To identify effective methods for boosting incidental vocabulary learning, this study examines the impacts of two tools—bimodal presentation (BP) and lexical elaboration (LE)—on vocabulary acquisition through repeated encounters with target words during meaning-focused reading. In a quiet and comfortable place conducive to full concentration on reading comprehension, 80 L2 learners of English were assigned to one of four treatment groups (BP+LE+, BP+LE-, BP-LE+, and BP-LE-) and individually read three reading passages where target words appeared four times. Surprise posttests assessed meaning recognition and meaning recall. The results of this ecologically valid experiment show significant vocabulary learning through reading, with BP notably enhancing meaning recall. Although the main effect of LE was non-significant, LE was also significantly effective for both meaning recognition and meaning recall if it was noticed by participants. These findings suggest that BP and LE can serve as valuable tools for promoting vocabulary acquisition during meaning-centered reading.

촉각과 정서에 관해 이루어진 선행 연구들에서는 어떤 촉각 자극이 특정 정서를 유발하는가에 초점을 맞춰 진행되 었다. 또한, 시각이 촉각 지각의 과정에서 중요한 역할을 함에도 불구하고 촉각의 단일 양상에만 주목하여 연구가 진행되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 촉각 자극을 활용하여 거칠기, 경도, 시각 차단 여부라는 세 가지 변인이 촉각 지각 에 따른 정서 경험에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 실험 자극은 일상생활에서 접할 수 있는 사물을 사용하였으 며, 거칠기 2조건(거친, 매끄러운), 경도 2조건(단단한, 부드러운)을 교차하여 ‘거친/단단한’, ‘거친/부드러운’, ‘매끄러 운/단단한’, ‘매끄러운/부드러운’이라는 4가지 조건에 맞게 선정하였다. 실험은 시각 차단 여부에 따라 두 세션으로 구분되었다. 참가자들은 촉각 자극을 보지 않으면서 만진 뒤에 평정하는 세션을 마치고, 촉각 자극을 보면서 만진 뒤에 평정하는 세션을 진행하였다. 반복측정 변량분석 결과, 보면서 자극을 만질 때 더 긍정적으로 느끼며, 보지 않으면서 자극을 만질 때 더 부정적으로 느낌을 확인하였다. 또한 매끄러운 자극과 부드러운 자극을 더 긍정적으로 느끼고 거친 자극을 더 부정적으로 느꼈으며, 이 경향이 보지 않고 만졌을 때 더 강했다. 본 연구의 결과는 시각 정보가 제공되는 경우와 제공되지 않는 경우 촉각 경험에 대한 정서 반응이 어떻게 다른지를 이해함으로써, 정서와 시각 정보 처리 간의 상호작용에 대한 이해를 높일 수 있다는 시사점을 가진다.

Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is a bacterial infection which primarily transmitted to humans through scratches, bites, or licks from infected cats. Even though CSD is generally a mild condition, atypical symptoms may appear and must be distinguished from other diseases. We encountered a 57-year-old woman who presented with intermittent pain in the right upper quadrant and epigastric part of the abdomen, and had lost 11 kg within a few months. She never had a cat and did not recall being scratched by a cat. Radiologic examinations strongly suggest a malignant bile duct tumor, thus liver resection was done. However, the result of histopathology was a CSD. At follow-up, the patient was stable and also showed improvement in her general condition. Hence, proper preoperative examinations of the patients are crucial in order to avoid excessive or inadequate treatment.

To reduce food waste at the retail and personal consumption stages, discounts are offered in retail channels to encourage consumers to buy goods that are less attractive or close to their expiry dates. While discounts can encourage consumers to accept and purchase suboptimal foods, previous studies find that low prices or price discounts will make consumers produce positive or negative perceptions of product values. Consumers may increase their purchase intentions due to price concessions, but will think that price reductions are caused by quality degradation and thus reduce their purchase intentions. Additionally, the literature rarely explores the interaction between original prices of suboptimal products and discount presentation modes. This study thus contends that the interaction between original prices of goods and discount types will lead to significant differences in consumers' attitudes and purchase behavior toward suboptimal products. For research goals, this study employed a full factorial between‐subjects experiment designed with 2 original prices (High and Low) × 2 discount presentation modes (Discount percentage and Discounted price). An anonymous web-based questionnaire posted on the popular PTT forum and in Facebook and Instagram related communities is used to collect the data, and then a total of 328 valid questionnaires were finally collected. The findings indicate that attitudes and purchase intentions toward suboptimal food with a low original price is significantly higher than that of a high original price. Among the interaction effects, the means of attitudes and purchase intentions on the level of the low original price of suboptimal foods presented by discount percentage are higher the other three types. For the high original prices of suboptimal foods, the means of attitudes and purchase intentions on the level of discounted price are higher than for discount percentage. Based on these findings, this study demonstrates that consumer attitudes and purchase decision-making toward suboptimal foods are shaped by original prices and discount presentation modes. In Asia-Pacific countries such as Taiwan, consumers are price-sensitive but once a food item belongs to the category of suboptimal foods, their perceptions of discounts become different. Consumers’ attitudes toward that food and their willingness to buy may be moderated by the high or low original price of suboptimal food with the levels of discount presentation mode. Thus, based on the analysis and results of this study, we offer fresh findings and make both theoretical and managerial contributions to the related field of suboptimal food marketing and price discounts.

