Based on the metaverse situation, this paper explores the influence of perceived usefulness and usability on brand experience. The brand experience include two dimensions of sensory experience and behavioral experience. And then, based on 329 valid data collected through online experiment, it makes an empirical analysis by structural equation model and hierarchical regression. Results show that, metaverse situational perceived usefulness and usability have significant effects on customer sensory experience and behavioral experience, and sensory experience plays a mediating role in the effects of usefulness and usability on behavioral experience. Social presence plays a positive moderating role in the influence path of usefulness and usability on sensory experience and behavioral experience.

The composition of human resources in industrial sites is becoming global. In Korea, too, the proportion of foreign members in all industrial fields and production sites is increasing. This is the reason why an approach that reflects this reality is needed in the basic unit of competitive sources. Competitiveness starts with value creation, and this progresses through field innovation. Through empirical analysis of this study, it was analyzed that South Korea members showed active actions and attitudes in developing, promoting, and realizing ideas when they strongly recognized the real meaning of empowerment given by leaders. On the other hand, it was found that foreign members do not know the meaning of empowerment itself, so they are often unable to play an active role in the development, promotion, and realization of ideas. In fact, it was analyzed that foreign members generally did not experience positive interactions with LMX and were exposed to simple tasks and controls. In other words, they are being discriminated against in terms of communication problems, compensation system, and work environment. In particular, this phenomenon is exacerbated in the case of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Situational response to foreign workers through improvement of LMX and empowerment should be evaluated as a key management task in a situation where productivity improvement and job unit innovation are urgently needed.

정서조절은 정서와 관련된 개인차 요인이 개인의 정서 생활 및 행동에 미치는 영향을 매개하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 기존 매개모델에 상황 요인을 추가하여 상황에 따라 정서조절의 매개효과가 변화하는지 알아보았다. 이를 위해 다양한 직종에서 고객응대를 주 업무로 하고 있는 180명의 감정노동자를 대상으로 설문을 실시하여 감정 노동자의 일상적 부정정서, 인지적 재평가, 정서적 소진, 본인이 경험하는 고객 불만의 강도 등을 측정하였다. 조절된 매개효과를 알아보기 위하여 조건적 간접효과를 분석한 결과, 고객 불만의 강도가 높은 상황에서는 부정정서가 인지적 재평가를 매개로 하여 정서적 소진에 미치는 간접효과가 정적으로 유의하였으나 고객 불만의 강도가 낮은 상황에서는 해당 간접효과가 부적으로 유의하였다. 이는 높은 강도의 부정정서 유발 상황에서는 인지적 재평가의 매개효과를 통해 감정노동자의 정서적 소진이 감소될 수 있지만, 낮은 강도의 부정적서 유발 상황에서는 인지적 재평가의 매개효과를 통해 정서적 소진이 증가될 수도 있다는 것을 보여준다. 이러한 결과는 정서조절 연구에 있어 개인차적인 측면과 상황적 측면이 통합적으로 고려되어야 함을 강조하며, 감정노동자 직군의 정서적 특수성에 대한 정보를 제공한다.

Ryoo, Hye-Kyung. 2017. “Discourse Analysis of Microteaching: Dynamic Identities and Situational Frames”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(2), 165~196. The present paper is based on a discourse analysis of Microteaching speech events of Korean pre-service training students taking a teacher training course in college. The purpose of this study is to look closely into what really is going on in the discourse of microteaching events in terms of the participants' identity enactment and framing of situations. Fifteen pre-service training students' microteaching lessons were video-taped and transcribed to examine detailed discourse features. The results of the qualitative analysis of the discourse revealed frequent dynamic shifting and enactments of identities in momentary situational frames. The participants in the present study were able to act on diverse situational frames by orienting to locally-managed situated identities.

본 연구는 상황적 리더십 유형인 지시적, 설득적, 참여적, 위임적 리더십유형이 조직몰입, 직무만족, 이직의도에 각각 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 분석하여 조직의 성과는 높이고 이직의 도에 영향을 미치는 관리자의 리더십유형의 변화를 통한 효율적인 인적자원관리 방안을 살펴 보았다. 가설검점(N=310)결과 지시적 리더십은 임파워먼트와 조직유효성에 대하여 부(-)적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 설득적 리더십에 대한 임파워먼트와 조직유효성에 대한 부(-)적 영향에 대한 가설은 기각되어 설득적 리더십의 조직유효성에 대한 영향력은 부(-)적 영향에 대한 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 참여적 리더십과 위임적 리더십은 임파워먼트와 조직유효성에 정(+)의 효과를 나타내고 있으며, 특히 위임적 리더십의 효과가 높은 것으로 나타나고 있다. 임파워먼트는 조직유효성(직무만족, 조직몰입)에 유의한 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타나고 있으며, 임파워먼트는 상황적 리더십과 조직유효성의 관계에 있어 설득적 리더십을 제외하고 대부분의 경우 매개효과를 보이고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과 조직확대를 통한 승진을 통한 경력관리 중심에서 직무를 통한 경력 관리 체제로 접어들면서 과거의 정보공유와 통제 중심의 조직관리에서 자율적인 직무수행이 가능하도록 리더십의 패러다임의 변화를 통한 조직관리와 단순한 위임이 아닌 임파워먼트를 통한 직무 수행력을 향상시킬 수 있도록 하여야 있다고 할 수 있다.

