Nuclear power is responsible for a large portion of electricity generation worldwide, and various studies are underway, including the design of permanent deep geological disposal facilities to safely isolate spent nuclear fuel generated as a result. However, through the gradual development of drilling technology, various disposal option concepts are being studied in addition to deep geological disposal, which is considered the safest in the world. So other efforts are also being made to reduce the disposal area and achieve economic feasibility, which requires procedures to appropriately match the waste forms generated from separation process of spent nuclear fuel with disposal option systems according to their characteristics. And safety issue of individual disposal options is performed through comparison of nuclide transport. This study briefly introduces the pre-disposal nuclide management process and waste forms, and also introduces the characteristics of potential disposal options other than deep geological disposal. And environmental conditions and possible pathways for nuclide migration are reviewed to establish transport scenarios for each disposal option. As such, under this comprehensive understanding, this study finally seeks to explore various management methods for high-level radioactive waste to reduce the environmental burden.

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has investigated Pyroprocessing technology in order to decrease the burden of disposal system and increase availability of useful radionuclides in the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) for future. The treatment and the disposal of SNF, however, are very sensitive issues socially. In addition, under the energy transition policy phasing out nuclear energy gradually there have been demands for alternatives so far. Thus various alternatives should need to be investigated in preparation for unexpected situations. This study has been conducted roughly in effectiveness point of view of alternative pre-managements for SNF, not pyroprocessing technology, in disposal system, consisting of three stages according to the degree of burden in disposal system. Stage I is the case for making safety increase with removing highly-mobile radionuclides from SNF. Stage II is the case for eliminating high-heat radionuclides additionally, alleviating thermal risk in the disposal system. And Stage III is the case for recovering Uranium in addition to Stage II. These options of pre-management are thought to be able to provide an intuitive strategy for effective diversification of the disposal system. Because several types of waste form from pre-management make it possible to develop the effective, newly-composed waste disposal system according to the properties of radionuclides. And the processability of SNF through pre-management might be combination with available core-drilling technology, being able to design various disposal system as well. Even though the whole, detailed unit processes have not designed yet, mass balance and distributions of radionuclides are performed under the appropriate assumption of engineering processes. As a first step the alternative approaches for SNF pre-management for disposal system might be expected to be widely used in implementing SNF management policy in the future.

Barrier options are path-dependent options, and their return depends not only on the price of the underlying asset on the expiry date but also on whether the underlying asset reaches the prescribed barrier level during the contract's validity period. This paper mainly studies the barrier option pricing problem under the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck equa-tion model under an uncertain environment. Assuming that the stock price obeys the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck equation model, the pricing formulas of four European barrier options are derived. Finally, several numerical examples are used to verify the effectiveness of the model.

Due to increasing awareness on the treatment of end-of-use/life products, disassembly has been a fast-growing research area of interest for many researchers over recent decades. This paper introduces a novel lot-sizing problem that has not been studied in the literature, which is the service-parts lot-sizing with disassembly option. The disassembly option implies that the demands of service parts can be fulfilled by newly manufactured parts, but also by disassembled parts. The disassembled parts are the ones recovered after the disassembly of end-of-use/life products. The objective of the considered problem is to maximize the total profit, i.e., the revenue of selling the service parts minus the total cost of the fixed setup, production, disassembly, inventory holding, and disposal over a planning horizon. This paper proves that the single-period version of the considered problem is NP-hard and suggests a heuristic by combining a simulated annealing algorithm and a linear-programming relaxation. Computational experiment results show that the heuristic generates near-optimal solutions within reasonable computation time, which implies that the heuristic is a viable optimization tool for the service parts inventory management. In addition, sensitivity analyses indicate that deciding an appropriate price of disassembled parts and an appropriate collection amount of EOLs are very important for sustainable service parts systems.

In this study, we have defined measurement and verification methods and procedures to assess the energy use on the utility system of building. Time series data conversion methods and algorithms have been proposed in performance evaluation options. To verify the feasibility of the method, the energy consumption of the refrigerator, which was an energy utility, was measured and analyzed. we present an algorithm based on the annual base conversion and analyze it based on actual data. As a result, a k-means clustering moving average method was defined for the performance calculation option A, and the use time correction coefficient method was proposed. The validity of this method was verified through the verification.

