In establishing and overseeing ASIAPARC Federation in March of 2016 in Jeju Island Korea, it will be essential for us to learn aspiration, network, purpose, values, goals and strategies from 42 years experiences of EUROPARC Federation as our partnership organization such as practicing exchange programs and joint conferences. We also believe we can add one more principle, ‘Initiating Island Resilience’, into the three principles of the Jeju Declaration of 1) Scaling up Conservation, 2) Nature-based Solutions, and 3) Sustainability in Action through the opening of a "Green Growth Organization" of the Jeju Declaration of WCC 2012.

This study analyzes buckling in the lower segment of a tubular steel shell that exhibits the characteristics of a 3MW wind tower with opening and reinforcement. Analytical method using parametric equations based on Eurocode 3 - Design of Steel Structures and numerical method of finite element are used to analyze the critical meridional buckling stress. ABAQUS, a finite element program, is used for the numerical method analysis. Four different cases of tubular steel tower is modeled: without door opening and without reinforcement; with door opening and without reinforcement; without door opening and with reinforcement; and with door opening and with reinforcement. Using the ABAQUS, a linear buckling analysis is done for all cases to recognize five of its buckling mode shapes and its corresponding eigenvalues. Mode shapes from the previous analysis are considered in performing the non-linear analysis using Static Riks. Buckling capacity and its trends in the localized area near the opening is investigated, tabulated and shown in illustrative charts. Moreover, comparison is made between the parametric and finite element analyses.

JCP(Jointed plain cement Concrete Pavement) is severe affected by environmental load such as temperature, relative humidity. Concrete slab repeatedly shrink and expand due to environmental loading is referred to curling and warping. As a result, restraint stress increases and joint can be damaged. Under the tunnel condition, temperature and relative humidity variations are smaller as compared with outside of the tunnel. Therefore it`s expected that JCP under the tunnel condition is less affected by environmental load than JCP outside of the tunnel. Also Joint opening behavior could be differ JCP of each condition. In this study, air temperature and relative humidity varying distance from entrance of tunnel, temperature by slab depth, and displacement of joint are measured at outside and inside of three tunnels on the expressway, using I-button and VW crackmeter sensor. As expected, difference of joint opening behavior could be evaluated. According to measuring result, design of pavement section and joint spacing of JCP could be determined under the tunnel condition.

Although the relationship between temporomandibular disorder and forward head posture (FHP) is controversial, it is generally accepted that altered head posture can affect mandible position and masticatory muscles activity. Because suprahyoid (SH) and infrahyoid (IH) muscles are stretched by increased passive tension in FHP, this study investigated their activity during mouth opening in FHP compared to neutral head posture (NHP). Twenty healthy subjects (10 males and 10 females) participated in this study. Head postures were evaluated with a cervical range of motion instrument. Electromyography (EMG) activity of bilateral SH and IH muscles was measured while an open mouth was maintained at each head posture. Paired t-test was used to identify significant differences in normalized EMG activity between head postures. Statistical significance was set at .01. Results showed the normalized EMG activity of SH and IH muscles were significantly lower in FHP compared to NHP. This finding indicates that FHP affects the EMG activity of hyoid muscles when they are stretched.

The opening of the Northern Sea Route as an alternative route for transporting cargoes between the Far East and Europe seems highly acceptable by shipping companies due to the great saving in fuel consumption, bunker cost, operating cost, emissions and journey time. This situation will not only affect the maritime business activity in the Straits of Malacca but also, the Malaysian economy in different perspectives when the vessels sail via the Suez Canal and the Indian Ocean are expected to decrease. The objective of this study is to analyse the implication in the opening of the Northern Sea Route on Maritime Sector of the Malaysian economy by using PESTEL analysis. The main scope is focusing more on the Malacca Straits shipping activity by using a number of parameters that have been obtained from Port Klang and Port Klang Authority through a set of questionnaires and interview sessions with industrial experts.

The experiments were carried out to decide the selective fishing gear of the shrimp beam trawl fishery. The model nets were made of General type, Double-level type and Grid type. The model experiments were carried out to test opening efficiency and towing tension. The experimental tanks were the flume tank〔8.0L×2.8W×1.4H (m)〕and the towing tank〔85L×10W×3.5H (m)〕in National Fisheries Research and Development Institute. The full scale experiments were carried out to compare the selectivity of General type net, Double-level type net and Grid type net in the southern sea of korea.The vertical opening (net height) of the model nets can be expressed as a function of the towing velocity as the straight line. The towing tension of the model nets can be expressed as a function of the towing velocity as the parabola.The shrimp catching rates of upper cod end in Boryeong and tongyeong were 78%, 9% respectively, but the rates of lower cod end were 23%, 91% respectively. The number bycatch rates of General type and Grid type were 23%, 11% respectively, and the weight bycatch rates were 34%, 31% respectively. A selective shrimp beam trawl net is Grid type in korea coastal sea.

