Abamectin, soil-born bacterial acaricides, has been intensively used to control Tetranychus urticae. Target site insensitivity and enhanced activity of detoxification enzymes have been considered as major resistance mechanisms. Here, we identified the differentially expressed genes after feeding sublethal dose of abamectin for 36 h by RNA-seq analysis. About 4.9 million reads (± 2,630,543 reads) were assembled into T. urticae. Among a total of 75 genes showing differential transcription, 18 and 14 genes were up- and down-regulated over two fold ratio, respectively. In the validation analysis, the calculated fold change of each genes between RNA-seq and qPCR were moderately correlated (r 2 = 0.661). A cuticular protein was shown as the highest up-regulated gene (192.3-fold) and a chitinase was revealed to be the highest down-regulated (-16.4-fold). Further study would be necessary to validate their roles in T. urticae adaptation to acaricides.

To clarify the molecular mechanism of metamorphosis, we analyzed the Broad-Complex (BR-C) gene in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. We obtained a partial BR-C sequence from a pyrosequencing cDNA library. The BR-C of S. exigua was expressed only in the final larval instar, at which its expression was clearly detected in the epidermis. A treatment of a juvenile hormone analog, pyriproxyfen, inhibited larval-pupal metamorphosis and suppressed the BR-C expression. The hormonal treatment also inhibited expression of two storage protein genes that were usually expressed during a final larval instar. RNA interference of the BR-C using its double strand RNA suppressed BR-C expression and inhibited the larval-pupal metamorphosis. These results suggest that the BR-C is critical to induce larval-pupal metamorphosis of S. exigua.

The enzyme invertase contributes to sugar unloading, pathogen defense, differentiation and development in plants. We cloned the complete cDNA of a soluble acid invertase from pea seedlings (Pisum sativum) via RT-PCR and the rapid amplification of the cDNA

