In this paper, the effect of Ni (0, 0.5 and 1.0 wt%) additions on the microstructure, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of cast and extruded Al-MM-Sb alloy is studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy, and a universal tensile testing machine. Molten aluminum alloy is maintained at 750 oC and then poured into a mold at 200 oC. Aluminum alloys are hot-extruded into a rod that is 12 mm in diameter with a reduction ratio of 39:1 at 550 oC. The addition of Ni results in the formation of Al11RE3, AlSb and Al3Ni intermetallic compounds; the area fraction of these intermetallic compounds increases with increasing Ni contents. As the amount of Ni increases, the average grain sizes of the extruded Al alloy decrease to 1359, 536, and 153 μm, and the high-angle grain boundary fractions increase to 8, 20, and 34 %. As the Ni content increases from 0 to 1.0 wt%, the electrical conductivity is not significantly different, with values from 57.4 to 57.1 % IACS.

Laser cladding a surface treatment process that grants superior characteristics such as toughness, hardness, and corrosion resistance to the surface, and rebuilds cracked molds; as such, it can be a strong tool to prolong service life of mold steel. Furthermore, compared with the other similar coating processes – thermal spray, etc., laser cladding provides superior bonding strength and precision coating on a local area. In this study, surface characteristics are studied after laser cladding of low carbon steel using 18%Cr-2.5%Ni-Fe powder (Rockit404), known for its high hardness and excellent corrosion resistance. A diode laser with wavelength of 900-1070 nm is adopted as laser source under argon atmosphere; electrical power for the laser cladding process is 5, 6, and 10 kW. Fundamental surface characteristics such as crossectional microstructure and hardness profile are observed and measured, and special evaluation, such as a soldering test with molten ALDC12 alloy, is conducted to investigate the corrosion resistance characteristics. As a result of the die-soldering test by immersion of low carbon alloy steel in ALDC12 molten metal, the clad layer's soldering thickness decreases.

Red onion cultivar ‘Eumjinara’ with mild taste and early maturation was developed in 2013 by the Allium vegetable crop research team, National Institute Crop Science, Rural development Administration (RDA). ‘Eumjinara’ was originally selected from red onion breeding line, ‘IS1115’, It was preliminarily selected and designated ‘Mon21-31-3’ and advanced yield trial was performed from 2008 to 2009. Regional yield trial test was conducted in six regions from 2010 to 2012. Foliage morphology and leaf color were similar to those of a check cultivar, ‘Cheonjujeok’, but its shape was comparatively broad ovate. Foliage of ‘Eumjinara’ lodged seven days earlier than check cultivar on May 31 and the average bulb weight (234±49.1 g/bulb) was also higher than that of check cultivar. The new cultivar was relatively resistant to clod hardness and downy mildew infection in the field condition. Average yield of ‘Eumjinara’ in three–year the regional yield trials was 6,999 kg/10a. The total soluble solid contents and quercetin concentrations were 41.43 μg/g FW and 556.11 μg/g FW, respectively.

Male sterile line in onion is essential to the development of hybrid varieties. Onion male sterile line 'Wonye30005' was developed by Bioenergy Crop Research Center, NICS, RDA in South Korea in 2010. Lodging date of 'Wonye30005' is May 15th and it belongs to the early maturing type in Korea. We found the male sterile plants in ‘Hamasodachi’, early maturing open-pollinated variety, and the male-sterile plants were cross-pollinated with male fertile line, ‘M330’, the population of F1 showed 100% male sterility and the F1 plants were subsequently backcrossed for five generations. 'Wonye30005' was numbered as ‘MMS77’ in 2009 and the corresponding male parent is called MMSB77. 'Wonye30005' has round bulb shape (Bulb index, 97), cold resistance, and excellent storage quality and average bulb weight is 253g. Flowering date is May 25th and flower bud size is 84 mm in full bloom. The number and length of flower stalks per bulb are 4 and 134 cm, respectively. 'Wonye30005' has been filed in Korea Seed and Variety Service in 2010. Overall, 'Wonye30005' is promising male sterile line for early maturing type hybrid seed production and breeding program. (no 4673)

