세리신은 누에고치에서 추출한 단백질로 많은 건강상의 이점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 화장품 소재로서 누에고치에서 유래된 세리신 표준품의 항주름 활성 및 항염증 활성을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 세리신의 항산화 효과는 DPPH 및 ABTS 측정법에 의해 측정되었다. 또한 대식세포인 Raw 264.7 cell에서 의 세포 생존율을 확인하였으며, lipoplyscaccharide를 이용하여 유도된 염증반응을 이용하여 세리신의 항 염증 효과를 조사하였다. 그 결과 세리신은 DPPH, ABTS에서 항산화 활성을 보였으며 세포 독성을 가지지 않은 1,000 μg/mL의 농도에서 NO를 억제하였다. 종합하여 세리신은 항산화 활성을 가지며 항노화 및 항 염증 화장품의 우수한 소재가 될 수 있음을 보여준다.

Recently microplastic (MP) biofilm is being attracted as an important environmental issue because it can act as a pollutant carrier in aqueous system. Therefore, this study investigated the MP biofilm communities originated from freshwater. The results showed the bacterial community structure of MP biofilm was distinctively different from the freshwater regardless of biofilm-forming condition and MP type. For MP biofilm communities exposed to raw freshwater, Solimonas variicoloris-like microbe, Frigidibacter albus-like microbe, Nitrospirillum amazonense-like microbe, and Pseudochroococcus couteii-like microbe became abundant, while Acinetobacter johnsonii, Macellibacteroides fermentans, and Sedimentibacter acidaminivorans-like microbe were found as major bacteria for MP biofilm communities exposed to organic rich condition. The results of this study suggest that the unique freshwater biofilm community could be formed on the MP surface.

The Hallyu (Korean Wave) boom that started with TV dramas in the 2000s expanded to various cultural areas, including food and music. As Korean culture gained popularity, Hallyu fans in Japan began to adopt Korean vocabulary like loan words. To study this phenomenon, the author collected vocabulary used by K-pop fans of native Japanese speakers and classified them by type. It was found that most of these words were currently being borrowed and used in their original Korean form; however, there were also words created by combining Korean words with Japanese words or newly coined by combining Korean words. Once Korean K-pop vocabulary becomes more established in Japan, it is expected that more words will emerge that originate from Korean but are independently created and used exclusively by Japanese speakers.

파밤나방은 배추과 채소 등 여러 농작물에 피해를 주고 있는 중요한 나방류 중의 하나이며, 돌발적으로 다발생한 경우 큰 피해를 주기도 한다. 제주지역에서 배추과 채소 주요 재배지역인 제주시 한림읍에 2007년부터 2011년까지 파밤나방 성페로몬 트랩을 이용하여 시기별 발생밀도를 조사하였다. 트랩에 최초 유인 시기는 4월 상순이었으나 3월 온도가 높은 해에는 3월 상순에 유인되기도 하였다. Karimi-Malati et al.(2014)의 발육온도 모델을 이용하여 제주지역에서의 연간 발생세대수를 추정한 결과 4∼5세대를 경과하는 것으로 추정되었다. 성페로몬 트랩의 발생 절정기별 다음 세대 성충 발생시기와 트랩 유인밀도와의 관련성을 2009년과 2010년 조사 자료에 대해 검토한 결과 연관성이 낮은 시기가 나타났다. 이 시기 NOAA의 HYSPLIT 모델(Rolph et al., 2017)을 이용하여 기류의 역방향과 순방향 궤적선을 추적한 결과 중국으로부터 장거리 이동이 가능할 것으로 추정되었다. 장거리 이동에 관여하는 기상요인과 비래원은 6∼7월에는 장마전선 등에 의한 중국의 남중부지역이, 8∼9월에는 중국의 북동부지역으로 나타났다.

중국 문학사에서 당대는 매우 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있는데, 그 중에서 중당 시기의 문학사(또는 문화사)를 살펴보면, 아주 특별한 문학 현상을 접할 수 있다. 그것이 바로 “詩僧”(집단)의 출현이 그것이다. 시승 이라 함은 문자 그대로 “시를 쓰는 승려”라는 말이다. 즉, 출가자인 승려들이 시가 창작에 참여하게 된다는 것이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 "시승" 의 개념과 그 문화적 함의를 고찰해보고, 중당시기 시승 출현의 문학사적 의미를 조명하였다. 물론, 중국 문학사에 있어서 승려의 시가 창작이 중당 시기에 처음으로 출현하고 있는 것은 아니다. 西晉시기부터 이미 승려들 개인의 창작 시가가 출현하고 있다. 그러나 서진 시기의 승려 시가 창작은 그 작자나 작품 수가 매우 적고, 그렇기 때문에 또한 당시의 문단에서도 그다지 중요한 역할을 하지 못했다. 이에 반해 중당 시기 “시승”의 출현은 그 작품 수나 창작의 수준, 그리고 당시 문단에서의 지위에서나 모두 동진이나 중당 이전의 초당, 성당을 능가한다. 특히 중당의 "시승"은 시가 창작에 대한 높은 자각의식 을 가지고 있었으며, 또한 하나의 시가창작자로서의 집단을 형성하여 활동하였다는 점에서 볼 때, 唐代문학사나, 더 크게는 중국 문학사 전체에 있어서도 상당히 중요한 의미를 가진다고 할 수 있다. 문학사적 입장에서 볼 때, 외래문화로서의 불교가 중국화되었다는 명확한 지표라는 점에서 그 의미는 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다.

