This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary protein level and supplementation of protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut microflora, intestinal morphology and fecal noxious gas emission in weanling pigs. A total of 240 weaned pigs (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc, 5.82±0.3 kg) were used during 4 weeks in 2 phases (days 0-14, phase 1; and days 15-28, phase 2) feeding program based on age and initial body weight. Pigs were allocated to 2×2 factorial arrangement, including 2 protein levels (HP, high protein; LP, low protein) and 2 protease levels (with or without protease). The average daily gain in the LP treatment (357 g/d) was increased rather than the HP treatment (339 g/d). A greater avarage daily gain was observed in dietary suppiemented protease treatment (358 vs 339 g/d). Average feed intake was greater in the LP treatment (544 g/d) rather than the HP treatment (530 g/d). A greater average daily feed intake was observed in dietary supplemented protease treatment (552 vs 523 g/d). Dry matter and crude protein digestibility were increased in dietary supplemented protease treatment (82.62% and 76.08%, respectively) rather than non-supplemented treatment (81.74% and 75.13%, respectively). Ileal Lactobacillus spp. count increased in dietary supplemented protease treatment (7.42 vs 7.32 log10CFU/g). Emission of H2S was decreased in the LP treatment (4.41 ppm) rather than HP treatment (4.78 ppm). Emission of NH3 was decreased in dietary supplemented protease treatment (10.43 ppm vs 11.76 ppm). In conclusion, the decrease of dietary protein level and supplementation of protease had beneficial effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut microflora, and noxious gas emission in weanling pigs.

Diets different in crude protein (CP) and undegraded intake protein (UIP) contents were offered to sheep in a metabolism study to describe their effects on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen (N) metabolism. Six Corriedale sheep (body weight=56.2±2.3 kg) were divided in random within a Latin square design (replicated) to 1 of 3 diets: 1) a low-CP diet (LP; 12.2% CP with 35.1% UIP), 2) high CP with low UIP diet (HPLU; 14.9% CP with 33.7% UIP), and 3) high CP with high UIP diet (HPHU; 15.5% CP with 45.8% UIP). High-protein dried distillers grain and soybean meal were the main CP sources for the adjustment of UIP:DIP in the diets. No significant differences were found in feed consumption and nutrient digestibility; however, a greater proportion of CP was digested in sheep fed the HPLU diet (69.4%; P=0.04). Although N intake was greater in sheep receiving HPLU and HPHU diets, loss of N through fecal or urinary route was not different among sheep, which resulted in the highest (12.7 g/d) and lowest N retention (7.40 g/d) in HPHU- and LP-fed sheep, respectively. In conclusion, although CP or UIP content had marginal effects on feed consumption and whole-tract digestibility of the majority of nutrients, with the increased CP and UIP levels in the diet, the efficiency of N utilization was improved with regard to increased N retention with minimal differences in N excretion, which is important from an economic and environmental standpoint.

Sulphur deficiency has become widespread over the past several decades in most of the agricultural area. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is a very sensitive to S limitation which is becoming reduction of quality and productivity of forage. Few studies have assessed the sulphur mobilization in the source-sink relationship, very little is known about the regulatory mechanism in interaction between sulphur and nitrogen during the short-term sulphur deficiency. In this study, therefore, amount of sulphur and nitrogen incorporated into amino acids and proteins as affected by different S-supplied level (Control: 1 mM SO4 2 , S-deficiency: 0.1 mM SO4 2 , and S-deprivation: 0 mM SO4 2 ) were examined. The amount of sulphur in sulphate (S-sulphate) was significantly decreased by 25.8% in S-deprivation condition, compare to control, but not nitrogen in nitrate (N-nitrate). The markedly increase of sulphur and nitrogen incorporated amino acids (S-amino acids and N-amino acids) was observed in both S-deficiency and S-deprivation treatments. The amount of nitrogen incorporated proteins (N-protein) was strongly decreased as sulphur availability while the amount of sulphur incorporated into proteins (S-protein) was not affected. A highly significant (p<0.001) relationship between S-sulphate and S-amino acid was observed whereas the increase of N-amino acids is closely associated with decrease of N-proteins. These data indicate that increase of sulphur and nitrogen incorporated into amino acids was from different nitrogen and sulphur metabolites, respectively.