Instagram marketing is a popular tool for communication in the tourism industry. However, research into effective execution tactics has been limited to the content, recipient characteristics, and sender types (e.g., celebrities) (i.e., Ferwerda & Tkalcic, 2018; Jin et al., 2019; Singh, 2020). The layouts of Instagram ads themselves have received little scholarly attention. Instagram ads typically convey multiple pieces of information in a single advertisement unit, raising concerns about the significance of the order in which the information is presented. Specifically, we must understand how different orders of presenting information affect a firm’s performance. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of presentation order on consumer behavioral intentions toward tour programs promoted on Instagram.

본 연구의 목적은 의미 있는 대상의 선호도 판단에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려진 원리인 내적 편향 원리와 규범적 관점 간의 상호작용 양상을 연구하는 데에 있다. 개별 개체의 친숙도가 규범적 관점에 영향을 미친다는 점 또한 고려 하여 친숙도 수준에 따른 두 선호도 원리의 작용 양상을 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 이중 대안 선택 과제를 활용한 행동 반응 실험을 진행하였으며, 친숙도 수준(높음/낮음)에 따라 각 8개의 단일 개체를 실험 재료로 하여 내 적 편향 원리 준수 여부와 규범적 관점 준수 여부를 조작하였다. 실험 결과, 내적 편향 원리를 준수한 상태에서 개체 가 제시된 경우가 내적 편향 원리가 위배된 상태로 개체가 제시된 경우보다 더 선호되었다. 선호 판단에 걸리는 반응 시간 또한 더 짧은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 규범적 관점 준수 여부는 선택 빈도 및 반응 시간에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 더불어, 개체의 친숙도는 선호도 판단과 관련된 의사 결정에 간섭 요인으로 작용하는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 개체 선호도 원리 중 내적 편향의 강도가 규범적 관점에 비해 더 우세하며, 단일 개체가 제시될 때 그에 대한 선호 판단에 있어서 그 개체가 가진 속성보다 시각적 문맥과의 상호작용이 중요하게 작용한다 는 것을 시사한다.

아일랜드의 저명한 노벨상 수상자인 셰이머스 히니는 적절한 시적 표현을 위해 종종 신화적인 작품들에 의존한다. 신화의 장르를 사용하기 위해, 히니는 과거를 재창조하거나 재고함으로써 과거를 이상화한다. 히니가 사용한 신화인물들 중에서, 안테우스는 히니의 끝없는 정신적 투쟁과 북아일랜드의 고난기에 겪었던 혼란을 독자들에게 끊임없이 상기시킨다. ｢안테우스｣와 ｢헤라클레스와 안테우스｣는 1975년 저서인 󰡔북쪽󰡕에서 히니가 겪었던 불안정, 불안, 트라우마, 우유부단함을 표현하려는 한 시도라 할 수 있다. 안테우스는 히니가 처한 상황에 대응하여, 자신의 환생에 대한 의문을 드러내고 자신의 딜레마를 보여줄 수 있는 대변자로 기능한다. 신화적 재현을 통해 히니는 의심할 여지없이 사회 정치적 정지 상태가 가져온 단절과 외세의 강요에 직면한 자신의 갈등을 재현한다.