Pay-What-You-Want (PWYW) is an innovative participative pricing strategy in which consumers determine the price they want to pay for a product or service. Past research mainly focuses on individual variables as antecedents of consumers’ willingness to pay under PWYW pricing and ignores the role of situational factors. We address this gap by investigating the effects of three situational factors, perceived crowding, involvement level and time pressure, on consumers’ PWYW pricing decisions. Pay-what-you-want (PWYW) is an innovative pricing mechanism that gives consumers maximum control over the price setting process, and thus allows buyers to entirely determine the price for their desired product or service (Schmidt, Spann & Zeithammer, 2014). The buyer has the authority to choose any price to pay for the offered product or service and there is no minimum price to protect the seller (Kahsay & Samahita, 2015). Such increased perceived control on the final price induces consumers to greater purchase intentions (Chandran & Morwitz, 2005). Hence, a growing number of firms in different industries such as music, museums, software, and charity sales are using PWYW pricing (Schmidt, Spann & Zeithammer, 2014). Internal reference price (IRP) is defined as a price in the buyers' memories that serves as a basis for judging or comparing actual prices (Monroe, 1973; Monroe, Grewal, & Compeau, 1991). In the context of PWYW involvement has a negative effect on prices paid. Involvement is the level of personal relevance consumers possess regarding a product or a purchase decision (Zaichkowsky, 1985). Involvement is conceptualized as both, an individual difference variable representing an “enduring interest” in a given product (Roy, 2015; Bloch & Richins, 1983). It is also posited that the negative effect of involvement on IRP will be further moderated by perceived crowding. Perceived crowding is often described in negative terms as a confined, constrained, and restricted physical setting; and it has two distinct dimensions, spatial crowding and human crowding (Machleit et al., 2000; Byunn & Mann, 2011). A crowded shopping environment is also incompatible with the consumers’ shopping desires and goals; hence consumers exhibit unfavorable shopping behavior such as spend less time in the store (Machleit et al., 2000; Li, Kim & Lee, 2009). Perceived crowding should therefore negatively influence consumers’ involvement and IRP, thereby affecting the money they are willing to pay in PWYW situation.

The unique benefits offered by mobile shopping services have created new value propositions that motivate consumers choosing the mobile shopping channel over other channels. Consumers use the mobile shopping channel in different situational contexts regardless temporal and spatial constraints. The situational motivations using mobile shopping services are from consumer expectations of the benefits they can obtain in a specific situation, driving consumers to use the services again in the situation. Drawing upon assimilation-contrast theory (LaTour & Peat, 1979) and the notion of compatibility in Perceived Characteristics of Innovation (PCI) framework (Rogers, 1995), consumers tend to compare consumption experiences to their internalized standards (e.g., expectations, performance norms) for subsequent evaluations (LaTour & Peat, 1979). When consumer experience of using the product/service is consistent with their internalized standards, consumers will perceive the product or service is compatible, fulfilling their needs and values. Thus, once compatibility of the product or service is determined, consumer continued intention to use the product or service could be increased. By applying this conceptual framework to consumer mobile shopping behavior, this study examined the different sets of situational motivations (i.e., variety seeking, information in planned, time pressure, pleasure in bargain) of mobile shopping and how the different motivational factors may increase compatibility of mobile shopping services and further lead continued intention to use the services. A total 305 completed responses were collected via online. The sample consisted of slightly more female (52.1%) than males (47.9%); ages ranging from 19 to 63. The two steps of structural equation modeling were used to validate measurement model and to test hypotheses using Amos 22.0.The measurement model was evaluated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, showing a good fit to the data (χ2 = 294.218 with 103 df at p-value .000, CFI of .926, and RMSEA of .078). The fit statistics of the structural model indicated a good fit to the data (χ2 = 317.925 with 107 df at p-value .000, CFI of .919, and RMSEA of .081). The study found that variety seeking (Г = .942, t = 5.254, p-value < .001) and time pressure (Г = .205, t = 1.970, p-value= .049) motivations were positively related with mobile shopping compatibility and the compatibility had positive effect on continued intention to use mobile shopping services (β = .836, t = 14.362, p-value < .001). This study results suggest that variety seeking and time sensitive consumers perceive that mobile shopping channel fulfills their needs. This study also found that these specific motivations could increase the degree of mobile shopping channel compatibility, resulting in continued intention to use the mobile shopping channel. The findings of this study enable academics and retailers to understand consumer situational motivations in using the mobile shopping channel and serve to help retailers develop mobile shopping services and apps meeting consumer needs in different situations.

