네오니코티노이드계 농약은 전세계적으로 사용되는 강력한 살충제이지만 환경, 생물에 잔류하 여 악영향을 미치고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 네오니코티노이드계 농약인 imidacloprid와 clothianidin이 공시 작물인 알팔파와 적용작물로 고추와 오이를 선정하여 토양처리 및 경엽처리에 따른 꿀벌 독성과 엽상 잔류 량을 비교하여 기존 엽상잔류독성시험법의 문제점을 확인하고자 하였다. Imidacloprid와 clothianidin을 작 물 또는 토양에 권장량 및 배수로 처리하고 시간에 따른 꿀벌의 치사율에 대한 RT25를 확인하고 잎의 잔류 농약을 HPLC로 측정하였다. 그 결과 경엽처리하였을 때 imidacloprid은 공시작물 RT25가 1일 이하, 잔류 량은 1.07 ~ 19.27 mg/kg이나 적용작물은 RT25가 9일 이하, 잔류량은 1.00 ~ 45.10 mg/kg 수준이었다. clothianidin은 공시작물 RT25가 10일 이하, 잔류량은 0.61 ~ 2.57 mg/kg이나 적용작물은 RT25가 28일 이 하, 잔류량은 0.13 ~ 2.85 mg/kg 수준이었다. 토양처리했을 때 imidacloprid와 clothianidin은 공시작물에 서는 꿀벌에 영향을 미치지 않았으며 잔류량은 0.05 ~ 0.37 mg/kg 수준이었으나, 적용작물에서는 imidacloprid은 RT25가 28일 이하였고 잔류량은 4.47 ~ 130.43 mg/kg 수준이었고, clothianidin은 RT25가 35일 이하였고, 잔류량은 5.96 ~ 42.32 mg/kg 수준이었다. 결론적으로 꿀벌 독성과 엽상 잔류량을 작물간 비교하였을 때 공시작물 보다 적용작물이 꿀벌의 치사율에 많은 영향을 미치고 잔류량도 높게 나타났고, 처리방법에 따라 비교하였을 때 적용작물에 대한 토양처리가 경엽처리에 비해 높은 RT25와 잔류량이 나타 났다. 따라서 농약안전성 확보를 위해 제시된 시험법이 실제 적용작물과 농약 처리방법에 따라 차이가 있 을 수 있어 imidacloprid와 clothianidin의 안전성 평가를 위하여 다양한 경로의 연구가 필요하다.

A method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for neonicotinoid pesticide analysis in agricultural products. Four compounds (imidacloprid, clothianidin, acetamiprid, thiacloprid) were extracted with acetonitrile from agricultural products and cleaned up by NH2 solid-phase extraction procedure, and eluted with 0.1% formic acid in methanol/dichloromethane (5/95, v/v). The limit of detection and quantification were 0.0001-0.0005 mg/kg and 0.001 mg/kg, respectively. The mean recoveries of neonicotinoid pesticide from agricultural products were in the range of 90.7-100.9% and 94.4-99.8%, as spiked at 0.2 mg/kg and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. This validation satisfied the national criteria for pesticide analytical methods. In summary, The present method is fast, precise and sensitive enough for the Positive List System (PLS), and we conclude that the method is also suitable for neonicotinoid pesticide determination in a wide range of agricultural products.

Learning and memory are essential for animals like honey bee, in which foragers leave their nest to collect food and then successfully learn to navigate back to colony. Chronic environmental exposure of neoniconitiod highly affect pollinators like honey bee. We investigated the effect of neonicotinoid, thiacloprid and imidacloprid on learning, memory and mortality of pollen foragers based on their toxicity level. Individual Pollen foragers Apis mellifera were trained using a proboscis extension proboscis. We used three treatments: 50% sugar solution, 50% sugar contaminated thiacloprid and imidacloprid as unconditioned stimulus and 2M 1-nonanol as conditioned stimulus. Our result shows that there is no significant difference between control and thiacloprid treatment both in learning and mortality of honey bee. But we found difference in memory between subjects exposed to control and thiacloprid contamination. Whereas imidacloprid contamination significantly lowered learning, eradicate memory retention and higher mortality of honey bee. Even thiacloprid and imidacloprid are in the same chemical class of Neonicotinoid insecticides, their toxic level would be different resulting in differential ecological impact to honey bee colony.

솔수염하늘소는 소나무재선충병을 매개하는 중요한 해충으로 성충의 방제를 위하여 주로 항공살포나 지상살포에 의한 살충제의 접촉독에 의한 방제가 시행되어 왔다. 본 연구는 살충제를 나무주사하여 소나무재선충병의 매개충인 솔수염하늘소를 방제하기 위한 살충제 선발을 위해 Neonicotinoid계 살충제 7종을 각 2,000배로 희석한 후 솔수염하늘소 에 2㎕를 경구투여하여 소화중독에 의한 살충효과를 평가하였다. 살충제 경구 투여 후 신경흥분에 의한 경련반응을 조사한 결과 30분 경과에서는 Clotianidin SL(100%), Thiamethoxam DC(73.3%)이 경련 비율이 높았으며 상대적으로 Dinotefuran SL(46.7%), Imidacloprid DC(0.0%)가 약제에 대한 경련반응이 낮게 나타났다. 반수치사시간(LT50)을 조사한 결과 Clotianidin SL은 수컷에서 54.7시간, 암컷에서는 85.6시간으로 나타났으며, Thiamethoxam DC은 암컷에서 70.1시 간, 수컷에서는 88.7시간으로 나타나 소화중독 효과가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 살충제 나무주사를 이용하여 솔수염하늘소의 방제에서는 Clotianidin SL, Thiamethoxam DC가 가장 적합한 약종이라고 판단되었다.

The activities of three class, five acaricides (Permethrin, Deltamethrin, Fenitrothion, Chlorpyrifos, Imidacloprid) againstHaemaphysalis longicornis nymph, a major vector for Severe Fever with Thrombo cytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) and Lymedisease. The ticks distribute at vast open fields and various kind of habitats. Five acaricides were applied to ticks collectedform four areas(Gapyeong, Paju, Chuncheon, Wonju) to confirm the effect of acaricide. This areas was the area whereSFTS disease occurred and a large nember of ticks were collected. As a result, All areas is the most acaricidal effectto Deltamethrin. And two areas(Gapyeong, Paju) has the lowest acaricidal effect to Imidacloprid and two area(Chuncheon,Wonju) has the lowest acaricidal effect to Permethrin. Futher study will need to compare the acaricidal efficacy of theremaining seven province.

An assessment was made of the fumigant toxicity of 20 constituents from catnip oil and another additional five previously identified compounds of the oils and control efficacy of three experimental spray formulations containing catnip oil (1, 0.5 and 0.1% sprays) to females from B- and neonicotinoid-resistant Q-biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Spathulenol (LC50, 0.39 μg/cm3) and thymol (0.45 μg/cm3) were the most toxic compounds, followed by carvacrol, α-terpineol, nerol, linalool, menthol and eugenol toward Q-biotype females (0.85–1.24 μg/cm3). The toxicity of these compounds was virtually identical toward both biotype females, indicating that the terpenoids and the insecticides (neonicotinoids and dichlorvos) do not share a common mode of action or elicit cross-resistance. The 0.5% spray of oil formulation resulted in > 80% mortality toward both biotype females. Global efforts to reduce the level of toxic synthetic insecticides in the agricultural environment justify further studies on catnip oil-derived materials as potential contact-action fumigants for the control of B. tabaci populations.