본 연구는 아로마 롤온 흡입법이 경로당 이용 노인의 스트레스, 통증, 우울 및 혈압에 미치는 효과를 확인하기 위한 원시실험연구이다. 대상자는 경기도 S시에 위치한 경로당 2곳에 등록된 노인 가운데 선정기준에 부합한 33명이 참여하였으며 자료수집 기간은 2022년 11월 14일부터 2022년 12월 19일까지 시행하였다. 아로마 롤온 흡입 전후에 경로당에 직접 방문하여 혈압 측정 후 자가설문으로 구성된 스트레 스, 통증, 우울을 조사하였다. 실험군에게 적용한 에센셜 오일은 마조람, 제라늄, 페페민트, 오렌지 스위트 를 캐리어 오일인 호호바오일에 희석한 것으로 하였다. 중재는 4주 동안 1일 3회 시행하였다. 연구결과, 아 로마 롤온 흡입법은 대상자의 스트레스(t=2.63, p=.013), 통증(t=2.46, p=.019), 수축기 혈압(t=3.01, p=.005)에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 따라서 아로마 롤온 흡입법은 경로당 이용 노인의 스트레 스 감소 및 통증 완화, 혈압 관리에 유용한 간호중재로 활용가능할 것으로 기대된다.

The surfactant, 2-{2-[2-(4-nonylphenoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}ethan-1-ol, is used in detergents, pesticides, cosmetics, and disinfectants. Since it is found in products that can be inhaled, we evaluated its toxicity to humans upon exposure. A total of 18 rats were exposed to nasal inhalation for 4 hr to determine the acute inhalation toxicity of 2-{2-[2-(4-nonylphenoxy) ethoxy]ethoxy}ethan-1-ol; the exposure concentrations were 5.0, 1.0, and 0.5 mg/L, with three males and three females at each concentration. After the end of the exposure, mortality, general symptoms, and weight changes were observed for 14 days, and autopsy findings were confirmed. The actual concentrations of the test substance in the chamber during the exposure were measured as 3.29, 1.03, and 0.52 mg/L, respectively. The delivered dose was 552.72, 173.04, and 87.36 mg/kg/day for males, and 829.08, 259.56, and 131.04 mg/kg/day for females. As a result of the test in the OECD Test Guideline 436, all animals exposed to a concentration of 3.29 mg/L died; three males and one female died out of six exposed to the 1.0 mg/L concentration. In addition, one died out of six males exposed to a 0.5 mg/L concentration. As a result, 2-{2-[2-(4-nonylphenoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}ethan-1-ol was considered to be Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals Category 2 (> 0.5–1 mg/L).