목적 : 운전능력에 필요한 인지능력을 평가하기 위해 다양한 신경심리학적 인지평가도구를 사용한 연구와는 달리 운전상황인식에 초점을 맞추어 개발한 컴퓨터 기반 운전상황인식 과제의 타당성을 입증하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 인지평가도구와 운전상황인식 간에 상관관계와 운전상황인식 과제에 대한 인지요소의 설명력을 조사하여 공인타당도를 분석하였다. 운전상황인식 정도를 알아보기 위하여 실험에 사용한 도구는 컴퓨터 기반 운전상황인식 과제이다. 신경학적 인지능력을 평가하기 위해서는 한국형 간이정신상태검사(Mini- Mental State Examination for Korean; MMSE-K)와 웩슬러 성인 지능검사(Korean Wechsler Aadult Intelligence Scale-Ⅳ; K-WAIS-Ⅳ)중 작업기억 검사 항목과 기호쓰기(coding subtest)를 실시하였다. 시각주의 검사로 별지우기 검사도구를 적용하였고, 기호잇기검사(Trail Making Test A, B; TMT A, B) 를 실시하였다. 뇌졸중과 외상성 뇌손상 환자 73명이 실험에 참여하였다. 운전상황인식 전문가, 교통사고 처리 전문가, 작업치료사에게 컴퓨터 기반 운전상황인식 과제를 시연하고 내용타당도를 검증받았고 작업치 료사에게 운전사황인식 과제의 적합성을 검증받았다. 결과 : 인지 평가도구와 운전상황인식 과제 간에 상관관계와 설명력이 가장 높은 인지평가로는 웩슬러 성 인 지능검사의 기호쓰기이다. TMT와 별지우기 검사, 순서화, 작업기억도 운전상황인식과 관련성이 있으 며 설명력 있는 변인이다. 운전상황인식 과제를 사용한 전문가들은 이 과제가 운전상황인식을 평가하고 운전관련 인지를 평가하는데 적합하다고 하였다. 결론 : 컴퓨터 기반 운전상황인식 과제는 정보처리속도, 선택주의, 주의이동, 작업기억과 같은 기초적인 인 지능력과 상관관계가 있고 인지 측면에서 운전능력을 파악할 수 있는 평가과제로 적합하다.

This paper examines the situational, individual and social network determinants of negative online word-of-mouth on social network sites. The findings of the empirical study indicate that feeling of injustice, firm attribution, perceived service image, face concern, emotion regulation, SNS use intensity and tie strength significantly affects negative word-of-mouth.

Every company is buzzing “innovation” these days, while continuously developing and launching new products. However, empirical research points to high failure rates of innovations, indicating that most new products fail as they are rejected by consumers due to their resistance to innovation. Using a scenario-based experiment, we show that innovation resistance evolves from individual’s inclination to resist changes (cognitive resistance) and status quo satisfaction (situational resistance), inhibiting new product adoption. While consumers high on cognitive or situational resistance were shown to exhibit negative effects, that were similar in their magnitude, consumers high on both dimensions show the strongest predisposition to resist innovations. Thus, these consumers represent the most crucial segment when it comes to new product launches.

Radar sensors are used for space situational awareness (SSA) to determine collision risk and detect re-entry of space objects. The capability of SSA radar system includes radar sensitivity such as the detectable radar cross-section as a function of range and tracking capability to indicate tracking time and measurement errors. The time duration of the target staying in a range cell is short; therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio cannot be improved through the pulse integration method used in pulse-Doppler signal processing. In this study, a method of improving the signal-to-noise ratio during range migration is presented. The improved detection performance from signal processing gains realized in this study can be used as a basis for comprehensively designing an SSA radar system.

