The family Baetidae is known to be the most species-rich family in the order Ephemeroptera. The genus Baetis contains up to 160 species, but members of the genus in East Asia are still poorly investigated. In this paper, Baetis spinoculis sp. nov., is described based on larval specimens collected in a stream of the Chiaksan mountain in Korea. While four species in the genus have been described in Korea: Baetis fuscatus (Linnaeus), B. silvaticus Kluge, B. pseudothermicus Kluge, and B. ursinus Kazlauskas, this new species is distinguished from other Korean baetid species by both genetic and morphological characteristics. B. spinoculis can be separated from the related B. pseudothermicus group by the COI genetic distant. The cuticle structures on paraproct plates and abdominal pigment patterns also distinguish B. spinoculis from B. pseudothermicus and other related species.

The present study describes Philodromus paiki sp. nov., which was previously misidentified as P. fuscomarginatus (De Geer, 1778), P. poecilus (Thorell, 1872), and P. spinitarsis Simon, 1895 in Korea, as a new species with diagnosis, detailed descriptions, and taxonomic photographs. Additionally, P. spinitarsis is also described to correct previous misidentifications of Korean records of the species.

Neoporphyra kitoi Ma. Abe, N. Kikuchi, Tamaki, Tom. Sato, Murase, Fujiyoshi & Mas. Kobayashi has been known as an endemic species in Japan. Its high temperature tolerance suggests that it could be advantageous for cultivation. In this study, we collected it from the Ulleungdo island, Korea and transferred it into Pyropia for a new combination, identified as Pyropia kitoi (Ma. Abe, N. Kikuchi, Tamaki, Tom. Sato, Murase, Fujiyoshi & Mas. Kobayashi) D.J. Kim, T.O. Cho & B.Y. Won comb. nov. based on morphological and molecular analyses. Pyropia kitoi is also reported as a new record species in the list of Korean macroalgal flora. Although we didn’t observe the emergence of new blades from the rhizoidal cells, which is a key character for this species, our molecular analysis of rbcL revealed that our samples from Korea were congruent with “Neoporphyra kitoi” from Japan and were nested within the clade of Pyropia. The gene sequence divergence between the Korean and Japanese samples was 0-0.2%.

The vegetative and reproductive morphology of some parasitic Janczewskia Solms-Laubach species including the type species was examined based on specimens collected from various localities around the world. In J. gardneri Setchell et Guernsey on Osmundea spectabilis (Postels et Ruprecht) Nam from California, secondary pit connections are not found between epidermal cells and vegetative axial cells have two pericentral cells. As its host, J. gardneri also has a typical filament type male structure in an apical urn-shaped pit of branches rather than the trichoblast type in other species including the type J. verruciformis Solms-Laubach and tetrasporangial origin of epidermal cells rather than pericentral cells. These significant differences between the species suggest that J. gardneri should be separated from the genus Janczewskia. Based on this morphological data, the section Heterojanczewskia Setchell including J. gardneri, together with an emendation of the generic delineation of Janczewskia, is elevated to the genus level. Relevant nomenclatural changes for some Janczewskia species are also included here.

