In nuclear power plant environments, the analysis of gamma-emitting waste materials with complex shapes can be challenging. ISOCS (In-Situ Objective Counting System) is employed to measure the gamma-emitting radionuclide concentrations. However, it is crucial to validate the accuracy of ISOCS measurements. This study aims to validate the accuracy of ISOCS measurement results for spent filters. The ISOCS measurement process begins with modeling and efficiency calculations of the target spent filters using ISOCS software. ISOCS offers the advantage of direct measurement assessment by incorporating shielding materials and collimators into the detector efficiency calculation during the modeling process, without the need for separate efficiency correction sources. To validate the accuracy of ISOCS measurement results, the measured radioactivity values were used as input data for the MicroShield computer code to derive dose rates. These dose rates were then compared to the dose rates measured on-site, confirming the reliability of ISOCS measurements. In the field, ISOCS gamma measurements and surface dose rates were measured for three Cavity filters and four RCP Seal Injection filters. The measured dose rate for the Cavity filters was around 270 Svhr, and the computed values using MicroShield showed an error of approximately 12%. Despite modeling and calculation errors in computer analysis and potential uncertainties in the measurement environment and instrument, the computed values closely matched the measured values. However, the measured dose rate for the RCP Seal Injection filters ranged 2.9~8 Svhr, which is very low and close to background levels. When compared to the results of computer analysis, an error ranging from 27% to 97% was observed. It is concluded that validating the accuracy in the low dose rate range close to background levels is challenging through a comparison of calculated and measured dose rates.

목적 : 본 연구는 유발 부등상시에서 양안 시기능, 안구 운동 및 독서 능력을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법 : 양안의 원거리 나안시력이나 교정시력이 1.0 이상이고, 억제가 없는 전체 29명(평균 24.48±3.43세)의 성인을 대상으로 선정하였다. 부등상시 유발은 3% 및 6%의 부등상 교정 렌즈를 각각 가입하였으며, 40 cm에서 수평 및 수직 융합 버전스, 버전스 용이성과 입체시를 측정하였다. 안구 운동 변수와 독서 능력의 측정은 아이트 래커를 사용하였다. 결과 : 3%의 부등상을 유발하였을 때, 융합 버전스, 입체시 및 버전스 용이성에서 유의한 차이가 없었다 (p>0.050). 또한, 안구 운동 및 독서 능력의 모든 변수에서도 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.050). 그러나, 6%의 부 등상을 유발했을 때, 양성(BO) 및 음성(BI) 융합 버전스의 흐린점, 분리점 및 회복점에서 유의한 차이가 있었다 (p<0.050). 또한, 수직 융합 버전스의 분리점, 회복점 및 입체시에서도 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.050). 하지만 버전스 용이성, 안구 운동 및 독서 능력은 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.050). 결론 : 유발된 6%의 부등상은 수평, 수직 융합 버전스 및 입체시를 감소시켰으나, 안구 운동과 독서 능력에는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 후속 연구에서는 장시간 독서 조건에서 자각적으로 느낄 수 있는 불편함을 포함한 독서 능력의 측정 및 안구 운동 변수와 독서 능력에 유의한 영향을 줄 수 있는 유발 부등상시의 역치를 조사할 필 요가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study examines the performance of a penalized neural network and the replication of a customer engagement survey scale with text information in the hotel industry. Although the empirical analysis shows highly accurate model performance only in the training sample, the results also clarify the issues of the engagement scale.