Many consumers intend to make environmentally purchase. However, this is not always what occurs. A gap exists between consumer intentions to purchase environmentally friendly products and their actual purchase behavior. In this study, we examined the effect of situational factors such as price sensitivity, product quality perception, and label trust on the relationship between purchase intention and purchase behavior for environmentally friendly products. First, we conducted a theoretical consideration through a review of literature on price sensitivity, product quality perception, label trust, purchase intention and purchase behavior. Based on the literature review, we designed a structural model and developed the hypotheses. Next, we collected data using a survey and processed them statistically in order to verify the hypotheses. A total of 213 samples were collected and the data were analyzed using a structural equation model (LISREL 8.70). The results suggest that the situational factor of label trust has a moderating effect on the relationship between purchase intention and purchase behavior for environmentally friendly products. However, price sensitivity and product quality perception have no moderating effect. This means that trust in labels is important when consumers want to buy environmentally friendly products. Although this study has some limitations, it is expected that it will positively trigger follow-up research.

An alternative method for team diversity studies is to examine demographic faultlines. A concept of demographic faultline enables us to better understand team dynamics with multidimensional diversity. This study suggests the demographic faultline as a new situational factorto influence the relationship between leader teamwork behaviors and a climate of support for innovation. When subgroups divided by demographic faultline are homogeneous within them and heterogeneous between them, the homogeneity may increase intimacy in each subgroup while the heterogeneity may increase exclusiveness between those subgroups. We argued that a leader could play an important role to build a cooperative relationship between faultline-based subgroups and highlight positive aspects of developing and maintaining subgroups in organizations. With a sample of 81 teams (558 employees), it was examined how leader teamwork behaviors would affect a team-level climate of support for innovation and how this relationship would be moderated by each team’s demographic faultline (gender, age, and educational specialty). As predicted, it was found that there was a significant positive relationship between each leader’s teamwork behaviors and each team’s climate of support for innovation. In addition, this relationship was stronger for teams with strong faultline than with weak faultline. Our findings and their implications were further discussed.

With increased human activity in space, the risk of re-entry and collision between space objects is constantly increasing. Hence, the need for space situational awareness (SSA) programs has been acknowledged by many experienced space agencies. Optical and radar sensors, which enable the surveillance and tracking of space objects, are the most important technical components of SSA systems. In particular, combinations of radar systems and optical sensor networks play an outstanding role in SSA programs. At present, Korea operates the optical wide field patrol network (OWL-Net), the only optical system for tracking space objects. However, due to their dependence on weather conditions and observation time, it is not reasonable to use optical systems alone for SSA initiatives, as they have limited operational availability. Therefore, the strategies for developing radar systems should be considered for an efficient SSA system using currently available technology. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the performance of a radar system in detecting and tracking space objects. With the radar system investigated, the minimum sensitivity is defined as detection of a 1-m2 radar cross section (RCS) at an altitude of 2,000 km, with operating frequencies in the L, S, C, X or Ku-band. The results of power budget analysis showed that the maximum detection range of 2,000 km, which includes the low earth orbit (LEO) environment, can be achieved with a transmission power of 900 kW, transmit and receive antenna gains of 40 dB and 43 dB, respectively, a pulse width of 2 ms, and a signal processing gain of 13.3 dB, at a frequency of 1.3 GHz. We defined the key parameters of the radar following a performance analysis of the system. This research can thus provide guidelines for the conceptual design of radar systems for national SSA initiatives.

The key risk analysis technologies for the re-entry of space objects into Earth’s atmosphere are divided into four categories: cataloguing and databases of the re-entry of space objects, lifetime and re-entry trajectory predictions, break-up models after re-entry and multiple debris distribution predictions, and ground impact probability models. In this study, we focused on reentry prediction, including orbital lifetime assessments, for space situational awareness systems. Re-entry predictions are very difficult and are affected by various sources of uncertainty. In particular, during uncontrolled re-entry, large spacecraft may break into several pieces of debris, and the surviving fragments can be a significant hazard for persons and properties on the ground. In recent years, specific methods and procedures have been developed to provide clear information for predicting and analyzing the re-entry of space objects and for ground-risk assessments. Representative tools include object reentry survival analysis tool (ORSAT) and debris assessment software (DAS) developed by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), spacecraft atmospheric re-entry and aerothermal break-up (SCARAB) and debris risk assessment and mitigation analysis (DRAMA) developed by European Space Agency (ESA), and semi-analytic tool for end of life analysis (STELA) developed by Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES). In this study, various surveys of existing re-entry space objects are reviewed, and an efficient re-entry prediction technique is suggested based on STELA, the life-cycle analysis tool for satellites, and DRAMA, a re-entry analysis tool. To verify the proposed method, the re-entry of the Tiangong-1 Space Lab, which is expected to re-enter Earth’s atmosphere shortly, was simulated. Eventually, these results will provide a basis for space situational awareness risk analyses of the re-entry of space objects.