목 적：Brain MRI 검사에서 FLAIR Image는 CSF(Cerebrospinal Fluid) 공간에 인접한 병변 진단에 유용하다. 정확한 진단을 위해서는 Water Signal 억제가 정확하게 이루어져야 한다. MRI 검사 과정에서는 소아나 Claustrophobia가 있는 경우 등 다양한 원인으로 Sedation을 진행하게 되는데 이때, 환자의 상태에 따라 O2(Oxygen)를 Inhalation 하게 된다. 투여된 O2에 의해 뇌 혈류량이 증가하게 되면 CSF의 상자성 효과와 혈류속도의 증가 등의 원인으로 Waters Signal의 억제가 효과적으로 되지 않아 Artifact가 발생하게 된다. 이러한 Artifact를 최소화하기 위해 CSF의 인위적인 SI(Signal Intensity) 증가를 정상인을 대상으로 비교, 실험하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법：2018년 1월부터 2018년 2월까지 질환이 없는 정상 성인 남녀(남60%, 여40%) 10명을 대상으로 GE 1.5T HDxt 장비를 이용하여 실험하였다. SI의 극명한 차이를 나타내기 위하여 O2 농도 100%를 실험 조건으로 하였고 이러한 조건을 위해 O2 mask를 착용 후 O2를 Inhalation 하였다. FLAIR 영상을 O2 투여 전, O2 투여 직후, O2 투여 10분 후, O2 투여 20분 후 총 4번 획득하였다. 획득한 영상에서 Quadrigeminal Cistern, Interpeduncular Cistern과 Lateral Ventricle에서 SI와 CNR(Contrast to Noise Ratio)을 Image J를 이용해 획득하고 SPSS 대응 표본 t-test를 통해 통계적 상관관계를 규명하였다. 결 과：Interpeduncular Cistern에서 SI 평균값은 O2 투여 전 212.47, O2 투여 직후 306.07, O2 투여 10분 후 359.47, O2 투여 20분 후 375.20으로 투여 직후부터 증가하여 O2 투여 20분 후는 O2 투여 전과 비교하여 76.59%증가하였고 Quadrigeminal Cistern SI 평균값은 O2 투여 전 209.91, O2 투여 직후 289.44, O2 투여 10분 후 337.10, O2 투여 20분 후 361.15로 O2 투여 20분 후는 O2 투여 전과 비교하 여 72.94%증가하였다. 통계적으로도 p값이 Interpeduncular Cistern의 SI 값은 0.00, CNR 값이 0.03 이었고 Quadrigeminal Cistern의 SI값은 0.01, CNR값이 0.01로 유의한 차이를 확인하였다. 그러나 Lateral Ventricle에서 SI 평균값은 앞선 데이터와 다르게 O2 투여 전 99.37, O2 투여 직후 96.82, O2 투여 10분 후 95.08, O2 투여 20분 후 92.55로 나타났고 통계적인 p값도 SI값이 0.46, CNR 값은 0.90으로 유의하지 않았다. 이를 통해 뇌혈관에 인접한 위치인 Interpeduncular Cistern과 Quadrigeminal Cistern은 O2 섭취에 따라 즉각적인 영향을 받게 되지만 비교적 인접한 뇌혈관이 적은 Lateral Ventricle에서는 Inhalation 한 O2의 영향이 상대적으로 적다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 결 론：뇌 조직에서 O2를 소모하는 Oxidative Glucose Metabolism은 즉각적으로 증가하지 못하므로 수분 동 안은 증가된 O2를 모두 소비하지 못하는 시기이며 잉여 분의 Oxyhemoglobin은 활성화된 유출 정맥계로 흘러 들어가 이곳에서 Deoxyhemoglobin의 농도를 상대적으로 낮게 만든다. 즉, 뇌가 O2의 증가로 활성 화되면 초기에는 Oxyhemoglobin의 농도가 감소하지만 이차적으로 뇌 혈류량이 증가하여 Oxyhemoglobin의 양의 증가로 MRI 신호가 증가하며 이는 T2* 이완시간의 변화를 초래한다. 이 논문에서는 FLAIR Image에 서 O2 증가에 따라 Water가 완벽히 제거되지 못하는 현상을 보였다. 따라서 Brain MRI 검사 중 O2를 Inhalation 하는 경우에 Artifact 발생 확률을 최소화하기 위해 Inhalation 직후 T2 FLAIR를 먼저 검 사해 O2의 영향으로 생기는 Artifact의 발생을 억제하거나 검사 과정에서 O2 Inhalation 여부에 대한 정확한 기록을 통해 진단오류를 방지할 것을 권장한다.