Soybean is a short-day plant, which means short day length promotes flowering. So far nine major loci, E1 to E8 and J, affecting the timing of flowering and maturity have been genetically identified in soybean. To understand the roles of soybean flowering genes in photoperiod-dependent flowering time control in soybean, we analyzed not only expression patterns of E1, E2, E3 and E4 genes as well as soybean FT homologs, including GmFT2a, GmFT5a and GmFT4, but also structural variation of E1, E2, E3, and E4 genes in various soybean accessions exhibiting a broad range of flowering time. The mRNA level of GmFT2a and GmFT5a was low in late flowering accessions, but high in late flowering accessions. In contrast, GmFT4 exhibited opposite expression pattern to those of GmFT2a and GmFT5a. Structural variation of E1, E2, E3 and E4 gene in these accessions revealed that early and moderate flowering accessions contained non-functional alleles of E1, E2, E3 and E4 genes in their genome. These results suggested that expression patterns of GmFT2a GmFT5a and GmFT4 would be important factor determining flowering time in soybean and allelic variation and genetic combination of upstream E1, E2, E3, and E4 genes would be more important in soybean flowering time control than their gene expression patterns.

양파 웅성불임 계통 ‘원예30006’은 2000년에 중생계통인 ‘F2-6’집단에서 웅성불임개체를 선발하여 자식계통인 ‘HMB’를 화분친으로 하여 교배하였다. 2002년에 유지계통을 선발하고 2010년까지 5회 여교잡을 하여 계통의 안정성을 확인한 후 ‘MMS66’으로 명명하고 2010년에 직무육성신품종 심사를 거쳐 2011년에 품종보호출원 하였다. ‘원예30006’의 초형은 직립이며 중생종으로 도복기는 5월 25일, 초장 56 cm, 엽수 8매, 엽초경 12.4 mm로 초세가 중간정도이며 엽초경이 가늘다. 구중은 184 g의 중구형에 속하며, 구형지수 99로 원형이다. 저장성과 내한성이 강하고 노균병에 다소 저항성이 있다. 채종모구의 개화기는 6월 4일, 화경수 4개, 화경장 115 cm, 화구폭 86 mm이며 웅성불임 발현이 안정적이다.

‘중모 7001’은 꽃이 커서 경관용으로 적합한 유채 신품종으로 1984년에 [(망운재래 × Bronowski) × Erra] × Tower를 모본으로 하고 ‘RS10’을 부본으로 인공교배하여 육성하였다. ‘중모 7001’의 엽형은 하부익상전렬, 엽색 및 줄기색은 녹색, 결각은 중간이며 꽃색은 황색, 종피색은 흑색이고, 꽃의 크기가 ‘한라유채’ 에 비하여 매우 커서 경관용으로 적합하다. ‘중모 7001’의 개화기(4월 17일)와 성숙기(6월 8일)는 ‘한라 유채’보다는 3일 정도 빠르며, 지역적응시험 결과, ‘중모 7001’ 의 수량은 10a당 259 kg로 ‘한라유채’에 비해 16% 증수되었다. ‘중모 7001’의 기름함량은 44.4%이고, 올레인산의 함량은 69.1%로 ‘한라유채’에 비하여 1.7% 높았으며, 구루코시노레이트 함량은 1.87 mg/g으로 국제허용기준치인 3.0 mg/g 이하였다. ‘중모 7001’의 재배적지는 전남, 전북, 경남 및 제주도를 포함하는 우리나라의 서남부지역이다.

‘원예30004’는 웅성불임계통으로 초형은 직립형, 구색은 황색이며 도복기는 5월 15일로 중생계통이다. 초장은 57 cm, 주당 엽수는 7매이며 엽초경과 엽초장은 각 각 14.8 cm, 20 cm이다. 구중은 320 g으로 대구형이며 구형은 구형지수가 95인 고구형이다. 내한성이 강하고 저장성이 높은 특성을 가 지고 있지만 노균병에는 다소 약하다. 채종모구의 개화기는 6 월 1일이며 화경수는 4개이며 화경장과 화구폭은 각각 116cm, 96 mm이며 웅성불임 발현율은 100%이다.