당사자 사이에 합의한 의한 협의이혼은 합의를 통하여 비교적 자유롭게 이혼할 수 있다. 그러나 어느 일방이 이혼에 반대하고 있는 경우에 이혼을 하기 위해서는 민법 제840조에서 규정하는 재판상 이혼사유가 있어야 한다. 이혼을 원하는 당사자가 혼인관계의 파탄에 책임이 있는 유책배우자인 경우에 이혼을 허용할지의 여부는 이혼에 관한 유책주의를 채택하고 있는지, 파탄주의를 취하고 있는지의 여부에 따라 달라진다. 유책주의 이혼법에서는 상대방의 잘못으로 인하여 혼인관계가 파탄되었을 경우만이 이혼사유가 된다고 볼 것이므로 이혼을 청구하는 자신의 유책으로 인하여 혼인관계가 파탄된 경우에 이혼청구를 허용할 수 없다. 그런데 오늘날 세계적인 이혼법의 추세가 유책주의에서 파탄주의 이혼법으로 변화해가는 추세이고 우리나라에서도 사회·경제적 약자라고 보았던 여성의 활발한 사회진출과 더불어 남녀의 지위가 평등하게 되어 우리나라 여성도 이혼과 관련한 법적·경제적 지위의 향상이 이루어진 만큼, 일정한 경우에는 유책배우자라도 이혼청구를 허용할 필요는 없는가 하는 의문이 발생한다. 그런데 유책배우자의 이혼청구를 인정하면 파탄주의에는 충실할 수 있지만 사실상 축출이혼을 합법화하는 것이 되어 상대방은 부당한 희생자가 될 수 있다. 여기에서 혼인관계의 파탄에 대하여 전적으로 또는 주로 책임이 있는 배우자의 이혼청구를 인정할 것인지의 여부에 대하여 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 우리 대법원 판례는 일관되게 유책배우자의 이혼청구를 원칙적으로는 배척하면서도, 일정한 경우에는 예외적으로 허용하고 있다. 즉, 혼인계속의 의사가 없음이 객관적으로 명백하여 혼인실체의 회복가능성이 없으면서 오기나 보복적 감정에서 혼인을 거부하는 예외적으로 유책배우자의 이혼청구를 허용하고 있다. 이러한 대법원의 태도는 기본적으로 유책주의 이혼법을 전제로 하여 예외적인 경우에 한하여 그 부당함을 시정하는 입장으로 이해할 수 있다. 그런데 우리 사회에서도 우리 민법의 제정시에 비하여 사회경제적 변화와 아울러 서구의 파탄주의적 이혼법의 영향으로 이혼관의 현저한 변화가 나타나고 있다. 아울러 재산분할청구권, 면접교섭권, 친권자 및 양육자의 지정에 있어서 남성과 여성간의 동등한 취급, 기타 사회보장제도의 확충 등으로 사회·경제적 약자로 취급되던 여성의 지위가 불완전한 점도 있지만 우리 민법의 제정시에 비하여는 상당한 향상이 이루어지고 있다. 그렇다면 혼인공동체가 파탄되어 당사자에게 참을 수 없는 고통이 되어 최소한의 행복추구권도 실현할 수 없고, 객관적으로도 파탄의 상태가 명백한 경우에는 유책배우자의 이혼청구도 원칙적으로 허용할 필요가 있다고 본다. 그럼으로써 혼인제도를 통해 가정공동체가 유지되는 것이 아니라 당사자의 노력과 헌신에 의해 이루어지도록 해야 할 것이다. 다만, 이혼 후 생활능력이 없는 배우자에게 정신적, 경제적으로 지나 가혹하게 되는 경우, 미성년인 자녀의 이익보호가 필요한 경우에는 신의성실의 원칙, 권리남용금지, 공서양속 등의 관점에서 유책배우자의 이혼청구를 예외적으로 제한하여야 한다고 본다.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds are abundant in high-quality proteins and fats. In addition, soybean seeds are also rich in secondary metabolites, such as isoflavones, lecithin, and saponins. Triterpene saponins are major components of these physiologically active metabolites in soybean seeds. Soybean saponins are classified as group A and DDMP saponins. Among them group A saponins are undesirable component of food products due to bitterness and astringency and also cause foaming in tofu production. Whereas, DDMP saponins and their derivatives are less bitter and astringent and beneficial to human health when consumed as regular diet. Therefore, reducing the group A saponins or increasing the DDMP saponins are required to improve the food quality. The present study focused to identify and characterize the gene which is encoding a protein responsible for biosynthesis of DDMP saponins. EMS mutant lines (sg-7-1 & sg-7-2) which lack DDMP saponins were developed. The breeding cross has been made with these two mutants with two cultivars, Pungsannamul and Wooram to study the segregation and genetic linkage analysis, respectively. The segregation analysis showed that the mutant phenotype is controlled by single recessive gene. TLC analysis for phenotyping F2 population of Wooram X sg-7-1 showed mutant, wild and heterozygous types. To surprise two more patterns were detected and they were named as strange type1 (ST1) and strange type2 (ST2). Further, SSR marker analysis will be carried out to locate the gene which encoding a protein responsible for biosynthesis of DDMP saponins.

2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) was widely known as the principal aroma compound, it development in rice has been reported due to the loss of function of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (badh2) on chromosome 8. In previous study, a lot of haplotypes have been found of this gene, while only limited haplotypes have been proved as functional mutations. A total of 137 core set accessions, and additional 45 germplasms have been employed in this study. Finally, two new mutations have been found (3bp deletion in exon12 and C/A SNP in exon 10), and 23 haplotypes have been detected, most of them had strong relations with aroma formation. According to the sequence results, five functional markers have been developed, the markers showed a highly efficient in discriminating the special aromatic rice varieties, and displayed perfect co-segregation with the trait of fragrance in F2 population. Those new markers developed in the present study would be useful in molecular breeding of fragrant rice varieties. Based on the haplotypes, the further research is in progress.

Aroma development in rice has been reported due to the lack of function of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (badh2) on rice chromosome 8. A lot of functional markers have been designed based on the InDels, such as 7bp deletion in exon 2, 803bp deletion in exon 4 and 5, 8bp deletion in exon 7, and 3bp insertion in exon 13. Although there were a lot of functional SNPs, other InDels have not been detected by a PCR-based marker. Here we developed a simple, co-dominant, functional cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker for fragrance trait based on 1bp insertion in exon 14. The developed marker showed a high efficiency in discriminating that special aromatic rice variety, and displayed perfect co-segregation with the trait of fragrance in the F2 population. This new marker developed in the present study would be useful in molecular breeding of fragrant rice varieties.