North Korea’s nuclear weapons and missiles are an unprecedented threat to the security of the United States, which has never been attacked by weapons of mass destruction. Pyongyang’s provocations irritated President Trump and led him to openly consider military attacks against North Korea. The possibility of armed conflict between the United States and North Korea increased as both sides exchanged aggressive rhetoric. Military attacks against North Korea are virtually impossible in a legal as well as a practical sense. They will bring only disaster to all involved, including the US. The best way to resolve North Korea’s nuclear issue is to rehabilitate the multilateral channel for dialogue and then begin talks. What if President Trump, however, implemented military options against North Korea because of the nuclear weapons development? The focus of this essay is to explore whether Trump can adopt military options against North Korea and if so, what legal and political considerations he must take.

Various studies have forwarded an outstanding wastewater effluent treatment systems toward securing sustainable supply of water sources. In this paper, a broad overview of the performance of MF membrane as pretreatment option for wastewater reuse will be presented based on the literature survey and experiments conducted over the wastewater reuse pilot plant. The pilot plant was operated with a continuous data acquisition for about 300days under various chemical enhanced backwash (CEB) system with subsequent treated water quality analysis. Accordingly, assessment of the effluent revealed that the pretreated water is suitable enough to be used as an input for Reverse Osmosis (RO) unit and significant effect of CEB and concentration of NaOCl is also conceived from the analysis. Moreover, it's also observed that the application of various CEB condition over long operational hours induced a constant declination of overall performance of MF membrane.

Intrigued by the recent emergence and success of low-cost airlines, which use the additive option price framing (as opposed to the subtractive option price framing used by the traditional full-service airlines), we attempted to develop and empirically test a theoretical model that can help better understand the success of this innovative pricing practice for optional services. Drawing on the prospect theory and the loss aversion and endowment effect theory, we argue that option price framing affect customer responses such as perceived risk, perceived price fairness and affect. Further, we propose interaction effects between option framing and product type (utilitarian vs. hedonic) on perceived risk. Using a quasi-experimental design, we constructed four scenarios (2 option price framings x 2 product types). We administered the scenario-based survey among part-time MBA students (full-time managers). Analysis results of 132 responses demonstrated that customer responses in perceived risk, perceived fairness and affect were more favorable in the additive option framing, which in turn led to higher purchase intention. Further, these effects were stronger for utilitarian products. For hedonic products, no difference in perceived risk was observed between the two option price framings. Consequently, our study offered an explanation for when and why the additive option price framing might work better.

The present study aims to explore the factors affecting Korean EFL high school students’ choice of picture options with key expressions in a writing test prompt, as well as the effects of option position and contents on their performance. It further aims to examine whether these effects vary with English writing proficiency. The performance of lower- and higher-level students in two prompts was analyzed along with their reasons for their choices. The prompt had three picture options with two key expressions in each option; the students chose one picture option and wrote a 20-word message declining a request using a reason specified in the option. Significant effects were not found for position within the prompts, but for the content of the options. The participants tended to choose a certain picture option over others mainly because of topical knowledge, difficulty level, or picture preference. The findings suggest a significant effect of picture contents, which yields implications for designing prompts with picture options for score validity.

PURPOSES: This study evaluates the economic value of national highway construction projects using Real Option Pricing Models. METHODS : We identified the option premium for uncertainties associated with flexibilities according to the future's change in national highway construction projects. In order to evaluate value of future's underlying asset, we calculated the volatility of the unit price per year for benefit estimation such as VOTS, VOCS, VICS, VOPCS and VONCS that the “Transportation Facility Investment Evaluation Guidelines” presented. RESULTS: We evaluated the option premium of underlying asset through a case study of the actual national highway construction projects using ROPM. And in order to predict the changes in the option value of the future's underlying asset, we evaluated the changes of option premium for future's uncertainties by the defer of the start of construction work, the contract of project scale, and the abandon of project during pre-land compensation stages that were occurred frequently in the highway construction projects. Finally we analyzed the sensitivity of the underlying asset using volatility, risk free rate and expiration date of option. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that a highway construction project has economic value even though static NPV had a negative(-) value because of the sum of the existing static NPV and the option premium for the future's uncertainties associated with flexibilities.