Background: While efforts have been made to differentiate fall risk in older adults using wearable devices and clinical methodologies, technologies are still infancy. We applied a decision tree (DT) algorithm using inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor data and clinical measurements to generate high performance classification models of fall risk of older adults. Objects: This study aims to develop a classification model of fall risk using IMU data and clinical measurements in older adults. Methods: Twenty-six older adults were assessed and categorized into high and low fall risk groups. IMU sensor data were obtained while walking from each group, and features were extracted to be used for a DT algorithm with the Gini index (DT1) and the Entropy index (DT2), which generated classification models to differentiate high and low fall risk groups. Model’s performance was compared and presented with accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Results: Accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were 77.8%, 80.0%, and 66.7%, respectively, for DT1; and 72.2%, 91.7%, and 33.3%, respectively, for DT2. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the fall risk classification using IMU sensor data obtained during gait has potentials to be developed for practical use. Different machine learning techniques involving larger data set should be warranted for future research and development.

This study evaluates the performance of three theoretical models for correcting dynamic pressure affected by tube length. The experiments involved measuring sinusoidal pressure waves with varying frequency bandwidths, using tubing systems ranging from 20 cm to 300 cm in length including multiple tubing systems connecting three or more tubes. The results showed that the Bergh and Tijdeman models, with constant and variable polytropic parameters respectively, had superior correction performance for various tube lengths, while the Whitmore & Leondes model showed discrepancies. The Bergh & Tijdeman model, with a polytropic parameter of 1.4, is recommended due to its convenience and accuracy. Furthermore, including the inner volume of the pressure transducer in the theoretical model was found to be crucial for accurate correction, as not doing so caused significant errors. The Bergh & Tijdeman model was also found to efficiently correct tube length effects in multiple tubing systems, eliminating the need for time-consuming and laborious experiments.

인간의 활동으로 인해 발생한 온실가스가 산업혁명 이후 자연흡수량보다 많 아지면서 대기 중 온실가스 농도는 지속적으로 높아지고 있다. 이로 인해 지구 온난화현상이 가속되어 인류를 위협하는 수준에 도달하였다. 이에 UN에서는 기후변화협약, 교토의정서, 파리협정을 채택하였고, IMO에서는 기술적 조치, 운 항적 조치를 이미 시행하였고, 시장기반조치를 비롯한 여러 조치들을 시행하고 자 노력하고 있다. 한편, 국제적인 온실가스 감축을 위한 조치에 따라 우리 정부는 온실가스 감 축목표를 설정하고 온실가스 감축을 위해 노력하고 있다. 그러나 해운산업분야 와 관련된 국내법령은 이를 따라가지 못하고 있는 것이 현실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 선박온실가스 배출규제의 국내이행의 문제점을 식별하고 개선방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다.

The buffer material plays a role in preventing the excessive rise in temperature generated from the high-level radioactive waste by dissipating the decay heat to the rock. For this reason, the buffer material must have thermal properties to ensure the performance of the deep geological repository. This study measured the thermal conductivity of sand-bentonite according to the mixing ratio to improve the thermal properties. The compacted buffer was manufactured with a sand-bentonite mixing ratio of 6:4, 7:3, and 8:2 with 9 to 12% water content. As a result, the thermal conductivity increases as the ratio of sand increases. As a further study, it is necessary to experiment on whether sand-bentonite’s hydraulic, mechanical, and chemical performance is suitable for the stable operation of a repository.

