon, pure glass, layered, and reversed-layered structures—were subjected to repeated low-velocity impacts at 31 J. Micro-CT was employed to reconstruct the internal damage morphology and assess damage accumulation. The optimal interlayer configuration was selected based on impact force, displacement, energy absorption, and internal failure characteristics. In Stage II, the selected structure was further reinforced with four types of axial yarns (none, carbon, glass, and carbon/glass alternating), and their axial compressive and CAI performance after 10 J impact was tested. Results revealed that reversed interlayer design effectively suppressed crack propagation and improved damage tolerance under cyclic impacts. Moreover, the inclusion of hybrid axial yarns significantly enhanced residual compressive strength without compromising energy absorption. This study establishes a lightweight, high-performance braided tube design strategy suitable for aerospace and transportation applications.

Fluorinated carbons ( CFX) are promising cathode materials for lithium primary batteries due to their high energy density, yet suffer from poor electronic conductivity. Manganese dioxide ( MnO2), on the other hand, offers superior rate capability, but limited capacity. Here, we design MnO2/ CFx hybrid cathodes by combining MnO2 with CFX materials synthesized at controlled fluorination levels (x = 0.4–1.0) to synergistically optimize both energy and power performance. Structural and spectroscopic analyses reveal that moderate fluorination (x = 0.6) induces a favorable balance of semi-ionic C–F and interfacial O–F bonds, enhancing electron delocalization and charge transfer at the MnO2/ CFX interface. In contrast, excessive fluorination (x ≥ 0.8) leads to the formation of electrochemically inert C–F2 and C–F3 species, suppressing redox kinetics. As a result, MnO2/ CFX-0.6 delivers a discharge capacity of 390 mAh g–1−1 at 0.05 C and retains 182 mAh g–1−1 at 4 C, outperforming both pristine MnO2 and other CFX variants. This work establishes interfacial fluorine bonding configuration, not just bulk F/C ratio, as a critical design parameter for high-performance hybrid cathodes.

Recent advances in digital technology and the diversification of consumer demands have accelerated the emergence of hybrid design approaches in contemporary fashion. Knitwear, characterized by structural flexibility, elasticity, and transformability, has become a key medium for integrating diverse materials, techniques, and textile structures. Although hybrid aesthetics have been actively discussed in broader fashion studies, systematic research focusing specifically on hybridization in knitwear particularly from structural, material, and technological perspectives remains insufficient. This study addresses this gap by classifying hybrid knitwear into three categories: Structural Hybrid, Material Hybrid, and Technical Hybrid. Using case studies of representative designers and technological applications, including Iris van Herpen, Alexander McQueen, Issey Miyake, Nike Flyknit, and MIT Media Lab, the research analyzes the distinctive characteristics of each category. The analysis focuses on how hybridization is realized through form construction, material composition, and digital or functional integration, while also identifying the design principles and fabrication strategies that enable hybrid outcomes in contemporary knitwear. The findings indicate that hybrid knitwear extends beyond conventional textile-based design to function as an expanded platform where materials, structures, and emerging technologies converge. This convergence generates new aesthetic, functional, and experiential values, positioning knitwear as a critical site of innovation. The study provides a theoretical framework for understanding hybrid knitwear and offers practical insights for future developments in knitwear design, smart textiles, digital fabrication, and technologically integrated fashion systems.

Chilli (Capsicum spp.) is essential to Sri Lanka’s agricultural economy and household nutrition. However, the sector faces ongoing challenges, including low dry chilli productivity, pest and disease pressures particularly from the chilli leaf curl complex and a heavy dependence on expensive imported dried chillies. To tackle these issues, the Sri Lankan Department of Agriculture (DOA) and the Field Crops Research & D evelopment I nstitute ( FCRDI) developed MICH Hy1, a high-yielding, p est-resistant hybrid chilli variety suited to local conditions. From 2019 to 2021, the ‘KOPIA Chilli Project’ initiated a participatory hybrid seed production initiative in Kothmale, involving farmers in a decentralized seed system utilizing insect-proof net houses and capacity-building programs. This collaborative approach has successfully enhanced seed quality, improved farmers’ incomes, increased the availability of affordable hybrid seeds, and reduced reliance on imported varieties. The initiative highlights the potential of farmer-led hybrid seed systems to strengthen national seed security, empower rural communities, and promote sustainable chilli cultivation in Sri Lanka.

The fabrication of curved hull plates is a critical process in shipbuilding, affecting both the structural integrity and hydrodynamic performance of vessels. This study investigates a hybrid forming method that combines induction heating and multi-point press forming to improve the accuracy and efficiency of curved plate production. The forming experiments were performed under various heating and pressing conditions to examine their effects on deformation behavior, forming accuracy, and surface quality. The results indicate that the hybrid forming approach effectively reduces processing time, minimizes spring-back, and enhances the precision of the formed geometry compared with conventional mechanical forming. These findings demonstrate the potential of hybrid forming as an efficient and reliable technique for manufacturing complex hull structures in modern shipbuilding.