목 적：평균 수명 연장으로 고령화에 따른 노인층 증가에 따라 노인 의료건수가 더욱 증가하고 있다. 노인층 MRCP 검사 또한 증가하는 추세이며, 호흡이 중요한 MRCP 검사 시 노인 환자들의 호흡은 의학적 정보 를 얻는 중요한 요소가 된다. 보통 MRCP 검사 시 일반 환자들에서는 호기(expiration) 후 호흡 정지 영상을 얻어 검사를 시행하고 있다. 호흡이 불안정한 노인 환자들 중 호기와 흡기(inhalation) 후 호흡 정지 검사 시 영상의 진단적 가치의 차이점이 있는지 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법：2017년 10월부터 2017년 12월까지 MRCP 검사 시 호흡이 불안정한 환자를 선별해 환자(남성 11명 평균연령-68.4세, 여성 7명 평균연령-68.9세)을 대상으로 하였다. 실험 장비는 Siemence verio 3.0T 와 6 channel 복부 Coil을 사용하였다. 검사 전 환자들에게 호흡에 대한 충분한 설명 후 검사를 시행하였으며 sequence는 T2 Haste axial, coronal를 시행하였고, 각 시퀀스 검사 시 매개변수는 동일하게 하였다. 실험A(호기,expiration후)와 실 험B(흡기,inhalation후) 호흡 정지 영상을 얻은 후 복부 임사 판독의 2명, 방사선사 3명이 정성적 평가를 하였다. 그리고 실험A로 호흡 정지검사가 힘든 환자는 실험B로 검사를 시행하였다. 정성적 평가로 영상 의 선예도, 연속성, 전체 영상의 질에 대하여 각 5단계(1=매우 나쁨,2=나쁨,3=보통,4=좋음,5=매우 좋 음)로 평가하였다. 결 과：영상의 선예도, 연속성, 영상의 질에 대한 평가자 5명의 정성적 평가는 실험A에서 T2 axial에서는 각각 평균 3.8, 4.12, 3.96 ,4.14 ,4. T2 coronal에서는 각각 평균 3.84, 3.96, 4.12, 4.16, 4.12였고, 실험 B에서 T2 axial에서는 각각 평균 4.22, 4.24, 4.2, 4.26, 4.4 T2 coronal에서는 각각 평균 4.26, 4.22, 4.24, 4.28, 4.36의 결과를 보였다. 대상자 18명중 8명은 호기 후 호흡 정지가 어려워 검사가 안됐으며, 그 중 4명은 흡기 후 검사에서는 호흡 정지가 가능해 검사를 마칠 수 있었다. 결 론：MRCP 복부 검사 시 호기 후 보다 흡기 후 검사에서 영상의 질의 평가에서 더 우수하게 나타났고, 호기 후 호흡 정지가 안 되는 환자는 흡기 후 호흡 정지가 좀 더 수월하게 나타났다. 일반적으로 MRCP 검사는 호기 후 검사의 완성도가 높으나 호기 후 14-15초의 호흡 정지가 어려운 노인 환자들에 대해서는 흡기 후 검사를 시행하는 경우도 영상의 진단적 가치가 있어 호기 후 호흡 불안정에 따른 영상의 불완성도 또는 검사의 실패를 대처 할 수 있다고 사료된다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of oxides (caryophyllene oxide, eucalyptol and linalool oxide), one of the major ingredients of essential oils, on odor intensity, electroencephalography (EEG) response and emotional response. The subjects were women in their twenties. Inhalation concentrations of oxides were varied from 0.01 to 10%, and EEGs were collected by Quantitative EEG. The odor intensity and average preference index (API) of the oxides were ranked in the order of eucalyptol > linalool oxide > caryophyllene oxide. Eucalyptol is a refreshing and pleasant substance that activates the brain (activation of β and γ waves and spectral edge frequencies (SEF50 and SEF90)). Linalool oxide has a calm and soft substance (activation of θ, inactivation of α, β, and γ waves) at a low concentration (<0.1%), and a fresh smell at high concentration (inactivation β and activation of θ and γ). Caryophyllene oxides were evaluated as a substance that is comfortable, soft, calm and sedating, which deactivates the brain (activation of α, inactivation of β and γ). Oxide materials showed a positive correlation between the odor intensity and the SEFs. Each of the oxides showed unique characteristics in the areas of odor intensity, emotional response, API, and EEG. These results give us a better understanding of the properties of the pure materials that make up a fragrance, and provide useful information for the manufacture of fragrance products or aroma oil blends with enhanced specific functions.

The purpose of this study is to validate and verify a head nose exposure inhalation system for nano particle inhalation toxicity studies. Carbon nano tube(CNT) particles were generated by a chemical vapor deposition(CVD) generator. And purchased single wall carbon nanotubes(SWCNT) and multi wall carbon nanotubes(MWCNT) were generated by an atomizer. CNT particle distribution was measured by Scanning Nano-Particle Spectrometer(SNPS) and Condensation Particle Counter(CPC). Diameter and length of MWCNT generated by CVD were 10~40 nm and 220~20 μm respectively. Particle number concentration of MWCNT generated by CVD were 1.3×105, 4.1×104, 5.6×103#/cc in high, middle, low chamber respectively. Distribution of particles which were less than 100 nm was 45%. Particle number concentration of SWCNT generated by atomizer after magnetic stirring were 8.5×106, 5.3×105, 1.1×104#/cc and after sonication 6.7×106, 4.1×105, 9.5×103#/cc in high, middle, low chambers respectively. Particle number concentration of SWCNT generated by atomizer after magnetic stirring were 6.7×106, 4.6×105, 8.6×103#/cc and after sonication 7.7×106, 5.1×105, 1.3×104#/cc in high, middle, low chambers respectively. We set up head nose exposure inhalation system to conduct a study on nano particle inhalation toxicity. There were sufficient particle number concentrations of nano particles generated in each chamber.

