Due to the rapid advancements in power distribution, television, and telecommunication, aerial cables have been rampant in urban cities. Aerial cables, while cost-effective, contribute to visual pollution, pose safety hazards, and complicate urban planning. To solve these challenges, many cities are exploring new ways to construct these cables without the use of high poles and one of the solutions is transitioning to underground cable by minitrenching method. Minitrenching offers a less invasive, more efficient solution for underground cable deployment. This study highlights the potential of innovative minitrenching materials to enhance underground cable protection while addressing the limitations of aerial cable installations in urban settings. Three minitrenching materials were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in protecting underground cables from heavy truck loads using finite element method (FEM). The materials tested were: (1) sand backfill with asphalt concrete surface, (2) cement mortar backfill with self-compacting mastic asphalt surface, and (3) cement mortar backfill with asphalt concrete surface. Results showed that the proposed materials (cement mortar and self-compacting mastic asphalt) significantly reduced strain on the underground cable compared to traditional materials (sand and asphalt concrete). The strain values decreased from 713 microstrains with traditional materials to 333 microstrains with the proposed materials, representing a reduction of approximately 53%. The third combination, intended as a maintenance material, yielded an intermediate strain value of 413 microstrains, demonstrating its acceptability as a minitrenching material.

겨울철 눈, 결빙 구간의 교통사고는 평시대비 17.6 % 증가 되며, 결빙에 의한 교통사고 비율은 32.5%를 차지한다. 겨울철 교통사고 발생을 저감시키기 위해 친환경제설제의 살포 등 많은 노력을 기울이고 있지만, 염화칼슘과 같은 일반 제설제의 경우 도로구조물의 열화를 촉진하며 차량 부식을 발생시키는 요인이 되고, 열선 설치는 높은 가격으로 인해 일부 위험 구간에 소규모로 설치가 되는 한 계를 갖고 있다. 교통안전 시설 중 하나인 미끄럼방지포장재는 노면의 미끄럼저항력을 높여 주어 자동차의 제동거리를 짧게 하기 위 한 포장시설이며 선형이 불량한 구간, 내리막 구간, 어린이보호구역 등에 설치되어, 미끄럼저항 및 시인성 등의 효과로 인해 교통안전 에 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 본 연구는 융설기능을 포함한 미끄럼방지포장재에 관한 연구로 미끄럼방지포장재가 자체적으로 융설기 능을 발휘하여 강설 시 조기융설효과를 나타내며 이후 결빙방지 효과까지 발현하여 겨울철 교통안전 확보에 기여하고자 한다.

PURPOSES : As evaluation methods for road paving materials become increasingly complex, there is a need for a method that combines computational science and informatics for new material development. This study aimed to develop a rational methodology for applying molecular dynamics and AI-based material development techniques to the development of additives for asphalt mixtures. METHODS : This study reviewed relevant literature to analyze various molecular models, evaluation methods, and metrics for asphalt binders. It examined the molecular structures and conditions required for calculations using molecular dynamics and evaluated methods for assessing the interactions between additives and asphalt binders, as well as properties such as the density, viscosity, and glass transition temperature. Key evaluation indicators included the concept and application of interaction energy, work of adhesion, cohesive energy density, solubility parameters, radial distribution function, energy barriers, elastic modulus, viscosity, and stress-strain curves. RESULTS : The study identified key factors and conditions for effectively evaluating the physical properties of asphalt binders and additives. It proposed selective application methods and ranges for the layer structure, temperature conditions, and evaluation metrics, considering the actual conditions in which asphalt binders were used. Additional elements and conditions considered in the literature may be further explored, considering the computational demands. CONCLUSIONS : This study devised a methodology for evaluating the physical properties of asphalt binders considering temperature and aging. It reviewed and selected useful indicators for assessing the interaction between asphalt binders, additives, and modified asphalt binders and aggregates under various environmental conditions. By applying the proposed methods and linking the results with informatics, the interaction between asphalt binders and additives could be efficiently evaluated, serving as a reliable method for new material development.

