Copper, mainly used as a material for outer canister, generates various corrosion products under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the operational and/or post-closure phases of the deep geological repository. These products could affect performance of engineering barrier system (EBS) through interaction with surrounding bentonite that makes up the buffer and backfill materials. Accordingly, in this study, we suggested research items to be conducted to minimize degradation of EBS due to copper corrosion products, based on the phenomenological review results for copper corrosion mechanisms and interaction between resultant product and bentonite in the deep geological disposal environment. During the post-closure phase, condition in the disposal facility changes form aerobic to anaerobic over time, and thereby, causes and products of copper corrosion vary. Under aerobic condition, copper corrosion is mainly induced by oxygen (O2) in the repository, chloride (Cl-) and carbonate (CO3 2-) ions from groundwater flowing into the facility, resulting in corrosion products such as cuprite (Cu2O), tenorite (CuO), atacamite (CuCl2·3Cu(OH)2) and malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2). And, copper corrosion under anaerobic condition is primarily due to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfate (SO4 2-) in groundwater flowing into the facility, leading to formation of chalcocite (Cu2S) and covellite (CuS) as corrosion products. Depending on environment of the disposal facility, copper corrosion products are dissolved and ionized to Cu2+ in groundwater, and subsequently adsorbed on the nearby smectite. Then, it causes a cation exchange reaction with exchangeable cations in the interlayer of smectite. As a result of reviewing the previous experiments, it was confirmed that Cu2+-exchanged bentonite has a slightly reduced basal spacing and swelling capacity. From the results as above, there is a possibility that performance of EBS may be degraded due to copper corrosion products. To minimize its effect of degradation in the domestic facility, items to be further studied are as follows: (a) Method for reducing copper corrosion such as selection of appropriate material and structure for the canister, and (b) How to control dissolution of copper canister product into groundwater through predicting type and ionization process. The results of this study could be directly used to developing design concept of EBS for the domestic disposal facility and to establishing roadmap of future R&D programs.

왕담배나방은 기주범위가 넓은 다식성으로 토마토, 옥수수, 담배, 해바라기, 땅콩, 면화, 콩 등 다양한 작물에 피해를 주는 해충이며, 장거리 이동성 해충으로도 유명하다. 본 연구에서는 기존 자료를 바탕으로 월동번데기의 성충으로 우화모델(2종)를 작성하고 포장 실측자료와 비교하여 평가하였다. 월동 번데기는 휴면을 종료한 후 안점소실 과정을 거쳐 정상의 번데기로 이행되고 비로소 성충으로 우화하는 것으로 가정하였다. 첫 번째 모형(모 형 1)은 2단계 휴면후발육 우화모형으로 안점소실에 필요한 적산온도 59.9DD (발육영점온도 15.9℃)와 번데기 발육완료에 필요한 192.3DD (발육영점온도 10.2℃)로 구성하였다. 두 번째 모형(모형 2)은 온도자극 우화모형으 로 17.63℃의 온도자극 이후에 번데기 발육을 개시하는 모형이었다. 적산온도는 단순 평균온도법과 사인곡선법 으로 계산하여 비교하였다. 포장자료와 비교 결과 모형 1에 사인곡선법을 적용했을 때 실측치와 편차가 3일보다 작거나 차이가 없었다. 반면 사인곡선법을 적용한 모형 2는 3~6.5일의 편차가 있었다. 평균온도법을 적용한 경우 두 모형 모두 실측치와 편차가 증가하였다. 모형을 활용하여 예측 우화시기와 트랩유살자료를 비교하여 왕담배 나방의 비래 가능성에 대하여 고찰하였다.

Background: In modern society, the use of computers accounts for a large proportion of our daily lives. Although substantial research is being actively conducted on musculoskeletal diseases resulting from computer use, there has been a recent surge in interest in improving the working environment for prevention. Objects: This study aimed to examine the effects of posture correction feedback (PCF) on changes in neck posture and muscle activation during computer typing. Methods: The participants performed a computer typing task in two sessions, each lasting 16 minutes. The participant’s dominant side was photographed and analyzed using ImageJ software to verify neck posture. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to confirm the participant’s cervical erector spinae (CES) and upper trapezius muscle activities. The EMG signal was analyzed using the percentage of reference voluntary contraction and amplitude probability distribution function (APDF). In the second session, visual and auditory feedback for posture correction was provided if the neck was flexed by more than 15° in the initial position during computer typing. A 20-minute rest period was provided between the two sessions. Results: The neck angle (p = 0.014), CES muscle activity (p = 0.008), and APDF (p = 0.015) showed significant differences depending on the presence of the PCF. Furthermore, significant differences were observed regarding the CES muscle activity (p = 0.001) and APDF (p = 0.002) over time. Conclusion: Our study showed that the feedback system can correct poor posture and reduces unnecessary muscle activation during computer work. The improved neck posture and reduced CES muscle activity observed in this study suggest that neck pain can be prevented. Based on these results, we suggest that the PCF system can be used to prevent neck pain.

