Using vocabulary learning strategies allows learners to gain vocabulary autonomously. This study presents data from a self-report survey of Korean university students comparing meaning discovery strategies they employ to comprehend unknown singleword items and unknown idioms. Survey data recorded strategies used by learners, and effectiveness of these strategies measured by rates of correct meaning discovery. The survey revealed that learners relied on context clues, dictionaries, and vocabulary analysis for both idioms and single word vocabulary items with equal effectiveness. Dictionary use was the most effective strategy for correct meaning discovery for both types of vocabulary, although context clues might be a positive factor for idioms but not for single-word items. Data also showed that learners tended to apply strategies methodically rather than heuristically but that methodical application did not necessarily translate into higher rates of correct meaning discovery. Implications for learners and paths for further research are discussed.

Reflecting some significant differences in the dictionaries on the two sides of the Taiwan Strait through the process of distinguishing and analyzing common four-character idioms, this study mainly discusses the heteromorphic phenomenon of the idioms. The research method is to conduct research on the corpus of ancient and modern materials to understand ancient and modern usage of similar idioms. This study lists out eight groups of common idiom variants as examples. It intends to explore the reasons for the formation of individual vocabulary from the perspective of literary theory supplemented by the data content of the classical literature database and modern corpus to show the ancient documents and the modern people’s language use habit. At the same time, it compares similarities and differences between Taiwan’s Mandarin Dictionary (Revised Edition) and the Chinese Dictionary in Mainland China, comparing once again different aspects of the dictionary compilation and basic language education. It also shows the difference between both sides of the Taiwan Strait in the aspects of idiom variants included in dictionaries and the principle of word inclusion in them.

“일대일로” 이니셔티브가 지속적으로 발전하고 있으며 이로 인해 많은 외국인들 이 중국어와 중국문화 대한 큰 관심을 가지고 있다. “일대일로” 배경하에 외국인을 대상으로 한 중국어교육(즉 대외중국어교육)이 활성화 되는 반면, 대외중국어 교육 수준 재고를 위한 많은 연구가 필요하다. 특히 사자성어는 중국어 실력을 판단하는 하나의 중요한 측정도구이고 사자성어의 난이도를 측정할 수 있으면 중국어능력 평가시 많은 도움을 줄 수 있다. 하지만 기존 연구는 대외중국어교육 중 사자성어의 난이도 측정에 대한 언급조차 없었다. 본 논문은 대외중국어교육시 가장 많이 쓰이는 대강(权威大纲) 5세트, 고급단계 종합교재(高级阶段综合教材) 4세트, 그리고 “국내외 대외중국어교재 데이터베이스(国内对外汉语教材语料库)”에서 나타난 사자 성어를 CLL데이터베이스의 사자성어과 사용빈도(使用频次) 및 피복률(覆盖率)등 치수로 비교하였다. 그리고 HSK 동태작문데이터베이스 (动态作文语料库)의 편차률 과 비교한 결과로 900개의 사자성어를 지정하였다. 이어서 이 900개 사자성어로 질과 양적인 연구를 통해 3가지 난이도로 구분하였다. 또한 이를 외국인 학생 대상으로 층별교습법(分层教学法, hierarchical teaching)을 통해 교습하여 실증연구하 였다. 연구결과로 사자성어 난이도를 측정하여 층별 교습 시 효과가 더욱 좋다고 나타났고, 학생도 빠르게 사자성어를 습득할 수 있다는 결론도 도출하였다.

본 연구는 중국어 말하기 교재의 사자성어를 살펴보고 사자성어에 대한 설문조사를 분석 하여 사자성어 선정 기준을 제시하는 것이 목적으로 한다. 1장에서는 서론을, 2장에서는 두 종류의 말하기 교재에 출현한 사자성어를 조사한 후 중국어 코퍼스를 활용하여 사용빈도와 특징을 알아보았다. 학습하는 사자성어의 수와 사용빈도의 차이가 매우 컸다. 3장에서는 중국 인을 대상으로 자주 사용하는 성어에 대한 설문조사를 실시한 결과를 코퍼스를 활용하여 사 용빈도와 특징을 알아보았다. 4장에서는 2장과 3장의 결과를 토대로 교육용 사자성어 선정 기준을 제안하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 교재 편찬 및 중국어 교육, 특히 어휘 교육의 사자성어 교육 방안에 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.