일반상선 중 액화천연가스(LNG) 재기화 선박은 기존의 LNG 운반선에 액화된 LNG를 다시 기화할 수 있는 추가설비를 갖춘선박이다. 이 선박은 해상에서 천연가스를 해저 터미널을 통해 이송하는 수중 터렛 시스템을 보유한다. 하역작업을 완료한 선박이 운항 시에는 수중 터렛이 없음으로 인해 선수부 바닥이 열려 있는 개구부 즉, 오프닝 상태가 발생한다. 본 연구의 주 목적은 오프닝 상태로 운항 시 발생되는 속도손실을 CFD를 이용한 유동해석과 예인수조에서의 모형시험을 통하여 정확하게 파악하였다. 모형시험에서는 나선 상태와 오프닝 상태에서 저항 및 자항성능을 평가하였다. 실험에서는 터프트 법에 의한 유선조사시험을 이용하여 오프닝 내부유동의 변화를 정량적 또는 정성적으로 보다 더 상세한 조사를 하였다.

Although the history of the game of Go is more than 2,500 years, the theoretical studies of Go are still insufficient. In recent years a lot of studies using Artificial Intelligent (AI) have been conducted, but they do not provide the prominent theoretical reality. We applied traditional Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm to the Go openings, which are the early stage in Go, to analyze them especially focused on the Go game records of the Korean top 10 professional Go players. We firstly analyzed the number of most significant eigenvectors capturing most of variance. Experimental result shows that among the 361 eigenvectors the eight most significant eigenvectors capture most of the variance (96.2%). We secondly used PCA classifier with Euclidean distance to recognize a pro player's opening to a class obtained from the training openings. Result shows that the best average recognition rate of 22% is so much lower than the recognition rates reported in face recognition research.

In the 16th century, the country of the heaven’s son Ming Dynasty had been on the verge of decline. Under such a circumstance, Portuguese who had been shown along the coast of Southeast Asia occupied the Malacca Kingdom with their force, which was a tributary state to China for a long time, resulting in disturbances in the tributary trading system whose summit was Ming Dynasty. Although Portugal with its entry to the Sea of Southeast Sea wanted to keep a tributary relations for the stable and organizational trading activities with China, the government of Ming Dynasty could not overcome its suspicion and fear against Portugal as they had not experienced such a situation, resulting in forming conflicts for a long time. Macao – The process to form residences of Portuguese in Macao can be said to be a course to expand the understanding and trust on the counterpart while the government of Ming Dynasty with no power to control the counterpart were reducing the suspicion and fear against Portugal. Although Ming Dynasty could not embrace Portugal as one of the tributary states, it allowed their stay in Macao as the land of the heaven’s government. Although gateways were installed to control the access of Portuguese to the inland, their trading was never blocked. Although Portuguese did not give up the construction of walls under the justification of protecting their living foundations from the external invaders such as the Dutch, they served for the government of Ming Dynasty which allowed them to have their safety and Christian missionary works until they were perished. The Portuguese residents in Macao with Catholic churches and Western buildings in the Iberian style together with Chinese colors can be said to be cultural heritages which came from the contacts and conflicts between China and Portugal.

In the case of the fire to the exterior of the building through openings, the openings of the adjacent building are exposed to the risk of combustion expanding and factors that affect the combustion in the radiant heat and direct flame. Recent five years, fire of the adjacent building indicated that incidence of the 5,134(2.27%) among total 225,934 cases occurred The damage scale of fire expanded was lower than in a single building but casualties(5.46%) and property(25.0%) damage were higher. Therefore, this study provides to analyze the operating status for fire protection equipment of fire-preventing area in the Seoul and to apply measures to improve fire protection equipment according to narrow the distance between the building openings studied.