최근 국내 겨울철 블랙아이스(Black Ice)로 인해 발생하는 교통사고가 증가하는 추세이며, 한국 도로교통공단 조사 결 과 2016～2020년 겨울철까지 블랙아이스로 인한 사고는 총 4,868건이며, 사상자는 8,938명인 것으로 조사 되었다. 도로상 태에 따라 건조대비 동결상태에서 교통사고 발생시 치사율이 43%로 높게 나타났다. 이러한 사고는 기온이 떨어지는 12 월부터 급증하여, 최저기온이 가장낮은 1월까지 증가한다. 블랙아이스는 도로에 쌓인 눈이 융해(해설)과 동시에 도로 위 각종 이물질과 결합 후 재동결하여 흑색 동결막을 형성하는 것을 말한다. 그 특성상 운전자가 차량내부에서 도로의 상태 를 쉽게 파악할 수 없으며 대부분의 운전자가 차량이 미끄러지기 시작함과 동시에 인지하여 사고가 발생하게 된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기존 포장체의 미끄럼 저항도를 상태별로 비교 분석하였다. 포장체의 미끄럼 저항성 정도를 파악하기 위 해 영국식 미끄럼저항 시험기 (British Pendulum Tester ; BPT)를 사용하였으며, 포장체의 종류로는 일반적인 밀입도 아스팔트 포장, 배수성 아스팔트 포장, 그루빙(포장 표면에 일정한 규격의 홈을 형성)을 적용한 콘크리트 포장, 그루빙이 없는 콘크리트 포장을 적용하였다. 미끄럼저항 실험은 관련 KS규격 및 ASTM규격에 준하여 실시하되 블랙아이스를 모 사하기위하여 표면온도 영하 2～3℃ 샘플에 강우를 모사한 물을 분사하며 영하 9℃로 10분 동결 후 2mm강수량을 모사 한 수분을 재 분사한 후 시험을 실시하였다.

PURPOSES : Recently, interest in maintaining aged concrete pavements has been increasing. An asphalt overlay is generally used for pavement maintenance, and a tack coat is used to secure interlayer adhesion. Particularly, aged concrete pavements are required for higher adhesion performance of tack coats for attaching interlayers to materials with different properties. Insufficient interlayer adhesion could cause pavement damage, such as slippage, rutting, shoving, corrugation, and pothole. In this study, we examined the performance of interface adhesion by applying a tack coat material developed for maintaining aged concrete pavement. METHODS : In this study, we examined the effect of adhesion performance at the pavement interface, using a tack coat material developed for the maintenance of aged concrete pavement. RESULTS : The developed tack coat not only accomplished the performance objectives but also improved the results by more than 12 to 43%, compared to commonly used materials. CONCLUSIONS : The use of developed tack coat is expected to improve the interlayer adhesion and reduce the delay of the maintenance process in aged concrete pavement.

This study was conducted to develop a heat interception permeability aggregate pavement material that resists increase of air temperature and has permeability by decreasing pavement temperature of city in summer. For this study, a heat interception polymer binder mixed with heat interception material and polyurethane binder. And the study made heat interception permeability aggregate pavement material by mixing heat interception polymer binder. Using the materials, the study conducted flexural strength test and temperature reduction effect experiment. As the result, flexural strength was 5.43MPa average and the temperature reduction effect was effective up to maximum 16 degrees Celsius compared to current asphalt concrete.

It has been recognized that the performance of pavements is closely related to the properties of the underlying unbound layers and subgrade. It has also been recognized that unbound pavement materials possess a complex nature and often exhibit nonlinear behaviors [1, 2]. The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) is founded on the use of resilient modulus as the primary input parameter when characterizing unbound pavement materials [3, 4]. The resilient moduli of unbound materials are typically determined by performing repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests in the laboratory. Due to that laboratory resilient modulus tests require sophisticated equipment and trained operators following complicated test procedures, many transportation agencies may not have access to the laboratory facility and opt to correlate resilient modulus with field tests [5]. The long-term pavement performance (LTPP) program offers a large and diverse database that includes a range of laboratory-derived and field-derived properties for unbound materials of many in-service pavement sections. This study is aimed to utilize LTPP data to develop a correlation between the laboratory-derived resilient modulus and a field-derived parameter, dynamic cone penetration index (DCPI) for unbound aggregate materials. Data extracted from the LTPP database were subjected to a thorough quality check to ensure that the data are of good quality and without errors. One-on-one univariate regression was first performed to examine the significance of different variables, including DCPI and some physical properties such as dry unit weight, water content, plasticity index, percent passing No.200 sieve. The physical properties that show strong correlation were selected to be combined with field test parameter (DCPI) to conduct a multivariate regression analysis. A statistical model was developed for the prediction of resilient modulus of unbound aggregates from the DCP test parameters and physical properties. The model predicted a separate data set that did not participate in the correlation analysis, suggesting the success of applying the DCP test in evaluating the resilient modulus of pavement unbound aggregate materials.

