Mucosal malignant melanoma is an uncommon tumor of the head and neck, and patient cannot easily recognize the lesion. Most patients are diagnosed with advanced lesions, and the 5-year survival rate is very low. Therefore, intraoral pigmented lesions require an incisional biopsy for differential diagnosis from malignant melanoma. As the size of the tumor increases, lesion showing vertical growth and lymph node metastasis increases, and the prognosis becomes poor. In this study, we report a case of mucosal malignant melanoma in the oral cavity that shows radial growth and no lymph node metastasis despite its relatively large size.

Pseudolymphoma or benign lymphoid hyperplasia is an uncommon benign lymphoproliferative lesion that occurs very ralely in the oral mucosa, most commonly in the hard palate. It is important to differentiate between malignant lymphoma and pseudolymphoma with similar clinical and morphological symptoms. Clinically, pseudolymphoma is a firm, painless, nonulcerated, nonfluctuant, slowly growing mass or swelling on the one side of the palate. However, lymphoma at hard palate is unilateral, and some are hard, painful, or show evidence of bone destruction. The treatment of pseudolymphoma is local excision.

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common benign salivary gland tumor. Being pleomorphic, its histologic characteristics can be considerably varied, showing epithelial (ductal and non-ductal) cells and mesenchyme-like tissues (chondroid, myxoid, and osseous). Here, we present a rare case of a 76-year-old female presenting with a 2.0 cm PA with an epidermoid cyst of minor salivary glands on the soft palate.

Fibrolipoma, a variant of lipoma, is rare in oral cavity, and the pathogenesis is uncertain. The diagnosis and differentiation of fibrolipoma with other clinically similar lesions is very essential for proper treatment planning. We present a case of fibrolipoma on palate of a 28-year-old male.

The follicular lymphoid hyperplasia is a very rare nonneoplastic lymphoproliferative disease in the oral mucosa. Clinically, it usually presents as asymptomatic, non-ulcerated, normal-colored, soft, sessile, unilateral and slow growing mass in the posterior hard palate. Therefore, soft-tissue mass of the hard palate can be a difficult diagnostic challenge for the clinician. Herein, we report a case of follicular lymphoid hyperplasia located in the left posterior hard palate. A 40-year-old male presented a soft, non-ulcerated, painless mass of 1.5 X 1.0cm in size. Radiographically, it was no bony involvement. Histology revealed germinal center surrounding mantle zone of small lymphocytes. Immunohistochemistry showed CD3,CD20 were postive but Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 were negative. The patient underwent surgical excision and 3-year follow-up has not shown any evidence of recurrence.

Extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMPs) are rare soft tissue malignant neoplasms composed of plasma cells. They are sometimes found in soft tissues. The majority of primary EMPs occur in the head and neck region, especially in the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity. We present a case of a 52-year-old female with an EMP. The patient’s initial chief complaint was swelling of the soft palate. An excisional biopsy was performed under general anesthesia. Final pathologic diagnosis was EMP of the soft palate with partial involvement of the resection margin. In order to exclude the possibility of multiple myeloma, a bone marrow exam with chromosomal study was completed. The patient was also referred to the Department of Radiation Oncology for postoperative radiation therapy (PORT); however, the patient refused to undergo PORT. The patient is currently under close observation for signs and symptoms of recurrence or metastases through regular follow-up visits and imaging studies.

Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor of the salivary glands. About 90% of these tumors occur in the parotid gland and 10% of them occur in the minor salivary glands. The most common sites for pleomorphic adenoma of the minor salivary glands are the palate, followed by the lips and the cheeks. Pleomorphic adenoma of the palate presents clinically as a painless, slow-growing mass found on posterior lateral aspect. In this case report, we report a case of pleomorphic adenoma of the palate in a 36-year old male patient whose initial diagnosis was vascular mass such as hemangioma or lymphangiohemangioma by preoperative CT and MRI.

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) is a rare benign vascular lesion that rarely occurs in the oral cavity. Its clinical features are similar to neoplasms, which are easily identified in the oral cavity, and it can be misdiagnosed as an angiosarcoma. Therefore, it is important to recognize the characteristics of the lesion in order to both diagnose and treat it properly. We report a case of IPEH in a young Korean female patient, as well as discuss its differential diagnosis and treatment using a review of the related literature.

Clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare malignant neoplasm of salivary gland that represents only 1% of all salivary gland tumors. CCA is histopathologically characterized by monotonous, glycogen-rich, round to ovoid clear cells intermixed with hyalinized stroma. However, other salivary gland tumors such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma, acinic cell adenocarcinoma, oncocytoma, epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, and myoepithelial carcinoma should be ruled out to diagnosis CCA. We herein report a case of CCA involving the soft palate in a 56-year-old female. It is essential to consider CCA in the differential diagnoses of clear cell tumors.

Palatal development is one of the crucial events in craniofacial morphogenesis, according to the significant signaling pathway including the out growth, elevation, and fusion of palatal shelves. In the fusion of palatal shelves, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process to achieve the proper morphogenesis of palate. Mechanisms of EMT have been reported as the processes of migration, apoptosis or general EMT through the modulations through various signalling molecules. Rgs19, known as a regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family through GTPase activity, showed the interesting epithelial expression patterns in various organogeneses including the significant expression patterns of Rgs19 in palatal development. To evaluate the precise function of Rgs19 in palatogenesis, we employed the gain and loss of function studies using ASODN treatments and gene electroporations while in vitro palate organ cultivations. Knockdown of Rgs19 using treatments of AS-ODN showed the retarded palatal fusion with the decreased patterns of apoptosis in mesial epithelium edge (MEE). In addition, alteration patterns of related genes were examined with the qRT-PCR. And epithelial mesenchyme transition (EMT) process was delayed in medial edge epithelium (MEE) throught immunohistochemistry of pancytokeratin, which known as epithelial cell marker. Morphological changes were observed with the three dimensional reconstruction method. These results show that expression of Rgs19 in MEE has crucial role of EMT, also Rgs19 affects to palatal fusion by regulation of apoptosis through the signalling modulations.

