The advent of CLT in the 1980s led to the CLT-SLA debate which continued unabated for the last forty years. This paper asks, Does the now dominant Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) promote Second Language Acquisition (SLA)? In addressing this question, the paper first reviews and explains the social academic history of CLT; different versions of CLT (strong, weak); how CLT operates; its relationship to SLA, such as perceptions of SLA that have contributed to the development of CLT pedagogy (communicative competence, input, output, interaction hypothesis); and techniques used in CLT. Next, it deliberates on the most controversial issues of the CLT-SLA debate, including language forms, corrective feedback, teachers' perceptions of and approaches to CLT, and classroom conditions, followed by a discussion of the ease/difficulty of implementing CLT. It concludes with a discussion of how teachers can best practice CLT in their classrooms.

Abstract: Rhetorical modal adverbs are a special kind in both Chinese and Korean languages. They have flexible syntactic positions and empty sematic meanings. Therefore, they are one of the difficulties in teaching Chinese as a foreign language and Korean language. Taking Chinese and Korean students as the research object, this paper makes a questionnaire survey on the use of Chinese and Korean rhetorical modal adverbs, and analyses the errors of Chinese and Korean rhetorical modal adverbs from the perspective of syntax and semantics. The syntactic distribution errors include the wrong ordering at the beginning and middle of the sentence. The syntactic combination errors include the misuse of modal particles and auxiliary verbs. The semantic errors include the misunderstanding of rhetorical meaning and the misunderstanding of realistic and non-realistic meaning. Among these, the error rate of syntactic combination is the highest. This is because the differences between Chinese and Korean are reflected most in the combination characteristics of rhetorical modal adverbs. Students are influenced by their mother tongue and have many errors. This part is the key and difficult point in the teaching of rhetorical modal adverbs. It is necessary to carry out targeted teaching for individual rhetorical modal adverbs with high error rate.

다문화 배경 학생들이 늘어남에 따라 이들의 교육에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 숲이 가지고 있는 산림치유인자들과 요인들을 활용하여 다문화 배경 학생들의 언어습득향상과 자아탄력성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 실험대상은 청주시 OO동에 위치한 다문화예비학교 중학생 남녀 각각 10명을 대상으로 방과 후에 산림치유프로 그램을 운영하였다. 실험기간은 2018년 4월12일부터 2018년 6월26일까지 매주 1회씩 12회기로 1시간 (60분)씩 실시하 였다. 산림치유프로그램은 숲에 존재하는 다양한 환경요소를 활용하여 인체의 면역력을 높이고 신체적 정신적 건강을 회복시 키는 활동이다. 프로그램 실시 전과 후에 자아탄력성의 차이를 알아보기 위해 대응표본 t-test를 실시하고 그 자료는 SPSS 18.0 프로그램으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 자아탄력성은 긍정사고능력, 문제해결능력, 친밀행동능력, 감정조절능력, 자율행동능 력 등 하위요인 모두에서 통계적으로 유의미하게 향상되었다(p<.001). 언어능력향상은 기술통계로 알아본 결과 쓰기의 오류, 발음의 오류, 문장의 오류, 시제의 오류, 조사･접속사의 오류 모두에서 향상되었다. 본 연구결과가 향후 중도입국자녀들이나 다문화 배경 학생들의 자아탄력성과 언어습득향상에 기초자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.

중국에서 보편적으로 통용되는 식자는 ‘일반적’, ‘특수적’ 방법이 있다. 일반 방법은 식자는 쉬우 나 언어 환경과의 괴리를 피할 수 없다거나, 흥미 유발로 식자 능력을 배양할 수 있으나 한자 고유 의 규율을 이해하는데 어려움이 있다거나, 한자가 가지고 있는 특성을 도외시하게 되는 등 문제점을 가지고 있다. ‘벽문절차’와 ‘자족문’이 특수 방법으로 벽문절차는 한자의 형․음․의 분석을 통해 관련된 부분을 도출해내고 독특한 연상법을 활용해 흥미를 유발하고 기억하게 한다. 그러나 한자의 규율을 무시하 는 문제에 따른 해설상의 오류를 벗어나기 힘들다. 한자 특성을 제대로 학습할 수 없게 만들고, 언어 환경도 고려하지 못한다. 자족문은 획기적이고 신선한 방법으로 평가받는다. 한자 특성을 고려해 파생을 활용하여 자족이 란 개념을 창출했다. 문장을 익히면서 문자를 익히고, 문자를 익히면서 문장을 익숙하게 하는 문장 과 문자 학습을 통일시켰다. 문장 학습으로 언어 환경을 잘 활용할 수 있고 개별 문자를 쉽게 이해 할 수 있는 방법으로 한어 특성을 살렸다. 그러나 자족문 방법도 중국 언어체계에서 활용도가 높을 뿐 우리 언어체계에서 쉽게 활용할 수 없다는 단점을 가지고 있다.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the current state of research on learner factors in second language acquisition by reviewing relevant studies published in English Teaching over the past 50 years. A total of 182 articles on various learner factors were extracted from the journal. Further detailed analyses were conducted on 110 articles on strategy, motivation, and personality traits in terms ofpublication year, research topics, participants, methods, and researchers' concentration. The results reveal that research on learner factors has significantly expanded over time in terms of volume and diversity, reflecting increasing research interests in the field. As for research methodology, a quantitative approach was far more frequent but qualitative and mixedmethod approaches have gained visibility since 2000. Yet, most of the studies focused on tertiary level learners, while overall neglecting primary and secondary level learners. Furthermore, individual researchers' interests in the factors looked rather sporadic as revealed in the lack of research concentration. Based on the findings, suggestions for future research on learner factors are made.

Learning a language is an interesting topic to be discussed between linguists. Its existence as a means of communication makes language play an important role in people’s lives. Universal grammar, cultural context and English as a global language are some of the topics that have been researched. Universal grammar (UG) is a principle of language applied in communication. Then, there is a tendency that language shares similarities with culture. It means that when people learn a language, inevitably they also learn about its culture. How a person expresses something to others is an example that shows language is interrelated with culture. The existence of a language also has a relationship to the power of ideology that a language has. How much power a language has will determine how many people use the language. As English is a very powerful language, English is spoken in many countries and there has been a need for people to communicate with other nations.

Despite the advantages of the shadowing method in language learning, there has been little research on the use of the method in Japanese language education. Therefore, the current study investigated the effectiveness of shadowing for the pronunciation and listening skills of Korean learners of Japanese. The study was conducted with the beginner and intermediate learners of Japanese in a college in the second half of the academic year (September to November, 2007). The results indicate an　improvement of the listening skills for 80% of the students (20 students). Furthermore, the false using of the pronunciation in 7 categories disappeared. The study suggests implications for the adequate application for Japanese education in Korean universities.

For university-level students of English as a Foreign Language in Korea, those who reported reading more in their first language a1so read more in their second language, supporting the hypothesis that the reading habit transfers across languages. Consistent with previous research, those who read more in their second language displayed more second 1anguage competence. These results suggest that first language reading habits have an indirect effect on second language competence.

Universal grammar has exerted meaningful influence on the development of second language acquisition theories. SLA researchers working within UG have addressed the question whether second language developments are constrained by universal language principles. This paper reviews current developments in UG-based SLA research with a view to providing a better understanding of the role of UG principles in foreign language sentence structure development.