본 연구는 해상교통관제사(이하 ‘VTS 관제사’)의 해상교통관제(Vessel Traffic Service: 이하 ‘VTS’) 수행 속성을 상황인식 (situation awareness: 이하 ‘SA’)과 관련된 세부 과제들의 수행 빈도와 SA 역량에 대한 주관적 평가의 측면에서 살펴보기 위해 실시되었다. SA 세부 과제들에 대한 수행 빈도 자료는 3개 VTS 센터의 VTS 관제사가 보인 VTS 수행을 직접 관찰하여 수집하였고, SA 역량에 대한 주관적 평가 자료는 18개 VTS 센터에서 근무하는 VTS 관제사를 대상으로 설문조사법을 통해 수집하였다. 수행 빈도 자료는 SA의 세 수준 과 각 세부 과제에 따라 비교하였고, 주관적 평가 점수에 대해서는 VTS 관제사의 성별과 근무경력을 추가적으로 고려하여 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, VTS 관제사는 SA 수준 중 정보지각에 해당하는 과제를 가장 높은 비율로 수행하였고, 이어서 정보통합과 예측에 해당하는 과제들을 각각 유사한 수준으로 수행하는 것이 관찰되었다. 둘째, VTS 관제사는 정보를 획득하거나 통합하는 역량에 비해 미래 상황을 예측하는 역량을 상대적으로 더 낮게 평가하였다. 셋째, 성별 차이를 비교한 결과, 남성 VTS 관제사는 여성에 비해 더 높은 수준으로 자신의 SA 역량을 평가하였다. 넷째, 성별로 근무경력에 따른 주관적 평가 차이를 비교한 결과, 남성의 경우 근무경력이 15 년 이상인 VTS 관제사는 5년 미만의 VTS 관제사에 비해 SA의 모든 수준에 걸쳐 상대적으로 더 높은 주관적 평가를 보였으나, 여성의 경우 는 근무경력에 따른 주관적 평가에서의 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 VTS 관제사의 SA 과제 수행 빈도와 SA에 대한 주관적 평 가가 SA 수준과 개인차 변인에 따라 달라질 수 있음을 시사한다.

본 연구는 체육수업 맥락에서 지각된 동기분위기와 상황적 동기간의 관계에서 학생들의 운동능력에 대한 믿음과 지각된 유능감, 성취목표성향의 다중 매개역할을 검증하고, 이들 변인간의 직접효과가 남녀 집단 사이에 차이가 있는지를 비교하였다. 연구대상은 남녀 중학생 690명이며, 자료는 구조방정식모델 분석과 다집단 분석을 통해 분석되었다. 구조방정식모델 분석의 결과 증가된 믿음은 숙달분위기와 숙달목표, 유능감은 숙달분위기와 수행접근, 고정된 믿음은 수행분위기와 수행목표 간의 관계를 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 수행회피를 제외한 성취목표는 유능감과 상황적 동기, 증가된 믿음과 상황적 동기들 간의 관계를 매개하고, 수행접근/회피목표는 고정된 믿음과 상황적 동기들 간의 관계를 매개하였다. 다집단 분석의 결과 성별 간 경로계수가 동일하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 본 결과는 학생의 성향적 동기 변인이 체육시간에 지각된 동기분위기와 다차원적 상황적 동기와의 관계를 부분적으로 매개하며, 각 경로계수가 성별에 따라 다르다는 사실을 시사한다.

본 연구는 내재적 동기, 동일시 조절, 외적조절, 무동기 4개 요인의 자기결정성 동기로 이루어진 상황적 동기척도를 초등학교 체육수업 상황에 적합하게 수정하여 신뢰성과 구조적 타당성을 검증하고 성별에 따른 평가를 실시하고자 하였다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 서울시내 세 곳의 초등학교 4, 5, 6학년 학생 710명을 대상으로 예비조사, 탐색적 요인분석, 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였고 이를 토대로 선행연구에서 제시된 4요인 16문항의 구조적 타당성과 신뢰성을 검증하였다. 내재적 동기와 동일시 조절은 기본적 심리욕구와 유의한 정적관계를 나타내었으며 외적조절과 무동기는 유의한 부적관계를 나타내어 준거관련 타당성을 입증하였다. 성별에 따른 잠재평균분석의 결과 내재적 동기는 남학생이 여학생보다 유의하게 높았으며 외적조절은 여학생이 남학생보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 학년에 따른 잠재평균분석결과 6학년은 4학년과 5학년 보다 내재적 동기와 동일시 조절이 낮았으며 외적조절과 무동기가 높게 나타났다.