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is a rare malignant salivary gland tumor. The carcinomatous component of the carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is mostly one type such as adenocarcinoma NOS, salivary duct carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma. We present a case of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma including two carcinomatous components. The tumor occurred in the palate of a 70-year-old man. Histopathologically, the tumor was composed of both benign pleomorphic adenoma and the carcinoma area that showed adenocarcinoma NOS and squamous cell carcinoma. Finally this case was diagnosed as carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma including two carcinomatous components

Palatal development is one of the crucial events in craniofacial morphogenesis, according to the significant signaling pathway. In the fusion of palatal shelves, EMT is a fundamental process to achieve the proper morphogenesis of palate. Mechanisms of EMT have been reported as the processes of migration, apoptosis or general EMT through the modulations through various signalling molecules. Rgs19, known as a RGS family through GTPase activity, showed the interesting epithelial expression patterns in various organogenesis including the significant expression patterns of Rgs19 in palatal development. To evaluate the precise function of Rgs19 in palatogenesis, we employed the loss of function studies using AS-ODN treatments while in vitro palate organ cultivations. Knock-down of Rgs19 using treatments of AS-ODN showed the retarded palatal fusion with the decreased patterns of apoptosis in mesial epithelium edge (MEE). In addition, alteration patterns of related genes were examined with the qRT-PCR. And EMT process was delayed in MEE throught staining of pancytokeratin, which known as epithelial cell marker. These results show that expression of Rgs19 in MEE has crucial role of EMT, also Rgs19 affects to palatal fusion by regulation of apoptosis through the signalling modulations. Palatal development is one of the crucial events in craniofacial morphogenesis, according to the significant signaling pathway. In the fusion of palatal shelves, EMT is a fundamental process to achieve the proper morphogenesis of palate. Mechanisms of EMT have been reported as the processes of migration, apoptosis or general EMT through the modulations through various signalling molecules. Rgs19, known as a RGS family through GTPase activity, showed the interesting epithelial expression patterns in various organogenesis including the significant expression patterns of Rgs19 in palatal development. To evaluate the precise function of Rgs19 in palatogenesis, we employed the loss of function studies using AS-ODN treatments while in vitro palate organ cultivations. Knock-down of Rgs19 using treatments of AS-ODN showed the retarded palatal fusion with the decreased patterns of apoptosis in mesial epithelium edge (MEE). In addition, alteration patterns of related genes were examined with the qRT-PCR. And EMT process was delayed in MEE throught staining of pancytokeratin, which known as epithelial cell marker. These results show that expression of Rgs19 in MEE has crucial role of EMT, also Rgs19 affects to palatal fusion by regulation of apoptosis through the signalling modulations.

Primary localized amyloidosis of the palate is a rare condition. We present a case of localized amyloidosis of the palate of a 49-year-old Korean female who suffered from asymptomatic nodular swelling. Microscopic examination revealed extensive deposition of pale eosinophilic amorphous material throught the lamina propria and within the walls of small blood vessels. A diagnosis of localized amyloidosis was made after the biopsy revealed characteristic staining on Congo red, and an extensive workup for systemic involvement was negative. Localized amyloidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of palatal nodular lesions

Traumatic eosinophilic granuloma(TEG) of the oral mucosa is considered to be a reactive benign condition. Histology revealed diffuse mixed infiltration of eosinophil and atypical mononuclear cells. We have described an additional case of TEG simulating oral malignany where immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of CD30+ large atypical cells. The CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorder(LPD) of oral mucosa, although rare, has also been described. In this case, there was scattered distribution of CD30+ cells. After the incisional biopsy, the remainder of oral lesion got disappeared progressively and there is no sign of recurrence. We believe that this case could be a reactive rather than neoplastic process, and it has been suggested that a subset of TEG could be included within the spectrum of CD30+ LPDs. Therefore, oral surgeon and pathologists’ awareness of this condition will reduce the likelihood of misdiagnosis and inappropriate aggressive treatment for this benign, self-limiting lesion.

Al thou gh calcifi cation is a common finding in inflammatory salivary gland disorders , saliva ry gland tumour ra rely s hows calcifications. A case of clear cell mucoepidermoid carcinoma(MEC) of the hard pa late with extensive intra tumoural calcifïcations vis ible on computed tomog r때hy(CT) scans and histologic sections is described. The calci fï caLion in the sali va ry gland tumour 0 1' the palate recogni zed by a CT scan s hould be considered in the differential diagnosis of a MEC The mechanism of the i ntratumoural calcifi cation in our case is speculated to be a result of a secretory fu nction 0 1' the tumour cells

A 67-year-old man presented with painful whitish mucosal rashes on the left side of his palate at initial presentation, and subsequently, multiple, grouped erythematous vesicular eruptions developed on the left side of his face (V2-V3 distribution). In this case, the distribution pattern of oral lesions were atypical of herpes zoster infection. Attention should be paid to the possibility that such symptoms could be early signs of herpes zoster infection.