The choice of strain, substrate, and environmental conditions are fundamental factors that determine the ability of a fungus to develop and produce mushrooms with high quality. The objective of this study was to compare the strains of Lentinula edodes and Ganoderma lucidum originated from South Korea and Brazil in relation to their vegetative development in different culture media, to obtain isolates with high quality. The strains of the two mushroom species from Brazil and South Korea grew slowly, possibly because of abiotic factors or storage technique used. However, it may be concluded that temperature, humidity, light, pH, and nutrients from the substrate, if not regulated appropriately may affect the vegetative species.

Nuruk, a Korean fermentation starter for Makgeolli, contains a variety of microflora according to province and natural environment. However, the metabolites profiles in traditional Korean Nuruk were not defined yet. In this study, Nuruk were prepared with 20 different fungi originated from Gangwon province (Rhizomucor variabilis, Lichtheimia corymbifera, and Aspergillus species) and their metabolites were profiled / compared with commercial strains (Aspergillus kawachii) through metabolomics analysis. Metabolites were extracted with solvent mixture (Isopropanol: Methanol: Distilled water) and put into MS spectrometry analysis. After processing of full mass spectra data from LC-MS/MS, the characteristics of each strain were compared and analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA).Interestingly, strain specific classification was observed by HCA and PCA among samples and significant differences were also indicated from commercial strain Aspergillus kawachii. As a results, 26 metabolites were successfully screened with a validity from a total of 189 metabolites by using of VIP plot through OPLS-DA. These results suggested the uniqueness of Korean traditional home brewed liquor compared to commercial liquor and could be useful information for Korean brewing industry.

4-isopropyl-2,6-bis(1-phenylethyl)aniline 1 (KTH13-AD1) is a metabolite of Cordyceps bassiana that has been traditionally used to treat various inflammatory disease. Even though it has the magnificent pharmaceutical potential, there was not much understanding on its anti-inflammatory actions. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of KTH13-AD1. We found that KTH13-AD1 suppressed nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-treated macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). Similarly, mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) analyzed by RT-PCR and real-time PCR was also reduced by this compound. Interestingly, KTH13-AD1 also strongly diminished the levels of NF-kB-mediated luciferase activities and nuclear translocated NF-kB family proteins. In agreement with these, KTH13-AD1 suppressed the upstream signaling pathway for NF-kB activation including IkBa, IKKa/b, AKT, p85/PI3K and Src in time- and dose-dependent manners. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that KTH13-AD1 has a strong anti-inflammatory activity via suppression of the NF-kB signaling pathway.

다도해상국립공원 지역인 상조도 해안에 해양쓰레기가 다량 표착하고 있다. 이들 해양쓰레기는 해류와 조류 및 바람 등 외부의 영향으로 유입되고 있는데, 이 중 외국기인 해양쓰레기가 상당량 유입되고 있는 것으로 나타나 이들의 기원 특성을 파악하고자 연구를 시작하였다. 선행연구결과 진도 연안으로 유입되고 있는 외국기인 해양쓰레기는 동계와 하계 모두 표착하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다.

다양한 화장품에 응용을 위하여 제주산 유채오일 추출물을 대상으로 PIT유화시스템을 이용한 나노에멀젼을 제조하였다. 천연 유채오일 추출물은 n-헥산을 용매로 사용하여 추출하였다. 천연유채오일 추출물은 엷은 노란색의 점성을 가진 액체이었고, 수율은 43±2.5%이었다. 산가는 2.76±0.5이었고, 비중은 0.89±0.05 이었다. 20wt%의 유채오일을 사용한 PIT-Yuche-NE의 입자크기는 50-120nm (평균입자크기: 82±5.8nm)이었고, 제타 포텐셜은 -29.5mV 이었다. 이것은 (PEG)5-30 지방산 에테르를 사용하기 때문에 열역학적으로 안정하였다. 특징적인 결과로부터 얻은 몇 개의 결론을 다음과 같이 나열하였다. 첫째, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical)방법을 이용한 자유 라디칼 소거력을 측정하였다. PIT-Yuche-NE의 항산화력은 37.2±6.7%이었고, 비교군인 10 mg/mL의 PIT-Toco-NE(토코페롤 20wt% 나노에멀젼)은 28.8±6.5%, 10 mg/mL의 PIT-Nokcha-NE (녹차추출물 20wt% 나노에멀젼)은 29.6±7.2%이었다. 둘째, PIT-Yuche-NE의 콜라겐합성율은 148±15.2% 이었고, 동일 농도에서 비교군인 PIT-Toco-NE은 121±13.5%, PIT-Nokcha-NE은 95±12.7%이었다. 셋째, 6시간 후, Aramo-TS를 사용한 Yuche-CRM의 피부보습효과는 47±3.9% (*p-value￡0.05, n=7)이었다. 반면, Toco-CRM은 30±5.2%(*p-value￡0.05, n=7)이었고, Nokcha-CRM은 35±4.5%이었다. 따라서 Yuche-CRM은 다른 두 크림보다 높은 보습효과를 보였다. 최종적으로 본 연구는 화장품 산업 및 제약산업에서도 폭넓게 응용될 것으로 기대한다.

