나디는 생명에너지의 통로로써 요가의 완성과 관련된 핵심 용어이다. 나디는 그 존재의 유무를 파악하기 힘들지만 내부순환이 이루어지는 통로이며 나디를 통해 생명에너지의 내부 순환이 일어나기 때문에 생명활동의 시작과 지속과 마침에 영향을 미친다. 이처럼 나디는 요가의 완성과 생명활동에 중요한 역할을 하지만 나디가 차지하는 위상은 그 중요성에 비해 저평가되었다. 나디는 8-9세기 이후 하타 요가가 성립된 시기에 삼매를 성취하는데 중요한 위치로 부각된다. 나디는 이 시기에 이르러서야 이론적으로 체계화된 것으로 보인다. 9-10세기에 성립된『요가야갸발꺄』에서는 나디의 체계와 나디 정화의 조건, 방법, 기간 등을 자세히 설명한다. 요가수행에서 나디가 중심적이고 결정적인 위치를 차지하고 있는 것은 나디의 정화이다. 나디가 정화되지 않고 불순물로 가득 차 있다면 생명에너지는 수슘나 나디를 통해 상승할 수 없다. 나디를 정화해야만 수행의 궁극적 목표를 실현할 수 있다.『요가야갸발꺄』에서는 나디 정화의 전제조건과 장소 및 방법 등 자세히 소개되고 있다. 본 논문에서는『요가야갸발꺄』에서 설명된 나디 정화를 원문을 통해 연구하고자 한다.

The first checklist of the Marsh Beetles (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) is presented based on literature records and specimens collected from Korean peninsula. The total of 19 species belonging to seven genera were catalogued. All recorded genus Cyphon species from Korean peninsula are transferred to genus Contacyphon by Zwick et al., 2013: Contacyphon coreanicus Klausnitzer, 1975, C. consobrinus Nyholm, 1949, C. laevipennis, C. padi (Linnaeus, 1758), C. palustris Thomson, 1855. Of these C. padi (Linnaeus), Hydrocyphon nakanei Yoshitomi, 2001, H. satoi Yoshitomi, 2001, Odeles inornata (Lewis, 1895), and Scirtes sobrinus Lewis, 1895 are recorded for the first time in South Korea. Photographs of dorsal adults and line drawings of diagnostic characters of new recorded Scirtids are provided. This work was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (NIBR201801201).

Research was conducted on vinegar types and characteristics with reference to representative literature such as SanGaYoRok, SikRyoChanYo, SooEunJabBang, GoSaChalYo, DongEuiBoGam, SaSiChanYoCho, JuBangMoon, ShinGanGuWhang, ChalYoSeo, EumSikDiMiBang, YoRok, ChiSengYoRam, SanRimKyoungJae,EumSikBo,OnJuBeop, SulManDeuNunBeop, KyuHapChongSeo, ImWonSipYukJi, JungIlDangJabJi, SulBitNeunBeop, SiUiJeonSeo, and BuInPilJi from the 15th to the 19th centuries of the Joseon Dynasty. Based on this research, a classification of materials used in vinegar, knowledge on treatment, preparation of ingredients, capturing flavor, storage of vinegar, as well as the favorable days that vinegar can be manufactured were studied and analyzed based on the different aspect of vinegar. Vinegar is a wellknown condiment throughout the world and has the potential of becoming a luxurious food. Replication and further analysis to expand the properties of vinegar is necessary using old literature, together with the literature identified above. Based on ongoing research, it is foreseeable that the development of a vinegar with unique characteristics and improved standards will be the foundation for the globalization of Korean cuisine, which is our current focus.