통상적으로 직업소음에 의한 청력손실을 최소화하기 위해서는 작업자가 8시간 동안 85 dBA 이상 소음에 노출되지 않도록 권고하고 있다. 이번 연구에서는 실습선박에서 7종류의 담당업무별 작업자들의 소음노출레벨을 측정하였다. 항해 중, 24시간 동안 작업자의 위치하는 A특성등가소음레벨(LAeq,i)과 소음장소의 지속기간(h) 및 소음기여도(Lex,24h,i)를 고려한 소음노출레벨(Lex,24h)을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 갑판사관 그룹 Lex,24h=56.1 dB, 갑판부원 그룹은 Lex,24h=58.9 dB, 실습항해사들은 Lex,24h=62.0 dB, 취사부원들은 Lex,24h=64.3 dB, 실습기관사그룹 은 Lex,24h=91.1 dB, 기관사관 그룹은 Lex,24h=91.1 dB, 그리고 기관부원 그룹은 Lex,24h=95.1 dB를 나타내고 있다. 따라서 기관 업무를 담당하는 기관사들, 기관부원들 그리고 기관실습생들은 반드시 청력보호구를 착용해야함을 알 수 있었다. 소음이 심한 기관실에서 청력보호구를 착용한다면 기관사관그룹은 Lex,24h=23.1 dB, 기관부원그룹은 Lex,24h=24.4 dB 그리고 기관실습생들은 Lex,24h=21.5 dB의 소음노출레벨을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 추정된다. 또한 실습생들의 거주구역인 제2 강의실 겸 식당구역에 바닥시공을 64 mm, A-60-class 뜬바닥 구조로 개선했다면 실습항해사들의 소음노출도는 Lex,24h=4.3 dB, 실습기관사들은 Lex,24h=1.8 dB 정도 추가적인 감소가 있었을 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze changes to body measurements and silhouettes after wearing an early 19th century women’s corset. Two types of corsets were tested. Changes in body size and silhouette were compared based on the levels of tightening strength of the corset. The tightening strength was adjusted in 4 steps by making the length of back fastening string 10-40 cm shorter than the standard. The silhouette was compared with the front silhouette and the side silhouette. The results were as follows. After wearing the experimental 19th century corsets, the chest circumference and front interscye length increased. However, the chest circumference did not increase proportionally to the tightening strength. The underbust circumference, waist circumference, and back interscye length also decreased. The waist width was decreased to create a slim front silhouette. The change in the body silhouette differed depending on the style of the experimental corset. The experimental corset made with the six-piece torso pattern changed the posture so that the shoulders were pulled back and the chest was pushed forward. The experimental corset with the side bodice pattern resulted in the subject’s shoulders reclining backward and the chest and abdomen extending forward. The results of this study show that women’s body sizes and silhouettes could be changed by wearing the early 19th century corsets, but the changes in body size and silhouette vary depending on the wearer's individual body type or corset style.

Background: While the formal test has been used to provide a quantitative measurement of core stability, studies have reported inconsistent results regarding its test-retest and intraobserver reliabilities. Furthermore, the validity of the formal test has never been established. Objects: This study aimed to establish the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of the formal test. Methods: Twenty-two young adults with and without core instability (23.1 ± 2.0 years) were recruited. Concurrent validity was determined by comparing the muscle thickness changes of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominal muscle to changes in core stability pressure during the formal test using ultrasound (US) imaging and pressure biofeedback, respectively. For the test-retest reliability, muscle thickness and pressure changes were repeatedly measured approximately 24 hours apart. Electromyography (EMG) was used to monitor trunk muscle activity during the formal test. Results: The Pearson’s correlation analysis showed an excellent correlation between transverse abdominal thickness and pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) pressure as well as internal oblique thickness and PBU pressure, ranging from r = 0.856–0.980, p < 0.05. The test-retest reliability was good, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC1,2) = 0.876 for the core stability pressure measure and ICC1,2 = 0.939 to 0.989 for the abdominal muscle thickness measure. Conclusion: Our results provide clinical evidence that the formal test is valid and reliable, when concurrently incorporated into EMG and US measurements.

PURPOSES : This study aims at evaluating the use of an electromagnetic density gauge (EDG) to measure the in situ density and air-void content of asphalt concrete (AC) pavement. METHODS : In situ AC pavement density and air-void readings were obtained from two sites (Daegu and Ulsan) using an EDG. Calibration of the EDG was conducted by first obtaining density values at three different positions, on each pavement where core samples were extracted afterward. The core samples were then tested to obtain laboratory density and air-void values. The density measured using the EDG was then subtracted from the laboratory values to obtain the offset calibration values, which were then adopted to calibrate the in situ measurements using the EDG. Moreover, to analyze the effect of moisture on the pavement surface, EDG measurements were conducted under dry and wet conditions to compare the in-situ readings. RESULTS : The in-situ density readings of AC tend to be higher in moist/wet conditions. By applying the calibration value to the EDG readings, the density error percentage was reduced from 0.61% to 0.096%, and 0.64% to 0.16% for Daegu and Ulsan sites, respectively. Consequently, the air-void content error percentage was reduced from 12.8% to 1.04%, and from 10.07% to 1.78% for Daegu and Ulsan sites, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : The electromagnetic density gauge (EDG) is an effective tool for the non-destructive measurement of in situ pavement density. By applying offset calibration values, the error in the field readings was reduced, and the accuracy of the EDG measurements was improved.