Teratocytes are originated from embryonic serosal membrane of some endoparasitoid wasps. Cotesia plutellae eggs release teratocytes in parasitoid host hemocoel at hatch in about 150 cells per egg. Teratocytes of C. plutellae were cultured in an insect culture medium for at least 14 days. Teratocytes cultured in vitro showed no increase in cell numbers but increased in cell size. Similarly,teratocytes in parasitized larvae did not increase cell numbers, but increased their cell size. Microinjection of invitro cultured teratocytes in to third instar larvae of nonparasitized Plutella xylostella showed a dose-dependently inhibitory effect on development and larval-pupal metamorphosis. In addition, teratocytes prolonged the immature developmental period and reduced the pupation rate, in which young aged host larvae were more sensitive to teratocytes treatment than old larvae. These results suggest that teratocytes play a crucial role in successful parasitization of C.plutellae by altering host developmental program.

Toluene, xylene, styrene, and ethylbenzene are main volatile organic compounds emitted from painting materials. According with the development of gas chromatography equipment, it has been possible to analyze the low level of ambient VOCs concentration. In this study, the limit of detection and the limit of quantitation were analysed for VOCs originated from painting materials in GC/FID/liquid injection analysis system. The results of %RSD for four standard solutes showed a great reproducibility in terms of detection time and detection area. The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation in SRI GC appeared to be 501.64 pg and 1.67 ppb for toluene, 572.03 pg and 1.90 ppb for ethylbenzene, 1077.22 pg and 3.59 ppb for m,p-xylene, 36563.35 pg and 121.76 ppb for styrene, respectively.

Histologic and immunohistochemical features of canine skin tumours originated from epithelial stem cells were described. The tumors were trichogenic trichoblastoma, trichoepithelioma, sebaceous adenoma, hepatoid gland adenoma and epithelioma, and basal cell tumour. All of the tumors expressed both AE1/AE3 and cytokeratin 5/8, whereas cytokeratin 7 and vimentin not at all. Neuron-specific-enolase was strongly positive in follicular tumours, whereas slightly in basal cell tumour. Moreover, chromogranin A was expressed slightly only in trichogenic trichoblastoma and trichoepithelioma. Since the morphological similarities between these tumors, immunohistochemistry is one of useful tools for differential diagnosis. From the immunohistochemistry data, we conclude that cytokeratins, vimentin and NSE play a main role in the evaluation of canine skin tumours originated from epithelial skin stem cells histogenesis.

An entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, induces an immunosuppression by inhibiting phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which results in a fatal septicemia. PLA2 is an enzyme responsible for eicosanoid biosynthesis and the pathogenic molecular target of this bacterium. A PLA2 gene of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, was expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant T. castaneum PLA2 (TcPLA2) showed enzyme activity, which was specifically inhibited by bromophenacyl bromide (specific inhibitor to secretory PLA2) and ditheothreitol (reducing agent of disulfide bond). It was sensitive to pH (optimum at pH 7.0), temperature (optimum at 30°C), substrate specificity and calcium dependency. X. nematophila released compound(s) inhibiting TcPLA2during its stationary growth phase. The active compound (s) was resistant to heat treatment and could be extracted separately into both organic and aqueous phases. This PLA2 inhibitory fraction showed significant effect on immunosuppression of T. castaneum. These results suggest there may be several PLA2 inhibitors synthesized by X. nematophila and released into culture broth. The recombinant TcPLA2 was also used to screen potent PLA2 inhibitor compounds, which were designed based on a common chemical structure (a pentenebenzene ring) of two peptide inhibitors, proline-tyrosine (PY) and acetylated phenylalanine-glycine-valine (AcFGV). Alterations were made on amino acid sequence or specific functional groups on the pentenebenzene ring. Among 7 different peptides, AY and FGV showed the most potent effects on TcPLA2activity and also resulted in significant reductions in hemocyte spreading behavior of Plutella xylostella. The potent candidate molecules would be applied to control various insect pests to be developed into novel insecticides.