고려시대는 정치적으로 실용적인 유교에 깊이 연대되어 있었지만 나라의 근간 과 관련된 문제에 있어서는 불교에 의지하였다. 이는 당대를 주도하고 대변하던 계층이 불교를 所依處로 삼았다는 것으로 볼 수 있기 때문에 이 시대 지식인의 사유와 행동에 불교가 끼친 영향이 적지 않았음을 짐작하게 된다. 고려후기에는 고려전기와 마찬가지로 불교가 크게 성행했고, 특히 무인난으로 인하여 많은 문인 지식인들이 현실을 떠나 山野로 도피하였으므로 자연스럽게 불교와의 인연을 가 지게 된 경우가 많았다. 또한 고려후기에 불교계를 주도하던 高僧․大德들 가운 데 鄕吏層․讀書人層출신들이 주류를 이루었기 때문에 이들과 교유하던 문인지 식인들이 불교에 대하여 더욱 관심을 가지게 되었다. 이들 고승들은 일찍부터 儒․佛에 관심을 가지고 精進하여 科試에도 합격할 정도로 文人的素養을 충분 히 갖추고 있었으므로 同時代의 문인들과 잦은 문학적 교류를 가졌다. 따라서 당 시의 문인들도 불안하고 경직된 시대를 만나 불교에 깊은 관심과 애정을 가졌고, 詩文에 능한 승려들을 통하여 불교의 높은 정신적 경개에 이르고자 하였다. 당시 의 문인지식인인 이들 사대부들은 유교를 공부하여 현실 정치에 참여했지만 危難 의 시대에 정신적으로 기댈 곳은 불교의 탈속적 세계 밖에 없었다. 이러한 문학적 교류는 승려들의 작품 형식으로 정착된 山人體를 서로 답습하게 되므로써 더욱 견고성을 가지게 되었다. 승려들과 문학적 교류를 통하여 불교사상을 문학적 이데 올로기로 삼은 사대부들이 많았지만 이들 가운데 대표적인 인물이 李奎報와 李穡 이다. 따라서 이 두 사람의 詩文에 나타난 불교 취향은 고려후기 문학 사상의 중 요한 부분이 되기 마련이었다. 이들의 불교관련 시문에서는 불교의 이상향인 淨土 를 추구하면서 탈속적인 세계를 지향하고 있는 것이 특징이라고 할 수 있다.

Muck (Korean traditional starch jelly) is very unique and the one of the oldest starch processing traditional food. The typical ingredients for making muck such as acorns, mungbean and buckwheat have been eaten since the new stone age or even before that era. This study was for investigation on the history of muck and its processing methods in the ancient and the modern culinary literatures from the 1400’s to 1900’s. The summary of the reviews was as follows. In the ages from the 1400’s to 1700’s, using starch powder, Se-myon and Chang-myon were made and their shape were like noodles instead of cubical shape. It was after the 1700’s that muck making methods were revealed in the literature, like 「Gyeong-do-jabji」 (1730) and「Go-sa-sib-e-jib」 (1737). The naming of muck might be from the time after 1800’s, in「Myoung-mul-kiryak 」 (around 1870) the basis of the names of Choeng-po (white mungbean jelly) and Whang-po (yellow mungbean jelly) could be found. One of the most well-known muck dish, Tang-pyeong-chae, was recorded many old literatures, so it was found that Tang-pyeong-chae was very popular and governmental policy of Tang-pyeong-chak influenced the food of the common people. In 「Shi-eui-jeon-seo」 (late 1800’s) there were records of several types of muck and starch powder making methods in detail which were handed down to the modern ages.

To understand the traditional knowledge of botanical taxa in Jeju Island, a diachronic study was carried out by comparing the archaic and modern names of the native plants in Jeju Island. To identify the archaic names of the plants, five old documents (Sejongshillokchiriji, Shinjŭngdonggukyŏjisŭngnam, T'amnaji, Namhwanbangmul and Jejugyerok) that were written during the Joseon Dynasty between the 15 th and 19 th centuries were closely examined. A total of 131 taxa (65 families, 112 genera, 118 species and 13 varieties), 7.3% of the native plants known to be currently present in Jeju Island, was identified. Out of these, 21.4% was the plants found in the southern area. Among the five old documents analyzed for this study, Namhwanbangmul recorded the largest number of plants, 89 taxa. We closely examined the consistency between the modern and archaic names of each plant, and discussed the problems in matching the names of some plants analyzed in this study.

This study examined the current status of the types of edible flowers used domestically and overseas and the discovery and utilization methods of edible flowers naturally growing in Korea, analyzed the types of edible flowers that have been reported until present in order to seek a development method to strengthen competitiveness in the edible flower industry. Domestic and overseas records contain records of 406 species in 80 families of edible flowers. There were 38 species in 18 families of edible flowers appearing in at least 50% of the records, and per family, the Asteraceae, and per type, the Viola spp. type appeared most frequently. A total of 127 species in 36 families appeared in overseas records. There were 27 species in 15 families of edible flowers appearing in at least 60% of the records, and per family, the Asteraceae, and per type, Borago officinalis, Dianthus spp., Lavandula spp., Tropaeolum majus sp. and Viola spp. appeared most frequently. A total of 381 species in 78 families appeared in domestic records. There were 62 species in 26 families of edible flowers appearing in at least 60% of the records, and per family, the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae appeared most frequently, while per type, Dendranthema spp., Hemerocallis fulva, Rosa spp., Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst., and Viola spp. appeared most frequently. Thus, in order for the edible flower industry to achieve development in the future, there would be a need to make efforts to expand consumption of edible flowers, such as through discovery of naturally growing flowers, research on production and storage technology, promotional activities and research on its functionality, and development of various processed goods through mass industrialization.