양파 웅성불임 계통 ‘원예30003’은 2002년 ‘402AC203’ 자식 집단에서 웅성불임개체를 선발하여 고정종 자식계통 ‘M2’ 를 교배하여 2004년에 유지계통을 선발하고 2009년까지 4회 여교잡을 하여 계통의 안정성을 확인한 후 ‘MMS26’로 명명 하였다. 2009년에 직무육성신품종 심사를 거쳐 2010년에 국립종자원에 ‘원예30003’로 품종보호 출원하였다. ‘원예30003’ 은 웅성불임계통으로 초형은 직립형 이며 조생계통으로 도복 기는 5월 6일이다. 초장은 72 cm, 엽수 8매, 엽초경은 20.6 cm로 지상부의 생육이 왕성하며 구중은 300 g, 구형지수 89 인 원형의 황색양파계통이다. 저장성과 노균병에는 다소 약하 나 내한성이 강하다. 모구의 채종특성으로 개화기는 5월 24 일이며 채종모구의 화경수는 4개, 화경장은 115 cm, 화구폭 은 86 mm이며 웅성불임 발현율은 100%로 안정적이다.

Inactivation of the gene (DFR-A) coding for dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway results in a yellow bulb color in onion (Allium cepa L.) and three inactive alleles have previously been identified in onion. Additionally, three active and six inactive DFR-A alleles were newly identified from extensive analyses of diverse onion germplasm. Presently, a yellow mutant containing a 171-bp deletion in the promoter region was identified and designated DFR-APD. Critically reduced transcription of this mutant allele and perfect co-segregation with color phenotypes in segregating populations were observed. Another yellow mutant (DFR-A5’DEL) containing a 518-bp deletion covering exons 1 and 2, which played important roles in DFR function, was identified. Meanwhile, both 2-bp and 4-bp insertions in the coding region leading to creation of pre-mature stop codons were also identified and designated DFR-AGT and DFR-A2AT, respectively. A 1-bp substitution mutation (DFR-AK48N) changing a positively charged lysine residue into a neutral asparagine was identified. This lysine residue, a NADPH binding site, was strictly conserved in other species. In addition, insertion of a leucine residue around substrate binding sites and catalytic triad was identified in several yellow accessions and was designated DFR-ATTA. Phylogenetic analysis of DFR-A alleles showed that all inactive alleles were independently derived from four different active alleles. In addition, the close relatedness and diversity of DFR-A mutants implied that all these mutations might have occurred after domestication of onions and had probably been maintained by artificial selection.

‘신선황’은 매운맛이 덜하여 생식용으로 적합한 품종이다. ‘신선황‘은 극조생종으로 조기 출하용이며 둥근 고구형이었으며 추대율은 6.0%로 ‘마루시노330’의 19.9%보다 13.9% 낮으며 분구도 거의 일어나지 않았다. 지역적응시험 결과 양파 주산지 4개소 3개(’04～’06) 평균수량은 6,176 kg/10a로 대조품종보다 2.0% 증수하였다. ‘신선황’은 노균병과 무름병이 대비품종인 ‘마루시노330’보다 다소 강한 편 이었다. ‘신선황’은 피루빈산 함량이 ‘마루시노330’보다 낮고 수분함량이 다소 높아 매운 정도가 덜한 편이었다.

본 연구에서는 새로 육성된 연황색 구피색을 가진 양파계통들(‘Y-3’, ‘Y-8’)에 대해 양파의 식미와 관련된 화학성분을 석하여 기존 재배품종들과 차이점을 구명하고 관련 특성들 간의 상관관계를 분석함으로써 양파 육종 소재를 개발하는데 기초자료를 얻고자 하였다. 연황색 계통들은 다른 품종들에 비해 가용성 고형물 함량(SSC)과 유리당인 frucose, glucose, sucrose 함량이 높았으며 특히 SSC 함량에서 큰 차이를 보였다. 성분들 간의 상관분석결과 SSC는 양파의 단맛에 영향을 미치는 당 성분과 가장 높은 상관관계를 보였으며 수확기의 지표가 되는 도복기도 SSC, fructose, glucose, sucrose 농도와 정의 상관을 보였다. 새로 육성된 연황색 계통들은 육종재료의 변이를 확대와 교배모본으로 활용 함으로서 새로운 형질을 가진 품종육성에 기여할 것으로 기대되며 식미와 관련된 성분들의 상관관계를 구명 함으로서 육종소재 선발에 효과적으로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 여겨진다.