제4차 산업혁명은 정보통신기술의 융합으로 이루어지며 주로 인공지능, 로봇기술, 생명과학이 주 도하는 차세대 산업혁명이다. 주변에서 흔히 접하는 컴퓨터와 인터넷을 기반으로 하는 정보통신기 술에 지능을 더한 기술 혁명이라고 이해할 수 있다. 이 논문은 제4차 산업혁명 시대를 맞이하여 한문과에서 대비해야 할 하나의 수업 아이디어를 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이와 같은 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 ⅰ) 삶의 패러다임 변화와 이면의 문제들을 논의해보고, 이에 따라 달라지는 미래교육 패러다임에 대해 고찰하고, ⅱ) 미래의 한문교육을 위한 수업을 구안･ 적용하여 인간 중심의 가치를 생각하고, 미래 인재가 갖추어야할 역량을 키우는 한문교육 방법을 제시하는 것을 연구 문제로 상정한다. 연구 문제 해결을 위해 택한 소재는 ‘성어’이다. 정보검색활용 수업, 토론학습, 문제해결학습, 팀 프로젝트, 자유 발표 등을 활용한 성어 수업을 통해 제4차 산업혁명을 대비할 수 있는 핵심 역량을 함양할 수 있도록 한다. 인간의 가치를 소중히 여기고, 패러다임의 변화에 따라 달라진 세상을 살아가는 데에 필요한 역 량을 함양시키기 위한 한문교육의 방향을 제시하고자 한 이 연구를 통해 미래교육의 패러다임 변화 를 예측하고 여러 가지 상황에 대처할 수 있는 역량을 키울 수 있는 한문교육이 이루어지길 기대한 다. 또한 미래의 한문교육을 위한 수업 구안･적용을 통해 미래 인재가 갖추어야할 역량 강화를 위한 한문교육 방법을 일반화할 수 있기를 기대한다. 한문과에서는 제4차 산업혁명을 맞이하여 전문적인 기술과 정보 습득보다 더 중요한 것이 무엇인지를 스스로 깨닫게 하는 한문교육, 인간의 가치를 탐 구하는 한문교육, 이러한 요소와 관련된 역량을 키울 수 있는 한문교육을 추구할 필요가 있다.

This study aims to present some strategies for teaching the students Arabic idioms. Arabic idioms can be defined as expressions whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent elements, as kick the bucket or hang one’s head, or from the general grammatical rules of a language, as the table round for the round table, and that is not a constituent of a larger expression. In linguistics, idioms are usually presumed to be figures of speech, contradicting the principle of compositionality. That compositionality is the key notion for the analysis of idioms is emphasized in most accounts of idioms. This principle states that the meaning of a whole should be constructed from the meanings of the parts that make up the whole. In other words, one should be in a position to understand the whole if one understands the meanings of each of the parts that make up the whole. The strategies presented in this paper are based on the definitions or the linguistic peculiarities of idiom, mainly from the syntactic and semantic points of view. It’s worth mentioning that recently Arab linguists are showing unprecedented interests in idiomatic expressions and compiling the dictionary of Arabic idioms.

The ability of being able communicate in English is one of the core abilities to be reared for the students who have to live in the modern society. English is one of the important languages of today. In order to learn such English, the most basic words and idioms need to be learned first. According to the previous studies, In the elementary school, students tend to lose their interest and affection about English as they move up the grades. However, In recent, 62% of th elementary school students have a smart phone and the main function used by 58% among them is games. Due to these reasons, Interrest in learning smartphone game has been increasing. this study intends to design and implementation the educative games for the learning of English idioms on smart phone so that the students can get interest and fun. The English idioms educating game which shall be produced in this study not only is easy and fun to be played by the learner but also made it possible for the English idioms learning not to be boring by adding fun and giving motivations through competitions among the learners by making each obtainments of alphabets of each English idioms into points. In order to induce the repetitive learning of the learners, the lesson menu was used to allow the English idiom repetition lesson. Also, the acceleration sensor of the smart phone was utilized to produce this game so that the game is played fluidly and conveniently.