목적 : 본 연구는 조건부 운전면허 중 차량제한(vehicle limit)에 대한 국가별 사례를 비교해보고 자율주행까지 범 위를 확대하여 작업치료사의 역할을 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 조건부 운전면허 중 신체 및 인지능력 보조를 위한 차량의 개조 및 특정 보조기기 부착조건의 차량제 한 제도가 있다. 우리나라의 경우, 신체장애를 기준으로 특정 차량 또는 보조기기 부착을 의무화하고 있다. 이에 반해 영국과 호주는 의학적 진단명에 따른 운전허용 기준을 마련하고, 필요에 따라 작업치료사의 평가와 관련 전문가의 상담을 통해 개인 맞춤형 차량의 개조 및 보조기기를 제공하고 있다. 자율주행시대를 반영한 운전면허 제도 개선 움직임이 진행되고 있다. 자율주행의 시대에 운전자는 새로운 기기의 조작 및 상황대처 능력 등 인지 적 능력이 강조될 것이며, 신체 장애인의 승하차에 대한 중재 필요성은 여전히 요구될 것이다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 차량제한에 있어서의 호주, 영국과의 비교를 통해 작업치료사의 역할에 대한 이해를 바탕 으로 작업치료사의 업무범위와 역할 확대에 관한 논의가 이루어 질 것으로 기대된다.

The purpose of this research is to find out how EFL college learners utilized machine translation while writing their presentation scripts. Specifically, it attempted to examine the characteristics of the English translation outputs by MT and students’ self-edited drafts, and their perceptions toward the use of MT in English writing classes. Six college students were asked to submit one Korean draft, two machine translation drafts, and one self-edited draft, and two in-depth interviews were conducted with each of the participants during the course of the semester. Grammarly (2022), a free online grammar and spelling checker, was used to examine the characteristics of the collected writings, and Miles and Huberman’s (1994) three-step analytic method was employed to analyze the data from the in-depth interviews. The results of data analysis revealed that 1) there were more lexical errors than grammatical errors, and the number of the errors did not show a big difference between the different drafts; 2) Also, students viewed the use of MT in the English writing classes positively but found it difficult to properly use. Based on the research findings, pedagogical implications for the effective use of MT in English writing classes were suggested.

In this study, the PBL class was applied to a Vietnamese video class. 13 learners were divided into 3 groups, and it was examined whether all learners grew toward their learning goals, and if so, through what process they grew. When group 1 announces a task, groups 2 and 3 perform peer evaluation and submit a peer evaluation sheet. For this, group 1 categorized the contents of peer evaluation into reflecting, partially reflecting, revised, and not reflecting to prepare the presentation evaluation sheet. Further, they were required to write a reason why “not reflecting.” A reflection log was also submitted. As a result of the above, the assignments were immediately revised, supplemented, and developed every week through peer and instructor evaluation. Through this process, the instructor learned in detail what kind of reflection the presenter and team members were doing each week. In particular, learners achieved ‘up-leveling’ with the activeness of immediately accepting each other’s strengths while conducting peer evaluations on each other’s presentations. This shows that the weekly assignments are improved, while the competencies of both the presentation team and peers are developed at the same time.

This study is undertaken to design a Korean presentation class for academic purposes based on CALLA (Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach) and to find its effectiveness. In this study, 10 foreign graduate students participated in the class which teaches presentation strategies for 15 weeks. According to CALLA, some useful presentation strategies were introduced and practiced repeatedly, and the students’ presentations in Korean considering their major were completed gradually. As a result, positive effects from the presentation class on the perspective of language, non-language and data organization could be acquired through repetitive feedback and practice. Thus, the students could use the proper discourse for topics ranging from the introduction and development of the presentation to concluding presentation. The learners have shown a lot of improvements in presentation ability through the CALLA course regardless of language proficiency but the class design used in the study should be conducted in other presentation classes for academic purposes.

AR (Augmented Reality; 증강현실)은 가상의 이미지를 현실 세계에 덧붙이는 기술이다. 본 연구는 온라인으로 활발히 소비되는 품목인 음식을 AR로 제시했을 때의 효과를 살펴보고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 AR 음식 이미지가 구매 의사와 사용자 참여에 미치는 영향을 정적인 음식 이미지와 비교하여 알아보았고, 이미지 제시 방식과 구매 의사와의 관계를 사용자 참여가 매개하는지도 살펴보았다. 참가자는 두 조건 중 하나로 무선할당되어 AR 조건은 AR로 음식 이미지를 보고 정적 조건은 정적인 음식 이미지를 보았다. 그 후 참가자들은 사용자 참여와 구매 의사를 묻는 설문에 응답했다. 실험 결과, AR로 음식을 본 조건이 정적인 이미지를 본 조건보다 사용자 참여가 더 높았고, 구매 의사 또한 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 매개 분석 결과, 사용자 참여의 간접효과는 통계적으로 유의했으며, 사용자 참여는 이미지 제시 방법과 구매 의사 간의 관계를 완전매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 하위요인별로 매개 분석을 진행한 결과, 사용자 참여의 하위 척도 중에서도 심미성의 완전매개 효과가 나타났다. 연구 결과를 정리하면, AR로 음식 이미지를 보게 되면 심미성이 높아지며, 높은 심미성은 음식에 대한 높은 구매 의사로 이어진다. 따라서 본 연구는 음식 이미지를 제시하는 방법으로 AR 기술이 효과적으로 사용될 수 있음을 밝히고 있다.