공급사슬상에서의 구성원간 협력이 보편화되어가는 현재의 추세에 따라 본 논문은 공급자-판매자로 구성된 공급 사슬에서의 옵션 계약을 통한 구성원간 협력 문제에 대해 연구하였다. 구체적으로, 본 논문은 가격이 공급자에 의해 결정되고 옵션 계약 물량이 판매자에 의해 결정될 경우에 대한 공급사슬 전체 관점 및 각 구성원 관점에서의 최적 옵션 가격, (옵션) 행사 가격, 현물 시장 가격, 옵션 계약 물량 결정 문제를 계량적으로 연구하였다. 본 논문의 연구결과를 통

방제활동에는 기상, 기름의 성상 등 여러 요인이 고려되어야 성공적인 방제활동을 수행할 수 있다. 추계학술발표에서는 자연적 환경요소와 상황에 적합한 방제방법의 설정에 관한 기초 연구 내용을 발표하고자 한다.

The binomial option pricing model is widely used to understand pricing an option which is a financial derivative. The Model presents very important characteristics in deciding a price of an option. First, a value of option is decided independently with probabilities that stock prices are ascending or fall. Second, an option pricing is not depend on investors' risk preferences. When an option is evaluated, this paper may clear that investors had to consider the probabilities of a stock price's movements and their own preferences for a risk.

이나 償還優先株式의 발행 및 인수에 관한 新株引受契約書에 ‘償還權’의 행사에 관한 내용 뿐만 아니라 '償還權 이외‘의 권리인 ‘풋옵션(Put Option)’이나 ‘콜옵션(Call Option)’조항이 추가로 약정되어 있는 경우가 있다. 이러한 경우에, 新株引受人인 투자자가 그러한 풋옵션(Put Option)이라는 約定上의 권리를 행사하여 발행회사가 自己發行株式을 취득하게 되는 경우에, 이는 계약당사자들 사이의 約定上의 권리의 행사에 따른 것이므로, 관련 법률에 근거 규정이 명시되어야만 포섭가능성이 있는 것으로 해석되는 商法 제341조 제5호(‘주주가 주식매수청구권을 행사한 때’)에 포섭하는 것으로 해석하기는 어려울 것으로 보인다. 그러나, 이와 같은 自己株式取得 결과를 허용하더라도 自己株式 취득을 금지하는 취지에 반하지 않는다는 점, 償還株式의 경우에는 그 본래적, 개념적 특성으로서 償還에 따른 발행회사의 自己株式의 취득이 개념적으로 전제가 되어 있어 商法에서도 償還株式의 ‘償還’에 따른 自己株式의 취득을 명문으로 허용하고 있다는 점(商法 제341조 제1호) 등을 감안하면, 위와 같은 풋옵션(Put Option)이라는 約定上의 권리행사에 따라 발행회사가 自己發行株式을 취득하게 되는 경우에도 商法 제341조 제1호(‘주식을 소각하기 위한때’)에 해당하여 自己株式의 취득이 허용되는 것으로 적극적으로 해석하는 것이 타당한 것으로 보인다.

Objective : The purpose of this study is to introduce Problem-Based Learning (PBL) to practicing occupational therapists and educators of occupational therapy. PBL is the educational method that has been applied to not only a number of universities abroad but also many domestic universities, especially medical colleges. Method : This study presents the definition and features of PBL, explores the current trends of its application and research, and investigate the example of PBL application to one of the programs in domestic universities. Result : PBL has been applied to the 2002 class of the program of occupational therapy for one year. Then the students of the program were asked to answer a questionnaire that surveyed the improvement of presentation, debate, and problem solving skills. Approximately 70% of the students responded affirmatively. Conclusion : In conclusion, the implication of this study is that when it is necessary to enhance the quality of educational service in the occupational therapy field, this study shows that the possible alternatives include PBL.