2018년 음주운전차량에 윤창호 군이 사망하는 사고가 발생하고, 상습 음주운전에 대한 처벌을 강화하자는 국민들의 의견을 반영하여 도로교통 법 제148조의2 제1항이“제44조제1항 또는 제2항을 2회 이상 위반한 사람(자동차등 또는 노면전차를 운전한 사람으로 한정한다)은 2년 이상 5년 이하의 징역이나 1천만 원 이상 2천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처한다.”는 내용으로 일부개정이 있었다. 그런데 얼마 지나지 않아 2021. 11. 25. 헌법재판소에서 위 일부 개정된 도로교통법 중 제148조의2 제1항 중 “제44조 제1항을 2회 이상 위반한 사람”에 관한 부분이 헌법에 위반된 다는 위헌결정을 하였다. 헌법재판소는“제44조 제1항을 2회 이상 위 반”한 경우로 정하여 가중요건이 되는 과거 음주운전 금지규정 위반행위 와 처벌대상이 되는 재범 음주운전 금지규정 위반행위 사이에 아무런 시 간적 제한을 두지 않고, 죄질이 비교적 가벼운 유형의 재범 음주운전 행 위에 대해서까지 일률적으로 가중 처벌하도록 함으로써 형벌 본래의 기 능에 필요한 정도를 일탈하는 과도한 법정형을 규정한 것으로 책임과 형 벌 간의 비례원칙에 위반된다고 하였다. 그러나 음주운전의 행위태양 및 죄질의 경중에 차이가 있더라도 모두 반복된 음주운전 금지규정의 위반이라는 중요한 행위 반가치 지표적 측 면에서 다른 범죄들과 합리적으로 구별되는 동질의 범죄행위라고 볼 수 있으므로 개별적인 행위 태양을 고려하여 처벌규정을 더 세분화하지 않 았더라도 헌법이 요구하는 형벌체계에 어긋난다고 단정할 수 없다. 또한 비난가능성이 크지 않은 유형의 재범 음주운전의 경우를 위험한 반복적 음주운전행위와 동일하게 취급할 수 있다 하더라도 징역형 이외에 벌금 형이 있으므로 법관이 사실관계를 판단하여 양형을 통해 충분히 해결할 수 있는 부분이므로 이 사건 심판대상 조항의 가중처벌기준이 입법재량 을 현저히 일탈했다고 볼 수도 없다. 따라서 헌법재판소의 이 사건 위헌결정이 적절한지는 의문이다. 특히 상습 음주운전자에 대한 처벌조항이 강화되었음에도 여전히 도로교통법 (음주운전) 위반 발생건수가 감소되지 않고 있고, 국민들 사이에서 여전 히 음주운전 처벌강화에 대한 필요성이 언급되고 있으므로 이 사건 심판 대상조항을 위헌이라고 단정할 만한 국민들 사이의 법 감정에 변화도 존 재하다고 볼 수 없다. 이런 측면에서 헌법재판소가 이 사건 결정과 같은 위헌결정을 하고자 하였다면, 단순위헌결정이 아닌 법적 공백상태 및 형 벌규정의 위헌결정에 따른 소급적용으로 발생하는 재심 등의 여러 문제 를 고려하여 입법형성권을 존중하고 법적 안정성을 보장하기 위한 방편 으로서 헌법불합치 결정하는 것이 권력분립원칙에 더 부합한다고 할 것 이다.

Detailed morphological studies and molecular analyses based on plastid-encoded rbcL gene sequences were undertaken on Peyssonnelia species, a poorly known genus from Korea. We report new records for the Korean coast, Peyssonnelia harveyana and P. rumoiana. Peyssonnelia harveyana is chiefly characterized by P. rubra-type anatomy, closely packed perithallial filaments in firm matrix, hypothallial filaments arranged in parallel rows, thalli with appressed margins, hypobasal calcification, and unicellular rhizoids. Peyssonnelia rumoiana is principally characterized by two vegetative features, hypothallial filaments arranged in a polyflabellate layer, and perithallial filaments arising from the whole upper surface of each hypothallial cell (Peyssonnelia rubra-type anatomy). Our rbcL analyses revealed that P. harveynana and P. rumoiana were placed within a clade of Peyssonnelia. We also propose the new combination, Sonderophycus cauliferus comb. nov., for previous Peyssonnelia caulifera. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that our S. cauliferus was placed within a clade of Sonderophycus.

A novel halophilic archaeon designated strain CBA1114T was isolated from solar salt in the Republic of Korea. Strain CBA1114T, which is a coccoid and stained Gram-negative, grew in the presence of 15-30% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 20%) and at 20-50°C (optimum, 40°C) and pH 7.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0). Strain CBA1114T required Mg2+ for growth. Strain CBA1114T had three 16S rRNA genes, rrnA, rrnB and rrnC; similarities between the sequences were 99.7 and 99.9%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain CBA1114T showed a 91.7% similarity to that of Haloterrigena thermotolerans PR5T. In multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), five housekeeping genes, atpB, EF-2, radA, rpoB’ and secY, were found to be closely related to those of the members of the genera Halorientalis (89.7% similarity of the atpB gene sequence), Halomicroarcula (91.9 %, EF-2), Haloterrigena (85.4 %, radA), Natronoarchaeum (89.2 %, rpoB’) and Natrinema (75.7 %, secY). A phylogenetic tree generated from the results of 16S rRNA gene and MLSA of the five housekeeping genes showed that strain CBA1114T was closely related to the species of the genus Halorientalis in the family Halobacteriaceae. The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester and unidentified lipids. According to the results of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, we designate strain CBA1114T as Halostella salina gen. nov., sp. nov., which represents a novel species of a novel genus within the family Halobacteriaceae.