The research employs factor analysis, followed by a MANOVA procedure to explore relationships between fashion consumption and social media usage behavior based on data collected from 447 individuals. Findings suggest that social media usage and apparel consumption motivations interact, particularly for whom use social media for instant-self presentation.

PURPOSES : With the recent change to domestic and overseas construction technologies, which led to the adoption and application of threedimensional building information management (BIM), a BIM output delivery operation system is needed for the civil engineering infrastructure category. This study analyzes the domestic and overseas BIM-order placement, BIM-related guidelines/guides, and the BIM output delivery system for the road construction project category to present guideline development measures for BIM output writing and delivery. METHODS: This study surveys and analyzes the domestic BIM-related research trends to examine the domestic-infrastructure BIM-order placement situations in public ordering agencies. Additionally, it analyzes the domestic BIM-related guides and guidelines and existing twodimensional electronic delivery systems and the domestic and overseas BIM output delivery systems. This study defines the guideline composition system and direction to present criteria for BIM output writing, delivery, management, and utilization in the road category. Furthermore, it presents guideline composition measures for BIM output writing and delivery to propose detailed criteria, output-list composition, and output inspection procedures. RESULTS : This study presented BIM output guideline development measures for planning BIM output writing and delivery and management/utilization measures in the road category. To that end, it determined the domestic and overseas BIM guide and guideline composition systems, BIM ordering criteria, BIM data writing and delivery criteria, BIM output management and utilization measures, and a common BIM output list to present suitable detailed criteria. CONCLUSIONS: This study sought to respond to changes to the domestic and overseas construction environment and to present output writing/delivery guidelines as activation measures supporting the adoption and application of BIM. To that end, we analyzed the domestic and overseas BIM guidelines and guides, task instructions, bid information, etc. to define the appropriate composition system and to give it direction. We defined the contents of tables and detailed descriptions to present guideline development measures for BIM output writing/delivery guidelines in the road category. This is expected to improve work efficiency for BIM and to enhance output quality and utilization. Furthermore, the adoption of BIM in the road category will provide an infrastructure environment with which to exchange BIM information with related agencies. We plant to further develop verification tools for the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport's BIM model projects, for their output writing and delivery, and for an integrated BIM platform that will continue to improve the proposed criteria.

How to make a Korean student who learns Chinese know China in no time? In this article, the author studies the Chinese cultural factors in four Chinese textbooks of the Korea high school, investigate the choosing, presenting and explaining of the cultural factors in language textbooks, also combines the experience of compiling the textbooks and teaching Chinese as second language pedagogy, the author proposes that ten central culture subjects should be put up in the basic Chinese textbooks, centering on the culture subjects, picking over some cultural factors which must have the representativeness, closing to students’ life, inspiring the interest in learning and the strong spirit of the times, all these would be presented in the way of culture pictures and vocabulary, adding some statements to further articulate the culture content, to help the students set up a full and actual cultural cognitive frame, and the culture pictures should be typical, multifarious and authentic, and the presentation modes should be in Korean, Pin Yin and Chinese character throughout the text, the statement should be simple and clear. This article emphasizes in the basic Chinese textbooks, and the high school Chinese textbooks should be more about matching the choosing, presenting and explaining of the local culture vocabulary, to help the students who learn Chinese accumulate local culture vocabulary and culture statement.