Inactivation of the gene (DFR-A) coding for dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway results in a yellow bulb color in onion (Allium cepa L.) and three inactive alleles have previously been identified in onion. Additionally, three active and six inactive DFR-A alleles were newly identified from extensive analyses of diverse onion germplasm. Presently, a yellow mutant containing a 171-bp deletion in the promoter region was identified and designated DFR-APD. Critically reduced transcription of this mutant allele and perfect co-segregation with color phenotypes in segregating populations were observed. Another yellow mutant (DFR-A5’DEL) containing a 518-bp deletion covering exons 1 and 2, which played important roles in DFR function, was identified. Meanwhile, both 2-bp and 4-bp insertions in the coding region leading to creation of pre-mature stop codons were also identified and designated DFR-AGT and DFR-A2AT, respectively. A 1-bp substitution mutation (DFR-AK48N) changing a positively charged lysine residue into a neutral asparagine was identified. This lysine residue, a NADPH binding site, was strictly conserved in other species. In addition, insertion of a leucine residue around substrate binding sites and catalytic triad was identified in several yellow accessions and was designated DFR-ATTA. Phylogenetic analysis of DFR-A alleles showed that all inactive alleles were independently derived from four different active alleles. In addition, the close relatedness and diversity of DFR-A mutants implied that all these mutations might have occurred after domestication of onions and had probably been maintained by artificial selection.

The rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) is one of the most serious diseases of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in most rice-growing regions of the world. In order to investigate early responsible genes in rice in response to M. oryzae, we analyzed transcriptomics analysis using 300 K tilling microarray chip. The quality of RNA samples was initially validated by 4 defense related genes and phytoalexins measurement using RT-PCR and HPLC, respectively, which are well known defense markers. We determined that accumulation of 608 genes showed statistically significant changes in the level of transcription (>2 fold change, P<0.05). Among them, 261 genes were more up-regulated in incompatible interaction than that of compatible one. We further analyzed GO enrichment analysis of the 41 and 231 which were 2 fold up-regulated genes at 12h and 48h in incompatible interaction, respectively, using Rice Oligo nucleotide Array Database (http://ricearray.org). Furthermore, MapMan analysis (http://mapman.gabipd.org/) revealed that 21 and 85 genes including 18 receptor-like genes which were more induced in incompatible interaction compared to compatible interaction were found to be involved in biotic stress. Thus, this study suggests that early inducible genes including receptor-like protein kinases in incompatible interaction may play a key role in disease resistance against M. oryzae attacks.

Regions of allelic loss on chromosomes in many tumors of human and some experimental animals are generally considered to harbor tumor-suppressor genes involved in tumorigenesis. Allelotype analyses have greatly improved our under-standing of the molecular mechanism of radiation lymphomagenesis. Previously, we and others found frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosomes 4, 11, 12, 16 and 19 in radiation-induced lymphomas from several F1, hybrid mice. To examine possible contributions of individual tumor-suppressor genes to tumorigenesis in p53 heterozygous deficiency, we investigated the genome-wide distribution and status of LOH in radiation-induced lymphomas from F1 mice with different p53 status. In this study, we found frequent LOH (more than 20%) on chromosomes 4 and 12 and on chromosomes 11, 12, 16 and 19 in radiation-induced lymphomas from (STS/A×MSM/Ms)F1 mice and (STS/A×MSM/Ms)F1-p53KO/+ mice, respectively. Low incidences of LOH (10-20%) were also observed on chromosomes 11 in mice with wild-type p53, and chromosomes 1, 2, 9, 17 and X in p53 heterozygous-deficient mice. The frequency of LOH on chromosomes 9 and 11 increased in the (STS/A×MSM/Ms)F1-p53KO/+ mice. Preferential losses of the STS-derived allele on chromosome 9 and wild-type p53 allele on chromosome 11 were also found in the p53 heterozygous-deficient mice. Thus, the putative tumor-suppressor gene regions responsible for lymphomagenesis might considerably differ due to the p53 status.