Road network in the Mekong Delta is mostly coastal and river routes, then they are often flooded when the floods come in. As a result, the foundation and pavement are destroyed, reduced life expectancy, resulting in unsafety in traffic, cost of maintenance and repairs…. This paper establishes the technical conditions for the calculation on the flexible pavement working in the wet conditions (so flooded) based on the maximum usage of available materials in the provinces in the Mekong Delta. Simultaneously, we propose the flooded flexible pavement under the current climate change conditions.

OBJECTIVES: Bituminous materials, such as tack coat, are utilized between pavement layers for improving the bond strength in pavement construction sites. The standards regarding the application of bituminous material are not clearly presented in the Korean construction guideline without RS(C)-4. Hence, the objective of this study is to determine the optimum content of bituminous materials by analyzing interlayer shear strength (ISS) from the direct shear tester, which was developed in this research. The shear strength of tack coat was defined with the sort of bituminous materials. METHODS : The mixtures for the shear test were made using marshall mix design. The specimens were vertically and horizontally separated for the direct shear test. The separated specimens were bonded using bituminous material. The objectives of the experiment are to determine the performance of bond and shear properties resulting from slippage, rutting, shovel, and corrugation of asphalt pavements. A machine based on the Louisiana interlayer shear strength tester (LISST) of NCHRP Report-712 was developed to determine the ISS. The applied types of tack coat were RS(C)-4, AP-3, QRS-4, and BD-coat with contents of 0.3ℓ/m2, 0.45ℓ/m2, 0.6ℓ/m2, and 0.8ℓ/m2, respectively. RESULTS: Table 2 gives the results of the direct shear test using the developed shear machine. The BD-coat type indicated the highest average ISS value compared to the others. Between the surface and binder course, optimum tack coat application rates for AP-3, RS(C)-4, QRS-4, and BD-Coat were 0.6ℓ/m2, 0.3ℓ/m2, 0.6ℓ/m2, and 0.45ℓ/m2, respectively. These optimum contents were determined using the ISS value. CONCLUSIONS: The ISS values of AP-3, RS(C)-4, and QRS-4 showed similar tendencies when ISS increased in the range 0.3~0.6ℓ/m2, while ISS decreased when the applied rate exceeded 0.6ℓ/m2. Similarly, the highest ISS value of the BD-coat was observed when the applied rate was 0.45 ℓ/m2. However, shear strength was similar to the maximum value of ISS when the tack-coat application rate of BD-Coat exceeded 0.45ℓ/m2.

OBJECTIVES : This is a basic research for the domestic production of airport-airside deicers. This research selected basic materials for deicers appropriate for the pavement of domestic airports by evaluating the deicing performances of basic materials used in internationalstandard airport deicers and their impacts on pavements. METHODS: Laboratory investigation was conducted to evaluate the asphalt surface tensile strength, concrete scaling impact, ASR impact, and deicing performances of sodium formate (NaFm), potassium formate (KFm), sodium acetate (NaAc), and potassium acetate (KAc), which are the basic de-icing materials commonly used at international airports, approved by the FAA. In addition, the analyses were also performed on the airside deicer urea, which is currently used in domestic airports. RESULTS : Laboratory investigation confirmed that sodium formate, potassium formate, sodium acetate, and potassium acetate had superior surface tensile strength, concrete scaling impact, and deicing performance compared to airside urea, but they also had greater impacts on concrete ASR. Among these materials, sodium formate had the best asphalt surface tensile strength, concrete scaling impact, and deicing performance, while also having the greatest impact on ASR; hence, mitigation plans for ASR were needed, if it were to be used as airport-airside deicer. CONCLUSIONS : It is necessary to consider additional additives to prevent ASR of concrete pavements when developing airport-airside deicers using sodium formate, potassium formate, sodium acetate, and potassium acetate.