본 시험은 섬유질배합사료(TMR)의 에너지 및 단백질 수준이 다를 경우, 비유초기 유산양의 사료섭취량 및 유생산에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시험 동물은 자넨종 생후 16개월령 전후의 초산 착유양 24두를 시험구별 6마리씩 공시하였으며, TMR의 에너지와 단백질 수준은 대조구(Control)가 TDN 67.0%, CP 13.9% (NRC, 2007), 에너지 증량구(T1)는 TDN 73.7%, CP 13.9%, 단백질 증량구(T2)는 T

We investigated the effects of cadmium exposure and various stress on the transcription of heat shock protein 70 and 82 (HSP70 and HSP82) from Pardosa astrigera wolf spider. To do this, P. astrigera HSP70 and HSP82 genes were cloned and its full-length sequence determined. Female spiders were long-term exposed to cadmium or to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) for 2, 4 and 6 weeks and short-term exposed to endosulfan by dietary uptake. Female spiders were also exposed to various temperatures. HSP82 did not show a clear tendency of transcription induction following exposure to cadmium. On the contrary, HSP70 transcription gradually increased during the exposure to 2, 20 and 40 mM of cadmium for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Transcript level of HSP70 was not significantly changed by endosulfan and PCB exposure. In the short-term (3 hr) temperature exposure, an increased expression of HSP70 was observed under the heat shock to 30°C and then slightly decreased at 35°C. However, induction of HSP70 transcription was not observed during the long-term (7 days) temperature exposure. Taken together, HSP70 gene appears to be up-regulated by cadmium in a time-dependent manner but little affected by other potential contaminants. Analysis of HSP70 transcript levels in P. astrigera collected from various fields revealed that levels of cadmium concentration were well correlated with HSP70 transcript levels (r2 = 0.76). Taken together, it was suggested that transcript level of HSP70 could be useful as a biomarker for the long-term cadmium exposure of P. astrigera.

본 연구는 체세포 복제란 이식우의 분만에 있어서 혈중 스테로이드호르몬, TGF-β1 농도와 분만지연의 상관 관계를 살펴보고자 실시하였다. 대조군으로는 인공수정(AI)을 통하여 임신한 암소(cow)들을 사용하였다(AI-R). 모든 AI-R들은 자연분만(n=5, 임신 284+-0.71일)을 하였다. 분만징후를 보이지 않는 체세포 복제란 이식우(n=5, SCNT-R)들은 분만 예정일보다 10일 정도 지난 임신 292일째에 제왕절개(Caesarean section, C-sec)를 실시하여 분만하였다. 혈액 및 태반 샘플을 분만 전.후에 채취하여 형태 및 중량 등을 측정하였다. 혈장호르몬인 Progesterone(P4)와 Estradiol-17β (E2) 농도는 방사선동위원소 면역 분석 시험(RIA) 방법을 이용하여 측정하였다. 혈장 및 태반분엽의 TGF-β1 농도는 ELISA 방법으로 측정하였다. SCNT-R에서 회수한 태반의 무게는 AI-R의 것과 비교하여 유의적으로 무거웠다(p<0.05). 분만 직전 SCNT-R들의 혈장 내 P4 농도는 AI-R들의 그것과 비교하여 유의하게 높았다(p<0.01). 하지만 SCNT-R들의 혈장 내 E2 농도는 AI-R과 비교하여 상대적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.01). 한편, 분만 전.후 SCNT-R들에서 혈장 또는 태반분엽의 TGF-β1 단백질 발현 수준은 AI-R들과 비교하여 각각 유의적으로 높은 수준을 유지하였다(p<0.01). 이상의 결과를 종합하여 보면, 분만 시 P4 및 E2의 이상 발현과 높은 수준의 혈장 및 태반 내 TGF-β1 단백질은 체세포 복제태아의 분만지연을 야기하는 중요한 요인들 중의 하나일 것이라 사료된다.

Our country has been produced much amounts of panax ginseng roots which has a stimulating effects on the metabolism of protein, lipid and nucleic acids in the body. And the leaf trunk of panax ginseng were also produced a considerable amounts as the by - products. Therefore, this study was devised to observe the nutritional effect to rats feeding of rice diet supplemented with by - products of panax ginseng, male Albino rats of pure strain weighing 73.8 ± 0.7 g were used as experimental animal to investigate the changes of cholesterol in heart and testis. The animals were divided into sixteen diet group, they were the protein contents of 9%, 12%, 15% and 18% supplemented with 2% panax ginseng roots and its by - products respectively. The group without the supplements were used as the control. The diet group were again divided into 2 groups according to the feeding terms, 4 weeks and 8 weeks. It is concluded that the free from cholesterol and total cholesterol contents in the heart and testis with the supplements of panax ginseng roots and its by - products showed significant difference compared to the control group.