基本掌握汉语口语后，可以学习中文。学习中文，掌握足量的书面语汇是关键，包括字、词、语、句、篇，可按五步进行。字是常用字。词是常用词。语包括成语、谚语等。句指格言、名句、佳言。篇是浅易文言文。皆应是精粹。学习时，还要自读大量的白话文。2013 年本人从大量资料中选出常用成语一千条，常用谚语七百条，并据此协助山东济南育贤小学编辑中文教材《诵读识字》，共两册。第一册识字600，第二册800。因是低年级教材，纳入的成语、谚语还很有限，但已试着付诸实践，取得一些经验。本文着重就成语、谚语的选择、编辑和教学提出了研究报告。

The study is an attempt to investigate on the features of using Idioms in "HongLouMeng", a Chinese literature. While classifying and analyzing idioms used in "HongLouMeng". The study conclude that there are two categories of the features of using Idioms in "HongLouMeng". One is the features in style such as number of letters and signal article. The other is the features in terms of content such as metaphor, replaceability and similarity. First, number of letters. Based on the number of letters, the idioms are classified into four-lettered idioms and non four-lettered idioms which consist of more or less than six letters. Chengyu(成語) is commonly four-lettered, while Suyu(俗 語) is mostly six lettered. Xiehouyu(歇后語) has the largest number of letters since it has to be considered with preceding and following letters. Second, signal articles. The articles such as ‘俗語說(Suyushuo)’ helps idioms to be clear with the intended meaning. Third, metaphor. As the almost every idiom is used as a figurative expression, idioms in "HongLoumeng" also tend to be has same effect. Forth, replaceability. Suyu(俗語) can be replaced by Chengyu(成 語) or Xiehouyu(歇后語) and vice versa. The virtue of the author's fluent commend of language allows the replaceability between idioms, in the way of using Chengyu(成語) or Xiehouyu(歇后語) to implicate Suyu(俗語). Fifth, similarity. Throughout "HongLouMeng" a number of idioms were replaced into similar expressions with same meaning which use a new word or rephrase the order of words. Idioms which contain same lessons and messages are also found numerous times with completely different structure and words. Replacing idioms instead of repeating exactly same expression shows the outstanding linguistic ability of author. The study on the five features would help to understand idioms in "HongLouMeng" more clear and make it much interesting. The author's fluent commend of language is worth to be consideredfrom various angles as it plays important role in a linguistic and a culturological points of view.

The study is an attempt to investigate on the features of using Idioms in "HongLouMeng", a Chinese literature. While classifying and analyzing idioms used in "HongLouMeng". The study conclude that there are two categories of the features of using Idioms in "HongLouMeng". One is the features in style such as number of letters and signal article. The other is the features in terms of content such as metaphor, replaceability and similarity. First, number of letters. Based on the number of letters, the idioms are classified into four-lettered idioms and non four-lettered idioms which consist of more or less than six letters. Chengyu(成語) is commonly four-lettered, while Suyu(俗 語) is mostly six lettered. Xiehouyu(歇后語) has the largest number of letters since it has to be considered with preceding and following letters. Second, signal articles. The articles such as ‘俗語說(Suyushuo)’ helps idioms to be clear with the intended meaning. Third, metaphor. As the almost every idiom is used as a figurative expression, idioms in "HongLoumeng" also tend to be has same effect. Forth, replaceability. Suyu(俗語) can be replaced by Chengyu(成 語) or Xiehouyu(歇后語) and vice versa. The virtue of the author's fluent commend of language allows the replaceability between idioms, in the way of using Chengyu(成語) or Xiehouyu(歇后語) to implicate Suyu(俗語). Fifth, similarity. Throughout "HongLouMeng" a number of idioms were replaced into similar expressions with same meaning which use a new word or rephrase the order of words. Idioms which contain same lessons and messages are also found numerous times with completely different structure and words. Replacing idioms instead of repeating exactly same expression shows the outstanding linguistic ability of author. The study on the five features would help to understand idioms in "HongLouMeng" more clear and make it much interesting. The author's fluent commend of language is worth to be consideredfrom various angles as it plays important role in a linguistic and a culturological points of view.

This paper proposes a syntactic account on interpretations of idioms, which vary depending on voice alternations in Korean. There exist asymmetries on whether an idiom maintains its idiomatic interpretation despite its voice alternation. This paper shows that the principle of idiomatic interpretations (Marantz 2008, Bruening 2010) directly accounts for the asymmetries of idiomatic interpretations, coupled with the syntactic structures of two types of passives and causatives proposed in this paper. The discussions in this paper support the theory of Distributed Morphology, which holds that idiomatic interpretations are post-syntactically added from the Encyclopedia.