This study aimed to compare 2 protocols recommended to patients with chronic cervical cord injury: each protocol included breathing exercises (inhalation-oriented or exhalation-oriented) and facilitation maneuver for the accessory respiratory muscles. Seventeen patients with chronic cervical cord injury volunteered to participate in this study, and we randomized these patients into 2 groups: the inhalation-oriented breathing exercise group (IOBEG) and exhalation-oriented breathing exercise group (EOBEG), consisting of 8 and 9 patients, respectively. Patients in the IOBEG performed inspiratory exercises using intermittent positive pressure breathing devices, while those in the EOBEG performed expiratory exercises using incentive spirometry. All exercises were performed by the subjects twice a day for 4 weeks, with each session lasting an average of 20 min. The outcomes were assessed on the basis of the pre- and post-treatment values of vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC. In the IOBEG, no significant differences were observed between the pre- and post-treatment values of any of the measured variables (p>.05); however, in the EOBEG, significant improvement was noted in the VC, FVC, FEV1 measured (p<.05) after the treatment. In addition, the rates of change in the values of VC, FVC, and FEV1 differed significantly between the 2 groups (p<.05). These findings suggest that the EOBEs can enhance respiratory function and are clinically feasible in patients with chronic cervical cord injury. Further studies will be undertaken to evaluate the clinical application of these findings.

방사성물질의 대기 누출 사고시 환경에서 핵종 거동을 모사하는 동적 섭식경로모델 DYNACON을 개선하여, 가축 (육우)의 공기 흡입과 토양 섭취가 육류 (쇠고기)의 방사능 오염에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 이들 두 오염경로는 누출이 육우의 비방목 기간에 일어나는 경우에 육류의 오염에 있어서 결코 무시될 수 없는 경로라는 사실을 확인하였다. 특히 누출 후 대부분 기간에 걸쳐 토양 섭취에 의한 육류의 오염 영향이 공기 흡입에 의한 영향에 비해 우세하였다. 누출 기간동안 강우는 토양 섭취에 의한 육류의 오염에 중요한 요소로 작용하였으며, 이러한 현상은 단반감기 핵종인 보다 장반감기 핵종인 의 경우에 보다 뚜렷하였다. 이전에 수행된 우유에 대한 분석 결과와 비교하여 공기 흡입과 토양 섭취는 육류에 대해 보다 중요한 오염경로로 나타났는데, 이는 상대적으로 육류에서 핵종의 긴 생물학적 반감기 때문이다. 방목기간에 방사성물질이 대기로 누출되는 경우 누출 기간동안 강우의 유무에 관계없이 목초 섭취에 의한 오염 영향이 지배적이었으며, 결과적으로 토양 섭취와 공기 흡입에 의한 오염 영향은 우유의 경우와 마찬가지로 무시할 수 있는 수준이었다.

Background : Brain waves are generated by the neurons in the brain. Many scientists fixed the electrodes of the electroencephalogram (EEG) on the scalp to record the signal expression of continuous cerebral activity. EEG is widely used in clinical diagnosis. It can be used to screen epilepsy, depression, ementia, stroke, encephalitis, ADHD and other brain diseases. Also, many local and foreign studies on aromatherapy focused on the discussion of human skin absorbing essential oils. This study discusses the level of relaxation efficacy of inhaled essential oils via the human olfactory organs. Thus, this study intended to observe the effects of essential oil of Aucklandiae Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma on EEG activity. Methods and Results : We evaluated the effects of essential oil of Aucklandiae Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma, on human EEG activity. For this purpose, essential oil was extracted from Aucklandiae Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma by the supercritical extraction method. The effect of its inhalation on EEG activity was evaluated by measuring the EEG power spectrum in 20 healthy participants. EEGs signals were recorded using QEEG-8 system (LAXTHA Inc., Daejeon, Korea) from 8 grounding electrodes. The subjects were instructed to sit quietly, close their eyes and to breathe normally during the measurement. The fragrance stimulus was dipped in a paper (14 ㎝2) then placed about 3 cm in front of the subject's nose. EEG was recorded before and during the fragrance exposure for 30 seconds. The mean power values (μV) calculated for fast fourier transform (FFT) analysis indicators. The results were as essential oils of Aucklandiae Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma decreased the overall brain relative theta (θ waves), but increased relative beta (β waves), absolute gamma (γ waves), spectral edge frequency (SEF) and spectral edge frequency 95% (SEF95). Conclusion : The changes in the EEG activities following inhalation of Aucklandiae Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma suggest that the oil can improve psychological well-being by increasing attention and relaxation.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in the center of pressure (COP) by arousal regulation during static stability control task using various olfactory stimulating inhalant (ammonia, lavender and citrus). Methods: 11 healthy male adults (Mage = 28.55 years, SD = ±3.67) were recruited for the study. A biometric shirt was utilized to measure the heart rate while force plate (AMTI force-platform) was used to determine changes in COP area. The tasks were differentiated based on visual and ground proprioception (eyes open or close & presence of absence of memory foam). Results: The results of this study were as follows. First, for ammonia inhalant condition, average COP area lower than control condition. EO, EOC conditions had statistically significant lower value. Second, for lavender inhalant condition, average COP area higher than control condition. EC condition had statistically significant higher value. Third, for citrus inhalant condition, average COP area lower than control condition. EO, EC, and EOM conditions had statistically significant lower value. Lastly, there was significant differences in heart rate change in lavender inhalant, only. Conclusion: This study implies that the arousal regulation through olfactory inhalant affects the level of static stability. These results suggest that arousal regulation through olfactory inhalant may affect task performance and may contribute to improvement in performance of athletes.