For the deep geological repository, engineering barrier system (EBS) is installed to restrict a release of radionuclide, groundwater infiltration, and unintentional human intrusion. Bentonite, mainly used as buffer and backfill materials, is composed of smectite and accessory minerals (e.g. salts, silica). During the post-closure phase, accessory minerals of bentonite may be redistributed through dissolution and precipitation due to thermal-hydraulic gradient formed by decay heat of spent nuclear fuel and groundwater inflow. It should be considered important since this cause canister corrosion and bentonite cementation, which consequently affect a performance of EBS. Accordingly, in this study, we first reviewed the analyses for the phenomenon carried out as part of construction permit and/or operating license applications in Sweden and Finland, and then summarized the prerequisite necessary to apply to the domestic disposal facility in the future. In previous studies in Sweden (SKB) and Finland (POSIVA), the accessory mineral alteration for the post-closure period was evaluated using TOUGHREACT, a kind of thermal-hydro-geochemical code. As a result of both analyses, it was found that anhydrite and calcite were precipitated at the canister surface, but the amount of calcite precipitate was insignificant. In addition, it was observed that precipitate of silica was negligible in POSIVA and there was a change in bentonite porosity due to precipitation of salts in SKB. Under the deep disposal conditions, the alteration of accessory minerals may have a meaningful influence on performance of the canister and buffer. However, for the backfill and closure, this is expected to be insignificant in that the thermal-hydraulic gradient inducing the alteration is low. As a result, for the performance assessment of domestic disposal facility, it is confirmed that a study on the alteration of accessory minerals in buffer bentonite is first required. However, in the study, the following data should reflect the domestic-specific characteristics: (a) detailed geometry of canister and buffer, (b) thermal and physical properties of canister, bentonite and host-rock in the disposal site, (c) geochemical parameters of bentonite, (d) initial composition of minerals and porewater in bentonite, (e) groundwater composition, and (f) decay heat of spent nuclear fuel in canister. It is presumed that insights from case studies for the accessory mineral alteration could be directly applied to the design and performance assessment of EBS, provided that input data specific to the domestic disposal facility is prepared for the assessment required.

과일 초파리(Drosophila melanogaster)는 실온 조건에서 한 주기가 12일 전후로, 세대가 짧고 번식력이 높아 일상생활 에서 다양한 피해를 주고 있다. 초파리 방제를 위해 살충제제 형태도 개발되어 있으나 주로 주방이나 음식물 근처에 발생하므로 약제 활용보다 살충 성분을 포함하지 않은 트랩 제품을 사용하는 것이 현 소비 트렌드에 적합한 것으로 보인다. 소비량이 높은 실온 과일 중, 바나나의 초파리 유인도를 확인하고 실질적으로 초파리 트랩 제품의 효능을 검정하기 위해 특정 공간 내(1.5x1.5x1.5 m)에서 초파리 유인도를 확인하였다. 국내 및 해외에 유통 중인 초파리 트랩 제품은 단독 평가 시 바나나 반 송이를 기준으로 과일과 동등한 유인 효과를 나타냈다. 그러나 과일과 함께 평가를 진행하는 경우, 과일에 유도된 초파리에 비하여 제품이 초파리를 유인하는 효과는 현저히 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. 본 결과를 바탕으로, 향후 초파리 트랩 제품 개발 시 실생활에 대한 환경을 상정하여 시험법을 개발할 필요가 있다.

The Genus Eugahania Mercet belongs to the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), containing 8 species in the world. They are mostly parasitoids on the nymphs of leafhoppers (Hemiptera). Until now, Eugahania have been barely studied in the world. In this study, the genus Eugahanua is reported for the first time from Korea including two new records. A key to the species, and diagnoses and photographs for each species are provided.

The oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera doralis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a tropical pest, have recently been expanded to temperate region neighboring with Korea, with increasing international trade and global climate change. The biological data of several B. dorsalis complex was collected, and the establishment potential in Korea was examined using ecoclimatic index and population model results obtained from CLIMEX and Popmodel, respectively. In the CLIMEX, B. dorsalis could be established in the small part of Jeju Island in the 2010s, and the range gradually spread until the 2090s, and many parts of the lowland of Jeju Island were assigned in the marginal to optimal range. Using the population model and the temporal distribution of the host fruits, it was found that B. dorsalis can use a variety of host plants without time lag, allowing them to increase its population and to damage citrus, the main crop of Jeju.