PURPOSES: This study aims to develop a repair material that can enhance pavement performance, inducing rapid traffic opening through early strength development and fast setting time by utilizing MgO-based patching materials for repairing road pavements. METHODS : To consider the applicability of MgO-based patching materials for repairing domestic road pavements, first, strength development and setting time of the materials were evaluated, based on MgO to KH2PO4 ratio, water to binder ratio, and addition ratio of retarder (Borax), by which the optimal mixture ratio of the developed material was obtained. To validate the performance of the developed material as a repair material, the strength(compressive strength and bonding strength) and durability (freezing, thawing, and chloride ion penetration resistance) was checked through testing, and its applicability was evaluated. RESULTS : The results showed that when an MgO-based patching material was used, the condensation time was reduced by 80%, and the compressive strength was enhanced by approximately 300%, as compared to existing cement-based repair materials. In addition, it was observed that the strength (compressive strength and bonding strength) and durability (freezing and thawing, and chloride ion penetration resistance) showed an excellent performance that satisfied the regulations. CONCLUSIONS : The results imply that an emergent repair/restoration could be covered by a rapid-hardening cement to meet the traffic limitation (i.e. the traffic restriction is only several hours for repair treatment). Furthermore, MgO-based patching materials can improve bonding strength and durability compared to existing repair materials.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to develop a deicing pavement system using carbon fiber or graphite with high electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity. METHODS: Based on literature reviews, in general, conventional concrete does not exhibit electrical and thermal conductivity. In order to achieve a new physical property, experiments were conducted by adding graphite and carbon fiber to a mortar specimen. RESULTS: The result of the laboratory experiment indicates that the addition of graphite can significantly reduce the compressive strength and improve the thermal conductivity of concrete. In the case of carbon fiber, however, the compressive strength of the concrete is slightly increased, whereas, the thermal conductivity is slightly decreased against the plain mortar irrespective of the length of the carbon fiber. In addition, a mixture of the graphite and carbon fiber can greatly improve the degree of heating test. CONCLUSIONS : Various properties of cement mortar change with the use of carbon fiber or graphite. To enhance the conductivity of concrete for deicing during winter, both carbon fiber and graphite are required to be used simultaneously.

PURPOSES: The performance of tack coat, commonly used for layer interface bonding, is affected by application rate and curing time. In this study, bonding strength tests were performed according to the application rate and curing time of asphalt emulsion. Based on finding from this study, optimum application rates and curing times are proposed. METHODS: In order to investigate bonding characteristic of asphalt emulsion, tests were performed on both asphalt concrete pavement and portland concrete pavement. Also, asphalt emulsions were tested at the application rate of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8l/m2 and at the curing time of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 24 hours. Pull-off test and shear bonding strength test, which commonly used for bonding strength measurement of asphalt emulsion, were adopted for this study. To assess field performance under different testing condition, asphalt emulsions were applied to in-service pavement. Throughout coefficient of determination analysis between material index properties from asphalt emulsion and mechanical response from bonding strength tests, performance correlativity was analyzed. RESULTS: Test results show that optimum application rate for asphalt overlay on asphalt concrete pavement (AOA) and asphalt overlay on concrete pavement (AOC) was 0.4~0.5l/m2 and 0.3~0.5l/m2, respectively. According to the curing time increment, tensile strength and shear strength of AOC were increased to 22~44% and 20~39%, respectively. AOA case also show strength increment in tensile strength (42%) and shear strength (9%). We tested the applicability of tack coat materials at the field sites, and our findings demonstrated that the bonding (for D and E) and rapid curing (for B, C, and D, E) performances were superior than others. Among material index properties, there was a high correlation between penetration ratio and bonding strength test result. CONCLUSIONS : Result show that interlayer bonding strength was affected by asphalt emulsion type, application rate and curing time. AOC required slightly higher application (0.1l/m2) than AOA. Both AOA and AOC cases show higher strength at longer curing time. Up to 2hours of curing, rapid strength increments were observed, but strength increment ratio was decreased after 2hours of curing. From the observed correlation between penetration ratio and bonding strength, it is expected that penetration ratio can be used as one of important factors affecting bonding strength analysis.