This study aims to overview and review the infiltration of Japanese Buddhism and it's influences on the construction and architectural characteristics of Japanese Buddhist temple from the opening of ports to Independence Day of Korea. Infiltration of Japanese Buddhism had been sustained during 70 years from the foundation of Higashi Hongan-ji Temple(東本願寺) in Pusan, by Shinshu Otani School(真宗大谷派) which was one of Japanese Buddhism, to Independence Day of Korea. This study is to be promoted on the following subjects ; 1) the circumstance around the infiltration of Japanese Buddhism 2) Buddhism policy of Japanese Governor and infiltration on Korean Buddhism 3) increasing trend, distribution and construction of Japanese Buddhist temples near downtown areas 4) for the conclusion, case research on Bondang, Gori, and open space and analysis on the architecture style of Japanese Buddhist temples Accordingly, Korean Buddhism had been subordinated to Japanese Buddhism, and the management system and memorial service of Korean Buddhism had to be affected by Japanese Buddhism. This study is considered meaningful for the elementary research to examine the aspects of Japanese style on Korean Buddhist architecture at that time.

축사는 비닐하우스 다음으로 자연재해에 취약한 농촌시설물이다. 축사의 경우 측벽 없이 지붕만 있는 형태가 가장 많이 사용되고 있는데, 태풍이 불면 지붕 전제가 날아가 많은 피해가 발생하는 실정이다. 그래서 농가에서는 태풍피해예방을 위한 측벽에 윈치 커튼설치하여 피해를 예방하고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 측벽 개방에 따른 축사지붕에 위치별 풍압 계수 분포특성에 대해서 알아보고자 한다. 측벽유무에 관계없이 축사지붕면의 피크외압계수분포에서 풍향각 0˚로 불어오는 방향에 대해서 불리하게 작용하고 있는 것을 알 수 있다. 그러나 측벽의 유무에 따라 피크외압계수가 풍향각과 처마의 길이에 영향을 받는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

One of the most important characteristic features of Yeats’s book of poems involves the fact that the poet intended his entire volumes of his poems to function as a single, unified work of art. In other words, the meaning of an individual poem in any Yeats’s book of poems cannot be fully appreciated without considering its relationship with the poems placed right next to it. Talking about one individual poem alone in a volume is like interpreting one chapter of a novel without linking its meaning to the next chapters. For this reason, understanding Yeats’s poems requires looking into a relationship between the poems and the principle of arranging the entire poems in a book of poems. In this paper, what I am trying to achieve is to answer the following three questions. First, what is a governing principle of ordering poems in Yeats's second book of poems, The Rose (1983)? Second, how such a structure or an arrangement helps to convey the thematic concern of The Rose effectively? Lastly, how Yeats develops himself as a poet after publishing his first book of Poems Crossways (1889). When we compare the method of ordering The Rose poems with that of Crossways, we see that Yeats slowly matures as a poet as he ages. Crossways consists of two groups of poems each with a religious and political context, respectively. In the first group, Yeats places poems dealing with balancing the conflicting forces of action and stasis, the ideal and the real, and imagination and actuality. The second group includes poems balancing private and public, past and present, and Catholic and Protestant, high and low classes, and unionists and nationalists. Yeats's ultimate message: just as we need a reconciliation of opposing religious elements, so we should achieve a harmony of different political groups. The Rose, on the other hand, reminds us of a kind of well-structured drama with the prologue poem working as the first act of a play. The first poem holds the key to the arrangement of 23 poems in The Rose. In other words, each line of “The Rose upon the Rood of Time” foretells how the entire 23 poems will be placed and foregrounds the main message of the book of poems. The first poem talks about a reconciliation of opposing forces and this message is repeated throughout the book by dealing with the idea of balancing two antinomian ideas. In addition, the time of each poem moves in-between the present and the past and eventually advances into the future, as is foreshadowed in the preface poem. The presence of the poet can also be felt throughout the book of poems. In The Rose, we meet a poet who keeps emphasizing the importance of maintaining a balance between mysticism and realism, reconciling his joy of love and pain of his failure, and announcing his love of Ireland or his nationalist ideals. Through The Rose, Yeats repeats the importance of balancing religion, people, and love. Although the second book of poems contains different poems and structural pattern compared with the first book of poems, his basic message remains the same: mysticism should be reconciled with realism and nationalism.

일반적으로 깊은 보의 개구부 보강을 할 경우 개구부 주변의 부족한 내력에 대해 수직, 수평, 대각, 혹은 혼합된 배근 형태를 사용하게 되는데, 경제성과 구조적 안전성을 고려하기 위해서는 각 배근 형태 및 방법에 따른 깊은 보의 거론 평가와 적절한 조합에 관한 연구가 절실히 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 개구부 보강방법을 변수로 한 simulation 모델을 통해 수직, 수평 보강의 효과에 대해 해석적으로 검증을 한 후, 각 규준에서 제시하고 있는 개구부가 있는 깊은 보의 전단 내력식을 분석하고 해당 식을 보완하여 단순지지 1경간 및 연속 경간에 적용 가능한 전단 내력 산정식을 제안하고자 한다.