기존 발표된 CLIMEX 매개변수와 RCP 8.5 시나리오에서의 기후자료를 이용하여 우리나라 금지급 과실파리 12종의 국내에서의 향후 기후적합도를 산출하고 국내정착가능 여부를 평가하였다. 열대내지 아열대성인 Anastrepha ludens와 A.obliqua, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, Bactrocera latifrons, B.tryoni, Ceratitis capitata, C.rosa는 모두 2010년대에는 제주도 남부지방 또는 해안가 일부가 경계 지역으로써 정착 가능한 것으로 평가되었다. B.correcta와 B.zonata는 2010년대에 제주 산간을 제외한 전역과 남해안 극히 일부 지역이 경계 지역에 포함되며, B.zonata, B.latifrons의 경우 제주에 적절내지 최적 지역이 형성되었다. 중북부, 내륙에서 이들 종의 기후적합성이 부적절한 것은 주로 저온 스트레스에 의한 것으로써 지구 온난화에 의해 기온이 상승하면서 2090년대에는 경계지역 범위가 해안가를 따라 상승하였다. 한편, B.tsuneonis와 Rhagoletis pomonella는 온대성 과실파리로서 주된 스트레스 요인은 습윤 스트레스였다. B.tsuneonis 는 2010년대부터 국내 산간을 제외한 대부분 지역이 이들 종의 최적 지역에 포함되었으며 그 범위는 점점 확장되었다. R.pomonella는 국내 대부분 지역이 적절 지역으로 평가되나 2050년, 2090년대에는 제주도 산간을 중심으로 정착 부절절 지역의 면적이 확장되었다. 한편, R.indifferens는 국내 중부지역을 중심으로 한 중산간 지역이 경계내지 적절 기후로 평가되나 정착가능 면적은 점차로 좁아져 2090년대에는 산간 극히 일부지역만 경계 지역으로 포함되었다.

New product crowdfunding has become an emerging method for start-ups to finance their innovative ideas. Since driving participants’ engagement is crucial to successful fundraising, it is important to study the factors that affect participants’ motivation to back the crowdfunding projects. In this paper, we first examine the impact of goal proximity on backing motivation and then we focus on investigating how group size affects perceived personal impact and resulting motivation to back a project. To test our hypotheses, we collected backing records and creativity ratings of smart wearables projects from a crowdfunding platform in China−Demohour.com. We used daily backers added as our dependent variable to capture potential backers’ motivation to back a project and modeled it using a negative binomial model with project and time fixed effects. Our empirical analyses suggest the following. First, consistent with existing research on the goal gradient effect, the funding ratio of a project is positively related to daily backers added while the positive effect becomes insignificant after reaching 100% funding ratio. Second, group size of backers has a negative effect on potential backers’ motivation. We explain that this is because individuals exert less effort due to decreased perceived personal impact when group size grows (social loafing effect) (Karau & Williams, 1993). Finally, creativity negatively moderates the effect of group size on backing motivation that the negative effect of group size especially calls for attention when the creativity level of the project is high.

The main purpose of this research is to explore the effects of usage frequency on the intention to reuse membership service while having perceived value play a role as a mediator. Usage frequency of membership services can affect consumers' fairness judgment. The more opportunities consumers have to perceive the fairness of a service, the more likely it is that they will choose to receive the identical service from the same provider in the future, since they form a positive attitude toward the service. In addition, the perceived value of the consumer can lead to the reuse of the service because it gives satisfaction to the consumer. Another objective of this research is to examine the moderating effect of regret and guilt on the relationship between perceived value and the intention to reuse membership service. Consistent with regret literature, if consumers perceive a consumption value that is smaller than the initially expected consumption value when using a membership service, they will regret the use of the service. Further, negative emotion such as regret often lead to negative attitudes and behaviors of consumers. Thus, as consumers feel regret, their willingness to use the membership service will continue to decrease. On the other hand, consumers experience guilt when they benefit from an unfair process (Krehbiel and Cropanzano, 2000). Similarly, when consumers judge that they have exceeded the usage frequency of membership service based on social norms or ethical principles of individuals, they will perceive unfairness. Consumers may try to offset their negative emotion by continuing to use identical membership services even after the end of the contract period as compensation for their guilty feelings. Thus, as consumers feel guilt, their willingness to use the membership service will continue to increase. This study proposes practical implications that a firm operating a membership service program can encourage a positive response of consumers in their service process by theoretically identifying the intrinsic process related to consumers' intention to reuse the service.