Introduction : The obesity can be a serious problem that frequently induces a great deal of complications. Numerous methods have been applied to control obesity and one of them is aromatherapy. This study is a first attempt to verify the effect of the inhalation of essential oils on the obesity. This study was designed as the animal study, because the human study has many socio-psycho compounding variables. Methods : This study was designed to verify the effect of inhalation of essential oils on the body weight, feeding amount, food efficiency rate and serum leptin of SD rats. The research design is repeated measures over time, equivalent control group pretest-posttest experimental design. The subjects of this experiment were obese SD rats. They were allocated to one of four groups, the Fennel G., the Patchouli G., the Bergamot G. and control G. The experimental treatment was the inhalation of aromatherapy essential oils (Fennel, Patchouli, Bergamot). The experimental treatment was applied two times a day for 10 minutes each during 8 weeks. To evaluate the effect of inhalation of essential oils, the body weight, feeding amount and food efficiency rate was measured every week and serum leptin was measured before and after the experiment. The collected data was analyzed by repeated measures of ANOVA, Greenhouse-Geisser, ANOVA, Tukey, Kruskal Wallis test and χ²- test with SPSS program. Results : The results were as follows. The subjects of this study was 84 obese SD rats(40 males and 44 females). The means of age and body weight in obese SD rats were 30 weeks and 344.6g. The food efficiency rate was significantly lower in the Patchouli group and Fennel group than in Bergamot group and control group(P=.000). No significant group effects were found, but significant time effects were found for SD rat's body weight, feeding amount and serum leptin. Conclusions : In conclusion, these findings indicate that the inhalation of essential oils could be effective in lowering the food efficiency rate. 2)

Recently, bathes have been suspected to an important source of indoor exposure to volatile organic compounds(VOCs). Two experiments were conducted to evaluate chloroform exposure and corresponding body burden by exposure routes while bathing. Another experiment was conducted to examine the chloroform dose during dermal exposure and the chloroform decay in breath after dermal exposure. The chloroform dose was determined based on exhaled breath analysis. The exhaled breath concentration measured after normal baths (2.8 ㎍/㎥) was approximately 13 times higher that measured prior to normal bathes (0.2 ㎍/㎥). Based on the means of the normalized post exposure chloroform breath concentration, the dermal exposure was estimated to contribute to 74% of total chloroform body burden while bathing. The internal dose from bathing (inhalation plus dermal) was comparable to the dose estimated from daily water ingestion. The risk associated with a weekly, 30-min bath was estimated to be 1 x 10^-5, while the risk from daily ingestion of tap water was to be 0.5 × 10^-5 for 0.15 1 and 6.5 × 10^-5 for 2.0 1. Chloroform breath concentration increased gradually during the 60 minute dermal exposure. The breath decay after the dermal exposure showed two-phase mechanism, with early rapid decay and the second slow decay. The mathematical model was developed to describe the relationship between water and air chloroform concentrations, with R^2 = 0.4 and p<0.02.