The genus Sphathius is belong to the subfamily Doryctinae in the family Braconidae and are described with >300 species in the world (Shenefelt and Marsh, 1976). This genus is distinguished from other winged Doryctinae by 1) forewings with three submarginal cells; 2) first subdiscal cell of forewing closed; and 3) first metasomal segment petiolate, widening apically, lacking basal wing-like projections, and inserted on propodeum near coxal bases (Marsh, 1997). For the purpose of finding the biological agent for Asian longhorned beetle (ALB; Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)) and Citrus longhorned beetle (CLB; A. chinensis (Förster)), we had installed the ALB- and CLB-infested sentinel logs to attract parasitoids at experimental field of the Korea National Arboretum during summer season in 2014. Several L1 and L2 CLB larvae were found attacked by braconid larvae that were reared to adult stage. Their larvae are identified to Spathius gwangneungensis sp. nov. belong to the Spathius exarator species group. This new species has special characteristics as following; Body reddish brown or dark reddish brown, body length 2.5~3.7mm and forewing length 2.2~3.0mm in female and body length 2.1~2.6mm and forewing length 1.5~2.0mm in male, hind femur distinctly transversely aciculate dorsally, forewing more or less infuscate with a longitudinal hyaline band medially, vein m-cu of hind wing interstitial, second tergite entirely sculptured without striation, and third to fifth tergites basally sculptured. Ovipositor sheath 0.6 times as long as metasoma.

Cydia Hübner is a large genus in the family Tortricidae, including over 230 described species worldwide (Brown, 2005) and mainly in the Holarctic region. Nine species of the genus reported from Korea. We found a new species of Cydia feeding on the cones of Picea jezoensis (Siebold et Zucc.) Carrière in Mt. Deogyu. The adults and the early stages of Cydia picicola sp. nov. are described and illustrated from Korea. The life history and larval feeding habits are briefly discussed.

Systematic studies within the family Pterophoridae have been determined by external morpholgical characteristics (Yano 1963, Spuler 1910, Meyrick 1910). However, it is sometimes to be the result of species misplacement by the variation, depending on geographic isolation and genetic drift (Moran, 1986; Shufran et al., 2000; Anstead et al., 2002; Margaritopoulos et al., 2006). The genus Platyptilia Hübner [1925] is one of the largest genera of the family comprising more than 100 species according to the World’s Catalog by Gielis (2003) mainly distributed from Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions. Within the genus, Platyptilia ignifera has been suspected as very differentiated from other congeneric species in the morphological characters. In this study, to ascertain a placement of the species, we performed molecular analysis with one mitochondrial gene, COI and one nuclear gene, 28S, and morphometric analysis based on six ratios characters using principal components analysis (PCA). The sequences of the two genes, COI, 28S, implied that Platyptilia ignifera separated from Platyptilia spp. In addition, P. ignifera exhibited morphological characteristics distinct from other congeneric species. Based on these results, we propose that Neoplatyptilia gen. nov., for Platyptilia ignifera.

지난 10여 년간의 한국산 병대벌레과에 대한 분류학적 연구를 통하여 연노랑목가는병대벌레(Asiopodabrus fragiliformis)는 체색이나 앞가슴등판의 형태에 의해 2개의 무리로 뚜렷하게 구분되었지만, 수컷 개체의 부족으로 생식기에서는 명확한 차이를 충분히 확인할 수 없어서 형태 변이폭이 큰 종으로만 인식해 왔다. 최근 한국산 병대벌레과의 전종에 대한 DNA barcoding 분석에서 9개체의 연노랑목가는병대벌레가 각각 5개체와 4개체로 나누어져 2개의 단일 집단으로 구분되어 새로운 은밀종이 있을 가능성이 제시되었다. 특히, 두 집단 사이에서는 3.9-5.2%의 큰 서열 차이를 보였고, 이들 각각의 집단 내 서열 차이를 보면 기존 연노랑목가는병대벌레집단은 0.0-2.0%, 신종 추정집단은 0.3-2.0%으로 차이를 나타내었다. 따라서 두 집단 모두 2.0%의 divergence threshold를 보여주면서 뚜렷한 barcoding gap이 형성됨을 확인하였다. 이를 근거로 각 집단의 형태 형질을 재검토하였으며, 그 결과로 신종 추정집단에서는 수컷 생식기에서 화살모양의 ventral process가 개체마다 동일하게 나타남을 확인하였다. 반면에 기존 연노랑목가는 병대벌레집단에서는 기부에서 두껍다가 점점 가늘어지는 형태의 ventral process를 가짐을 볼 수 있었다. 결과적으로 과거 형태적 분류로서 연노랑목가는병대벌레의 개체변이는 체색과 앞가슴등판의 형태적 차이를 가진 2종으로 구분될 수 있었다. 따라서 신종추정집단을 기존 연노랑목가는병대벌레에서 독립된 Asiopodabrus sp. nov.로 명명하여 신종으로 보고하고자 한다.