Consumption practices for self-construction and impression management have been widely studied. However, most research adopts snap-shot, cross-sectional views and focuses mainly on leisure and home settings, giving little attention to the mundane context of workplace. Building on the works of Goffman and Bourdieu, this study takes an over-time view to understand how professionals acquire cultural capital related resources and practices for impression management over their career life. Based on retrospective narrative inquiries (Davies & Fitchett, 2015) and a novel on-route walking-with interview (Richardson, 2015) to capture bodily and other affective resonances, this paper reports on our analysis so far with ten senior executives in Hong Kong, as part of an on-going study. Mutability and agency are key to understand the biographical evolution of cultural capital for impression management. Exclusive resources and practices, such as grooming styles and dining choices, are found as ‘class-markers’ in the workplace (Bourdieu 1984), which also keep changing over people’s career life. With thin cultural capital, junior executives can only rely on extrinsic ‘sign vehicles’ (Goffman 1959) such as appearance and surface diligence to extend their work identity (Belk, 1988; Tian and Belk 2005). Over time, when cultural capital is accumulated through accrued learning and socialization (Bourdieu, 1977; Skeggs, 2004), senior executives climb up the career ladder by building up embodied habitus to differentiate themselves through more intrinsic competence and practices, such as discourse and decisive judgement. The study also reflects the field-specific nature of cultural capital (Bourdieu & Wacquant, 1992) and finds that resources valued in one field could become liabilities or capital shocks in another. Such ‘embodied hysteresis’ is found attributable to the rupture between the changing field conditions (McDonough & Polzer, 2012) and we example how executives struggle with self-field incongruity when switching workplaces. Lastly, the study reveals that the workplace is itself a potent ground for learning embodied competences for workplace consumption and practices. Secondary socialization through observation of the referenced others and continuous self-reflection is found to be a crucial source of acquiring cultural capital for self-presentation.

The purpose of the current study was to deduct the factors for e-sports and to develop measurement scale of each images of those factors so as to establish the concept of esports. In order to achieve the aforementioned purpose, the study was conducted through three steps: (1) deduction of the elementary/principal factors which were based on the literature investigation and in-depth interview of experts and general public, (2) conducting first survey and exploratory factor analysis, and (3) conducting secondary survey followed by confirmatory factor analysis. In the first step, in order to develop and identify measurement scales, images concerning e-sports, game and sports perceived by consumers and related items used in the extant literature were investigated. Additionally, in order to verify the face and content validity of deducted items, in-depth interview of experts, professional gamers, professors of Sports Science, doctoral students, people in charge, general public and etc was conducted. And in the second step, the survey with those confirmed items scales were conducted and with the results derived from the survey, the exploratory factor analysis for measuring images consisting e-sports were also conducted. Finally, in the third step, secondary survey based on the results derived from the exploratory factor analysis were conducted and in order to test uni-dimensionality of the measurement tool with the results emanated from the secondary survey, confirmatory factor analysis were conducted. Through aforementioned three steps, the current study confirmed the image factors consisting e-sports which are comprised of six positive factors (i.e., sociality, entertainingness, aestheticness, leisureness, education, and stress relief) and five negative factors (i.e., addictiveness, violence, commercial viability/marketability, and closedness).

This study tries to focus on the psychological influence by social media on user and tries to find a relationship between psychological influence and consumption patterns. Therefore, we contend that social media are platforms of interaction in that they can generate social empowerment—users feeling that they have an impact on others which gives them high self-worth (Sara Hanson, 2017) and temporarily rise self-worth can lead low self-control. Khan and Dhar (2006) find that a prior virtuous act can momentarily increase one’s self-concept, which leads to more self-indulgence in unrelated decisions. In this paper, we also investigated the two types of social media users by their presentation focus (self vs. other). In social media, there are two types of users: player & watcher. Players are users who have many followers, post lots of information about themselves and need love and attention from other users. Thus, a player which is called self-presentation focus (Wilcox, 2013) is defined as a user who focuses on information they are presenting to people in social media. In contrast, watchers are users who don’t post information on social media as actively as players but love to observe and like or dislike other users’ posts. Thus, a watcher which is called other-presentation focus (Wilcox, 2013) is defined as a user who focuses on information people present to them in social media and this is called other-presentation focus. In general, players could feel more social empowerment because posting information can be one of the activities involving interacting with other users. However, we contend that watchers will feel rather more social empowerment because having an impact, or having the feeling of social empowerment, involves the perception that one’s actions are beneficial to others, which is giving a like or comment to other user in social media (Grant and Campbell 2007). This research will have several theoretical and managerial implications. First, this study will show the influence of social media on users’ behavior and mentality, and which are related to self-control and social-empowerment. Second, this study will discover which type of social media user can be affected effectively by firms’ social media efforts.