PURPOSES : As a research to develop a cement treated base course for an airport pavement which can enhance its drainage, this paper investigated the strength, infiltration performance and durability of the pervious concrete with respect to maximum coarse aggregate sizes and compaction methods. METHODS : This study measured compressive strength, infiltration rate, continuous porosity and freeze-thaw resistance of pervious concrete specimens, which were fabricated with five different compaction methods and different maximum aggregate sizes. In addition, in order to reduce the usage of Portland cement content and to enhance environment-friendliness, a portion of the cement was replaced with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS). RESULTS: Compressive strength requirement, 5 MPa at 7 days, was met for all applied compaction methods and aggregate sizes, except for the case of self-compaction. Infiltration rate became increased as the size of aggregate increased. The measured continuous porosities varied with the different compaction methods but the variation was not significant. When GGBS was incorporated, the strength requirement was successfully satisfied and the resistance to freezing-thawing was also superior to the required limit. CONCLUSIONS: The infiltration rate increased as the maximum size of aggregate increased but considering construct ability and supply of course aggregate, its size is recommended to be 25mm. With the suggested mix proportions, the developed pervious concrete is expected to successfully meet requirements for strength, drainage and durability for cement treated base or subbase course of an airport pavement.

PURPOSES : Compared to the criteria from advanced countries, Korea has conservative criteria for the buried depth of pipeline (about 30~70cm deeper) causing the waste of cost and time. Therefore, this research investigated the effect of various buried depths of pipeline on pavement performance in order to modify the criteria to be safe but economical. In addition, a recycled aggregate which is effective in economical and environmental aspect was evaluated to be used as a refilling material. METHODS : In this study, total 10 pilot sections which are composed with various combinations of pavement structure, buried depth of pipeline, and refilling material were constructed and the telecom cable was utilized as a buried pipeline. During construction, LFWD (Light Falling Weight Deflectometer) tests were conducted on each layer to measure the structural capacity of underlying layers. After the construction is completed, FWD (Falling Weight Deflectometer) tests and moving load tests were performed on top of the asphalt pavement surface. RESULTS : It was found from the LFWD and FWD test results that as the buried depth decrease, the deflections in subbase and surface layer were increased by 30% and 5~10%, respectively, but the deflection in base layer remained the same. In the moving load test, the longitudinal maximum strain was increased by 30% for 120mm of buried depth case and 5% for 100mm of buried depth case. Regarding the effect of refilling material, it was observed that the deflections in subbase and surface layer were 10% lager in recycled aggregate compared to the sand material. CONCLUSIONS : Based on the testing results, it was found that the change in buried depth and refiliing material would not significantly affect the pavement performance. However, it is noted that the final conclusion should be made based on an intensive structural analysis for the pavement under realistic conditions (i.e., repeated loading and environmental loading) along with the field test results.

본 연구는 아스팔트 포장 파손을 복구하는 보수재료에 대한 연구이다. 현재 국내에서 사용되고 있는 네가지 종류 재료들에 대하여 실내 및 현장시험을 실시하였다. 실내 시험으로 마샬안정도시험, 간접인장시험, 수침잔류 안정도시험, 휠트랙킹 시험을 실시하였다. 또한 성능시험으로는 기존 아스팔트 콘크리트 혼합물과의 수평전단강도시험을 실시하였다. 현장시험은 아스팔트 포장 도로상에서 차량바퀴가 통과하는 지점에 패칭 슬래브를 제작하여 차량 통과에 따른 공용 결과를 관찰하였다. 실내시험 결과는 현재 적용되고 있는 설계 재료들의 기준은 수침잔류 안정도를 제외하고 만족하였다. Type C가 가장 높은 수평전단강도를 나타냈다. 그러나 시공후 10일 이후부터 소성변형과 탈리와 같은 파손이 발생하였다. 따라서 현재 사용되고 있는 상온보수 재료들을 현장에 적용할 경우에 우수한 성능을 기대할 수 없어서 조기파손을 방지할 수 있는 새로운 시험방법의 개발과 적용이 필요하다.