In this study, a hybrid cooling system combining thermoelectric modules and a vapor compression cycle was applied to a cold storage unit, and the effect of enhancing energy efficiency through the application of mist spraying technology to the heat exchanger coils was analyzed. The hybrid cooling system was designed to operate the vapor compression cycle during the initial temperature reduction phase (from ambient to 5°C), and to maintain the set temperature using thermoelectric modules thereafter. Separate heat exchangers were installed for the thermoelectric and vapor compression components, and mist spraying was applied individually to each heat exchanger coil. Experimental results showed that mist spraying reduced power consumption by approximately 20% during vapor compression operation, and by about 1~2% during thermoelectric operation. This study empirically demonstrates the potential of mist spraying technology as an energy-saving enhancement for hybrid cooling systems, and the findings can serve as a foundation for the development and commercialization of integrated heat exchangers in the future.

Enhancing the energy density of electrodes by increasing thickness and mass loading is a technological challenge. Thick electrodes suffer from severe deterioration in electrochemical performance due to insufficient structural integrity and sluggish charge transport, particularly under high current density. Herein, we fabricated thick LiFePO4 (LFP) electrodes with thicknesses ranging from 85.7 to 90.3 μm and an average mass loading of 17.68 mg/cm2 by tailoring the ratio of zero-dimensional (Super P, SP) and one-dimensional (multi-walled carbon nanotube, MWCNT) conductive additives. The electrodes containing MWCNT exhibited crack-free structure and enhanced electrochemical performance with increasing MWCNT ratio because of the superior mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of MWCNT. However, the electrochemical performance of the electrode containing only MWCNT deteriorated due to aggregation of the MWCNT and poor point to point contact with the LFP particles. The multi-dimensional conductive additives improve the dispersion of components within the electrode and the structural stability of the electrode. As a result, the tailored electrode exhibited a lower degree of electrode thickness expansion (1.4 %), lower polarization (60.8 mV at 0.1 C), excellent high-rate capability (132.7 mAh/g at 2 C), superior capacity retention (27.5 % at 3 C), and lower electrical resistivity and interfacial resistance (14.9 Ω cm and 3.8 Ω cm2, respectively) compared to other samples.

Through-silicon via (TSV) filling is indispensable for three-dimensional semiconductor packaging. Conventional processes rely on PVD (physical vapor deposition) or ALD (atomic layer deposition) seed layer deposition followed by copper electroplating, but these approaches face limitations in productivity and conformality. ALD and ELD (electroless deposition) have been investigated as seed-based approaches to overcome poor step coverage, while seedless strategies have also been proposed including additive-assisted electroplating, electroless alloy layers, metallic nanowires, and conductive pastes. These methods have demonstrated void-free or seam-free fills under specific conditions, yet challenges remain in achieving uniform superconformal filling across dense arrays, suppressing copper oxidation and interfacial contamination during rinsing/drying, and guaranteeing long-term reliability under thermomechanical cycling, electromigration, and humidity bias. In parallel, hybrid bonding has emerged as an alternative to thermo-compression bonding, where TSV filling performance, CMP (chemical mechanical polishing) planarization, and interface activation are crucial to reliable bonding. An integrated research approach incorporating both seed- and seedless-based TSV filling together with hybrid bonding provides a credible pathway to reliable three-dimensional stacking for high-bandwidth memory and artificial intelligence applications.

본 연구는 기존 정상상태 시각유발전위(SSVEP) 기반 BCI의 분류성능과 ITR 향상을 위해 SSVEP와 동공 빛 반사 (PLR)를 결합한 새로운 하이브리드 BCI 시스템을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 8명의 실험 참가자가 연구에 참 여했으며, 4-class의 시각 자극에 대해 SSVEP와 Hybrid 패러다임의 성능을 비교했다. 선행연구를 기반으로 SSVEP 시각 자극을 선택했고 SSVEP와 PLR의 동시 유발을 위한 Hybrid 시각 자극이 개발되었다. Hybrid 패러다임 (94.79%, 24.90 bits/min)은 SSVEP(84.58%, 18.93 bits/min) 대비 정확도와 ITR에서 각각 10.21%, 5.97 bits/min 향 상을 보였다. BCI 문맹 그룹은 Hybrid에서 92.67%로 SSVEP(76.33%)보다 16.33% 높았으며, 정상 그룹은 두 패러다 임 사이에 차이가 없었다. 또한, SSVEP 패러다임은 채널 수 증가에 따라 분류정확도가 84.6%에서 90.8%까지 점진 적으로 상승했지만, Hybrid 패러다임은 차이가 없었다. 제안된 하이브리드 BCI는 분류성능 및 ITR 상승뿐만 아니라 BCI 문맹 문제 해결, 사용성 향상을 기반으로 다양한 산업 분야 및 애플리케이션으로의 확장과 장애인뿐만 아니라 비장애인을 대상으로 하는 서비스 제공을 통해 실용적이고 광범위한 활용에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.