기후변화와 지구환경변화에 중요한 역할을 하고 있는 해수면온도는 인공위성 적외선 센서가 관측하는 피층 수온과 측기들이 관측하는 표층 수온으로 나누어질 수 있다. 국외 여러 기관에서 보급되고 있는 해수면온도 관측 자료들은 각각 서로 다른 깊이의 수온을 나타내고 있어서 해양 피층과 표층 수온 사이의 관계를 이해하는 것은 매우 중요하 다. 본 연구에서는 적외선 라디오미터를 해양조사선에 장착하기 위한 시스템을 설계하고 부착하고 운용하여 국내에서 처음으로 해양 피층 수온을 산출할 수 있는 관측 환경을 구축하였다. 선박 관측 전에 실험실에서 라디오미터 기기의 검보정을 실시하여 보정 계수를 산출하였다. 관측된 해수면에서 방출된 복사에너지와 하늘 복사에너지를 피층 수온으로 산출하는 일련의 과정을 적용하였다. 산출된 피층 해수면온도를 현장 관측 표층 수온자료와 비교하여 표층과 피층 수온 차이를 정량적으로 조사하고자 하였으며, Himawari-8 정지궤도 위성 해수면온도 자료와의 비교를 통해 해양 상층 연직 구조의 특성을 이해하고자 하였다. 2020년 4월 21일부터 5월 6일까지 남해안의 장목항과 동해 남부를 관측한 해양 피층 수온은 전체적으로 표층 수온과 0.76oC 정도의 차이를 보였다. 또한 이 두 수온 차이의 평균제곱근오차는 약 0.6oC 에서 0.9oC까지의 일간변화를 가지고 있었으며, 하루 중 1-3시에 0.83-0.89oC로 가장 크게 나타났으며, 15시에 0.59oC로 최소의 차이를 가지고 있었다. 또한 편차도 0.47-0.75oC의 일간변화를 나타내었다. 해양 피층 관측 수온과 위성 해수면 온도 간 차이는 약 0.74oC의 평균제곱근오차, 0.37oC의 편차를 나타냈다. 본 연구의 분석을 통해 관측 수심에 따른 피 층-표층 수온의 차이를 확인할 수 있었으며, 피층-표층 수온 차의 계절적 변화를 정량적으로 이해하고 또 변동 요인과의 관련성을 연구하기 위하여 연구조사선을 이용한 추가적인 연안 및 대양 관측이 지속적으로 진행되어야 함을 시사한다.

Radon is a radioactive gas material, which is not detectable by humans because of the absence of color and odor. Radon gas can exist indoors through a number of pathways and long-term exposure to such material can affect the human body, which may result in serious health issues such as lung-cancer. It is thus essential to reduce and maintain indoor radon concentration in order that potential health risks from radon can be diminished. In order to achieve the aforementioned goals, it is requisite to utilize a practical detector which is capable of continuous radon monitoring. In relation to this, a recently developed prototype radon detector, i.e., RS9A, provides highperformance comparable to existing research-grade radon detectors for the purpose of continuous radon monitoring in the air. Furthermore, RS9A is a convenient piece of equipment for use by the public as it is compact in size and affordable. In this paper, we conducted continuous measurements of indoor radon concentrations by using sets of RS9A and evaluated the equivalence of RS9A in terms of quality assurance.